Here’s a thoroughly elegant study, carried out by German psychologist Tania Singer. Subjects were either six-year-old kids or chimps. One of the researchers comes into the room and either does something nice to the kid/chimp—offering some desirable food—or does something mean—teasing them by starting to give the food and then snatching it away. The researcher leaves and then enters an adjacent room, visible to the subject through an observation window. Someone sneaks up behind the researcher and—whoa!—seemingly starts hitting them over the head with a stick, with the researcher crying out in
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