Oil was hardly unfamiliar to mankind. In various parts of the Middle East, a semisolid oozy substance called bitumen seeped to the surface through cracks and fissures, and such seepages had been tapped far back into antiquity—in Mesopotamia, back to 3000 B.C. The most famous source was at Hit, on the Euphrates, not far from Babylon (and the site of modern Baghdad). In the first century B.C., the Greek historian Diodor wrote enthusiastically about the ancient bitumen industry: “Whereas many incredible miracles occur in the Babylonian country, there is none such as the great quantity of asphalt
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