Scholars and researchers estimate that Saddam Hussein’s regime killed at least 50,000 people during the Anfal, between February and September; Kurdish authorities place the death toll at 182,000. Most of the victims were military-age men, but many women, children, and older civilians were also executed and buried in mass graves, as the Kurdish researcher Choman Hardi has documented. The Iraqi Army destroyed more than 2,600 villages.
