the Apocrypha, I’m using the New Revised Standard Version; and for the Dead Sea Scrolls, Florentino Garcia-Martinez and Eibert Tigchelaar, eds., The Dead Sea Scrolls Study Edition, 2 vols. (Leiden, The Netherlands: Brill, 1997). There is a ton of secondary literature on the subject of early Jewish views of hell and the afterlife. Among the most helpful are Duane F. Watson, “Gehenna,” in David Noel Freedman, ed., The Anchor Bible Dictionary (New York: Doubleday, 1992): 2.296–298, and Richard Bauckham, “Early Jewish Visions of Hell,” Journal of Theological Studies 41 (1990): 355–85.
