And there was the rub. In observing one particle, the researcher would instantaneously know the position or momentum of the other particle, no matter how far the distance between them; even worse, by observing the one, the scientist would also instantaneously determine the outcome of any observation of the second. As Einstein had asked Rosenfeld at his lecture, “How can the final state of the second particle be influenced by a measurement performed on the first?”[30] Einstein had driven a stake through the heart of what he called spooky action at a distance in 1915 when he redefined gravity as
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