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Their achievement was sufficiently unprecedented to attract an enduring group of adherents away from competing modes of scientific activity. Simultaneously, it was sufficiently open-ended to leave all sorts of problems for the redefined group of practitioners to resolve.
Controversial And open ended makes for a pivotal paper
three classes of problems—determination of significant fact, matching of facts with theory, and articulation of theory—exhaust, I think, the literature of normal science, both empirical and theoretical.
The three types of normal science
Similar sorts of restrictions bound the admissible solutions to theoretical problems.
Paradigms restrict any study that doesnt fit the currently accepted paradigm. This makes a paradigm shift difficult
they were viewing it through their own research training and practice.
Paradigm Is like a lens where even within a paradigm you can have diferent viewpoints
how changes of this sort can come about,
It is scientific Darwinism . Also unforseen incremental change of unsuspected findings that ignite imagination. Thereby creating new rules of the game.
recognition that nature has somehow violated the paradigm-induced
Assumption That it is nature breaking the rules that man created to explain a paradigm
discovering a new sort of phenomenon is necessarily a complex event,
Regardless Of being able to pin point exact person or time it is the convergance of a new theory or discovery that precludes a paradigm shift
professionalization leads, on the one hand, to an immense restriction of the scientist’s vision
Prescriptivist versus pragmatist
Without the special apparatus that is constructed mainly for anticipated functions, the results that lead ultimately to novelty could not occur.
It is attentionto detail and razor focus and adherance that alow for oprtunities for anomolies to arise and be observed
Failure of existing rules is the prelude to a search for new ones.
The basis for change
absence of printing, communication between astronomers was restricted, these difficulties were only slowly recognized.
Technology will increase rate of change
They will devise numerous articulations and ad hoc modifications of their theory in order to eliminate any apparent conflict.
Similar to trumpism ie lincoln guba 2000
The scientist who pauses to examine every anomaly he notes will seldom get significant work done.
Dont get caught up in the rabbit holes
Heisenberg’s paper on matrix mechanics pointed the way to a new quantum theory, wrote to a friend, “At the moment physics is again terribly confused. In any case, it is too difficult for me, and I wish I had been a movie comedian or something of the sort and had never heard of physics.”
This term makes me thinkthis same thing
emergence of a new theory breaks with one tradition of scientific practice and introduces a new one conducted under different rules and within a different universe of discourse,
Doesnt have to only do with science. Can be structures as well ie business models e
first consciousness of breakdown and the emergence of a new paradigm.
Does ther need to be a breakdown ? Or can a new pafrdigm evolve ?
vast and essential differences between political and scientific development, what parallelism can justify the metaphor that finds revolutions
Just like parallel between science and social paradigms
two scientific schools disagree about what is a problem and what a solution, they will inevitably talk through each other when debating the relative merits of their respective paradigms.
You can have two competing paradigms
hard to make nature fit a paradigm.
Could be even harder for social science
paradigm-testing occurs only after persistent failure to solve a noteworthy puzzle has given rise to crisis.
Perhaps leadership style change is still witgin a tradtional pardigm
I by no means expect to convince experienced naturalists whose minds are stocked with a multitude of facts all viewed, during a long course of years, from a point of view directly opposite to mine.
It takes a long time to convince people to change a paradigm
