In 1929 Werner Heisenberg and Wolfgang Pauli (building on earlier work of Max Born, Heisenberg, Pascual Jordan, and Eugene Wigner) explained in a pair of papers how massive particles like the electron could also be understood as bundles of energy and momenta in different sorts of fields, such as the electron field. Just as the electromagnetic force between two electrons is due in quantum mechanics to the exchange of photons, the force between photons and electrons is due to the exchange of electrons. The distinction between matter and force largely disappears; any particle can play the role of
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