Parenting, of course. Differences in parenting styles were the focus of highly influential work originating with Berkeley psychologist Diana Baumrind. There’s authoritative parenting, where high levels of demands and expectation are placed on the child, coupled with lots of flexibility in responding to the child’s needs; this is usually the style aspired to by neurotic middle-class parents. Then there’s authoritarian parenting (high demand, low responsiveness—“Do this because I said so”), permissive parenting (low demand, high responsiveness), and negligent parenting (low demand, low
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