All Western political theory places the individual in a social contract with the sovereign, just as biblical religion locates the individual in a covenant with God. The “inalienable rights” of the American Founding derive from a God who grants such rights to every individual by eternal covenant: no king, petty official, or family member can impair them. Islam’s legal system is closer to the pagan model of ancient Rome: the paterfamilias is a “governor” or “administrator” of the family, a miniature sovereign within his domestic realm, with the right to employ violence to control his wife.
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