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trust assigned wrongly has the opposite effect. When people trust information to be true that isn’t, they end up with the illusion of knowledge—which is worse than having no knowledge at all.
You believe you’re unbiased, so someone actually being neutral appears to you to be biased in the other direction, while someone who shares your bias appears to be neutral.
your intellectual integrity has taken a backseat to intellectual loyalty.
the Zealot doesn’t have to go from A to B to know their viewpoints are correct—they just know they are. With 100% conviction.
High-rung thinking is independent thinking, leaving you free to revise your ideas or even discard them altogether.
An Idea Lab is an environment of collaborative high-rung thinking. People in an Idea Lab see one another as experimenters and their ideas as experiments. Idea Labs value independent thinking and viewpoint diversity.
People in an Idea Lab don’t usually take arguments personally because Idea Lab culture is built around the core notion that people and ideas are separate things. People are meant to be respected, ideas are meant to be batted around and picked apart.
Echo Chambers are cultures of groupthink and conformity.
The more conviction you speak with, the more knowledgeable, intelligent, and righteous you seem.
Echo Chambers equate a person’s ideas with their identity, so respecting a person and respecting their ideas are one and the same.
taboo. Those who challenge the sacred ideas are seen not just as wrong but as bad people.
No matter how many written rules there are, it is the citizens’ ability to uphold liberal norms that determines the fate of the country.
When we grow up within an artificial habitat that values human inventions like reason and fairness and humanity, it can be easy to forget just how tenuous that environment is.
When moderate and extreme factions are vying for a party’s identity, anything but a loud, unwavering rejection of the hardliners is an implicit admission that those factions are indeed part of who the party is.
person’s moral integrity is judged precisely by how well they apply their principles to the people they can’t stand.
