For al-Qabbānī, as for the other Shāfiʿī refuters, the practices of istighātha and tawassul were perfectly legitimate, being supported both by the ḥadīth and by reason.89 Ibn ʿAbd al-Wahhāb, by targeting those who engage in istighātha and tawassul, was effectively pronouncing takfīr on the global Muslim community
