In the United Kingdom, people generally drink coffee that contains low to modest levels of cafestol and kahweol (filtered coffee, instant coffee, or espresso). A UK study followed 171,616 people from 2009 to 2018 to determine whether drinking coffee was associated with reduced risk of death, and if so, by how much. In general, those who drank coffee had a lower risk of death than those who did not, and this finding held for the risk of dying from cancer or cardiovascular disease.
