David R. Gross's Blog: Docdavesvoice, page 2
December 11, 2012
A visit to the Jones’ Ranch
I kept the right side wheels of the low-slung 1957 Ford precariously balanced on the mound between the two deep ruts constituting the road into the ranch. The left side wheels made a new path. If the car fell into the deep ruts, I would lose an oil pan, or worse.
My still new bride let out a gasp and I slammed on the brakes. We were on the crest of the hill, the Jones’ place spread out before us.
“What?”
"Oh Dave," she sighed. "It's so poor looking."
The track ended in an acre of dirt yard. To the right the dilapidated barn struggled to maintain an upright position, a sturdy looking corral on the north wall of the barn seeming to hold it up. A windmill and stock tank were north of the corral. To the west, insolently weather beaten but standing proud and stark against the massive horizon was a two-story frame house. Patches of tenacious white paint clung to wind petrified siding. There were no trees. Brown prairie grass spread west and north while east and south were tan dirt mounds endlessly rearranged by the wind. Parked in front of the open barn door, the driver's side door ajar, was John Jones’ 1949 Chevy pickup.
I eased the car down the hill into the yard. Kathy and Jenny came down the steps from the house, their blonde hair pulled back in identical ponytails. Ferdie raced around the corner of the house. Skipper, eyes focused, herding him.
“Look at Skipper running. Looks like she’s doing very well after her ordeal with the mowing machine,” I observed.
Rosalie patted me on the arm. Her first introduction to surgery had been helping me put Skipper back together.
“Don’t get the big head, you got lucky.”
Bent over in the doorway to the barn, John held the left hind leg of a bay gelding between his knees. He had a mouth full of horseshoe nails and held a horseshoe hammer in his right hand. He smiled around the nails and waved the hammer as I got out of the car and came around to open the door for Rosalie.
Kathy, the kids, and Skipper all came to the passenger side of the car. When I opened the door, our German Shepherd Mister forced his way out before Rosalie could move.
The two dogs performed the requisite sniffing of each other’s sites of identification. Mister circling stiffly, ears pointed forward, Skipper making quick, jerky movements. They circled each other three times, noses buried, then Skipper rushed off with Mister following, determined to keep her close.
“Honey”, I said, “this is Kathy and Ferdie and Jenny. Kathy, this is Rosalie.”
John finished with the horseshoe, dropped the horse's leg, and came over to the car.
“And this is John,” I added.
Rosalie extended her hand. The rancher took it, pulled her in close, and gave her a hug.
"Welcome," he said, "please feel you are with family here."
If this sounds interesting, you can read all about the Jones family in my memoir; “Animals Don’t Blush”.
My still new bride let out a gasp and I slammed on the brakes. We were on the crest of the hill, the Jones’ place spread out before us.
“What?”
"Oh Dave," she sighed. "It's so poor looking."
The track ended in an acre of dirt yard. To the right the dilapidated barn struggled to maintain an upright position, a sturdy looking corral on the north wall of the barn seeming to hold it up. A windmill and stock tank were north of the corral. To the west, insolently weather beaten but standing proud and stark against the massive horizon was a two-story frame house. Patches of tenacious white paint clung to wind petrified siding. There were no trees. Brown prairie grass spread west and north while east and south were tan dirt mounds endlessly rearranged by the wind. Parked in front of the open barn door, the driver's side door ajar, was John Jones’ 1949 Chevy pickup.
I eased the car down the hill into the yard. Kathy and Jenny came down the steps from the house, their blonde hair pulled back in identical ponytails. Ferdie raced around the corner of the house. Skipper, eyes focused, herding him.
“Look at Skipper running. Looks like she’s doing very well after her ordeal with the mowing machine,” I observed.
Rosalie patted me on the arm. Her first introduction to surgery had been helping me put Skipper back together.
“Don’t get the big head, you got lucky.”
Bent over in the doorway to the barn, John held the left hind leg of a bay gelding between his knees. He had a mouth full of horseshoe nails and held a horseshoe hammer in his right hand. He smiled around the nails and waved the hammer as I got out of the car and came around to open the door for Rosalie.
Kathy, the kids, and Skipper all came to the passenger side of the car. When I opened the door, our German Shepherd Mister forced his way out before Rosalie could move.
The two dogs performed the requisite sniffing of each other’s sites of identification. Mister circling stiffly, ears pointed forward, Skipper making quick, jerky movements. They circled each other three times, noses buried, then Skipper rushed off with Mister following, determined to keep her close.
“Honey”, I said, “this is Kathy and Ferdie and Jenny. Kathy, this is Rosalie.”
John finished with the horseshoe, dropped the horse's leg, and came over to the car.
“And this is John,” I added.
Rosalie extended her hand. The rancher took it, pulled her in close, and gave her a hug.
"Welcome," he said, "please feel you are with family here."
If this sounds interesting, you can read all about the Jones family in my memoir; “Animals Don’t Blush”.
November 25, 2012
Plants Poisonous to Dogs, Cats and Horses, last in the series
To recap, in the previous five columns we have listed many plants that contain toxins that could be injurious to your dog, cat or horse. Because of their size and propensity to chew almost anything kittens and puppies are at higher risk.
Now I want to cover plants not previously classified.
The Umbrella Leaf also known as the Indian Apple Root, American Mandrake, Wild Lemon, Hog Apple, Duck’s Foot, Raccoon berry and American Mandrake accumulates the toxin podophylin. Ingestion can result in gastroenteritis, lethargy, respiratory distress and in rare instances coma. Contact with the skin can cause inflammation and skin ulcers. Iris (Snake Lily, Water Flag or Flag) contains three pentacyclic terpenoids known as zeorin, missourin and missouriensin. Highest concentrations of these toxins are in the rhizomes. Ingestion results in irritation of the oral mucous membranes and gastroenteritis. The Chinaberry Tree (Bead Tree, China Ball Tree, Paradise Tree, Persian Lilac, White Cedar, Japanese Bead Tree, Texas Umbrella Tree, Pride-of-India) accumulates tetranortriterpenes (meliatoxins) in the bark, leaves and flowers but the ripe berries are the most toxic. Ingestion can result in diarrhea, vomiting (not in horses), hyper-salivation, depression, weakness, and in rare cases seizures.
The American Mistletoe, Phoradendron flavescens, contains lectins and phoratoxins that can cause gastroenteritis, cardiovascular collapse, respiratory distress, and erratic behavior. It is hallucinogenic in humans, but do not be tempted, the GI and other effects predominate and are far from pleasant. Ingesting the young sprouts, seeds, bark or pruned twigs of the Locust tree causes significant gastroenteritis, anorexia (loss of appetite), depression, stupor, generalized weakness with rear end paralysis, cold extremities, dilated pupils, dyspnea (difficult breathing), a weak and irregular pulse, and bloody diarrhea. Horses that recover from eating this plant can develop chronic laminitis. The toxic principles of the Locust tree are toxalbumins.
The Peony contains the toxin paeonol and can cause gastroenteritis in horses, dogs and cats. The Gardenia (Cape Jasmine) contains genioposide and gardenoside, also resulting in gastro-intestinal upset. Baby’s Breath (Maidens Breath) contains gyposenin yet another cause of gastroenteritis. More gastroenteritis results from many cultivars of Geranium (containing geraniol, linalool). Garlic plants (Stinking Rose, Rustic Treacle, Camphor of the Poor, Nectar of the Gods, Serpent Garlic, Rocambole) contain N-propyl disulfide and toxic doses can cause gastroenteritis and a breakdown of red blood cells resulting in hemolytic anemia, Heinz body anemia, blood in the urine, generalized weakness, abnormally high heart rates and dyspnea. The
Cardinal Flower (Lobelia, Indian Pink) contains lobeline and ingestion can result in depression gastroenteritis, abdominal pain and abnormal cardiac rhythms. Tulips contain Tulipalin A & B with highest concentrations in the bulbs. Ingestion causes gastroenteritis, depression, and hyper-salivation. The Sweet Pea (Perennial Pea, Everlasting Pea) accumulates aminoproprionitrite and ingestion can cause weakness, lethargy, pacing, head pressing, tremors, seizures and death. Ingestion of sufficient quantities of the Buckwheat plant, containing fagopyrin, can result in photosensitization and ulcerative and exudative dermatitis.
Several plants in which the toxic principle has not yet been identified, can cause mild to severe gastroenteritis. These include; Dahlias (many varieties), Chinese Jade (Silver Jade, Silver Dollar), Buddhist Pine (Yew Pine, Japanese Yew, Southern Yew, Podocarpus), Norfolk Pine (Australian Pine, House Pine, Island Pine), Horseweed (Showy Daisy, Fleabane, Seaside Daisy) and Hibiscus (Rose of Sharon, Rose of China).
Several varieties of Lily (Rubrum Lily, Asian Lily, many varieties of Day Lily and Easter Lily appear to be toxic only to cats. The toxic principle is unknown but ingestion can result in gastroenteritis, lethargy, kidney failure and death.
Gold Dust Dracaena (Florida Beauty), the Red-Marginated Dracaena (Straight-Marginated Dracaena) and the Striped Dracaena (Warneckii, Janet Craig Plant) all contain an unknown toxin that causes gastroenteritis, depression, incoordination and weakness in both dogs and cats but dilated pupils, abdominal pain, and tachycardia (increased heart rate) only in cats. The Madagascar Dragon Tree is also only toxic to dogs and cats. Ingestion of this plant causes gastroenteritis, depression and in cats dilated pupils.
One last time, if you think your animal has ingested, or been in contact with, any of these hundreds of plants that contain toxic substances and is showing any of the described signs get the animal to your veterinarian. Only a few of the plants are toxic enough to be fatal but even the mild toxicants can cause unwarranted distress that should be relieved.
Now I want to cover plants not previously classified.
The Umbrella Leaf also known as the Indian Apple Root, American Mandrake, Wild Lemon, Hog Apple, Duck’s Foot, Raccoon berry and American Mandrake accumulates the toxin podophylin. Ingestion can result in gastroenteritis, lethargy, respiratory distress and in rare instances coma. Contact with the skin can cause inflammation and skin ulcers. Iris (Snake Lily, Water Flag or Flag) contains three pentacyclic terpenoids known as zeorin, missourin and missouriensin. Highest concentrations of these toxins are in the rhizomes. Ingestion results in irritation of the oral mucous membranes and gastroenteritis. The Chinaberry Tree (Bead Tree, China Ball Tree, Paradise Tree, Persian Lilac, White Cedar, Japanese Bead Tree, Texas Umbrella Tree, Pride-of-India) accumulates tetranortriterpenes (meliatoxins) in the bark, leaves and flowers but the ripe berries are the most toxic. Ingestion can result in diarrhea, vomiting (not in horses), hyper-salivation, depression, weakness, and in rare cases seizures.
The American Mistletoe, Phoradendron flavescens, contains lectins and phoratoxins that can cause gastroenteritis, cardiovascular collapse, respiratory distress, and erratic behavior. It is hallucinogenic in humans, but do not be tempted, the GI and other effects predominate and are far from pleasant. Ingesting the young sprouts, seeds, bark or pruned twigs of the Locust tree causes significant gastroenteritis, anorexia (loss of appetite), depression, stupor, generalized weakness with rear end paralysis, cold extremities, dilated pupils, dyspnea (difficult breathing), a weak and irregular pulse, and bloody diarrhea. Horses that recover from eating this plant can develop chronic laminitis. The toxic principles of the Locust tree are toxalbumins.
The Peony contains the toxin paeonol and can cause gastroenteritis in horses, dogs and cats. The Gardenia (Cape Jasmine) contains genioposide and gardenoside, also resulting in gastro-intestinal upset. Baby’s Breath (Maidens Breath) contains gyposenin yet another cause of gastroenteritis. More gastroenteritis results from many cultivars of Geranium (containing geraniol, linalool). Garlic plants (Stinking Rose, Rustic Treacle, Camphor of the Poor, Nectar of the Gods, Serpent Garlic, Rocambole) contain N-propyl disulfide and toxic doses can cause gastroenteritis and a breakdown of red blood cells resulting in hemolytic anemia, Heinz body anemia, blood in the urine, generalized weakness, abnormally high heart rates and dyspnea. The
Cardinal Flower (Lobelia, Indian Pink) contains lobeline and ingestion can result in depression gastroenteritis, abdominal pain and abnormal cardiac rhythms. Tulips contain Tulipalin A & B with highest concentrations in the bulbs. Ingestion causes gastroenteritis, depression, and hyper-salivation. The Sweet Pea (Perennial Pea, Everlasting Pea) accumulates aminoproprionitrite and ingestion can cause weakness, lethargy, pacing, head pressing, tremors, seizures and death. Ingestion of sufficient quantities of the Buckwheat plant, containing fagopyrin, can result in photosensitization and ulcerative and exudative dermatitis.
Several plants in which the toxic principle has not yet been identified, can cause mild to severe gastroenteritis. These include; Dahlias (many varieties), Chinese Jade (Silver Jade, Silver Dollar), Buddhist Pine (Yew Pine, Japanese Yew, Southern Yew, Podocarpus), Norfolk Pine (Australian Pine, House Pine, Island Pine), Horseweed (Showy Daisy, Fleabane, Seaside Daisy) and Hibiscus (Rose of Sharon, Rose of China).
Several varieties of Lily (Rubrum Lily, Asian Lily, many varieties of Day Lily and Easter Lily appear to be toxic only to cats. The toxic principle is unknown but ingestion can result in gastroenteritis, lethargy, kidney failure and death.
Gold Dust Dracaena (Florida Beauty), the Red-Marginated Dracaena (Straight-Marginated Dracaena) and the Striped Dracaena (Warneckii, Janet Craig Plant) all contain an unknown toxin that causes gastroenteritis, depression, incoordination and weakness in both dogs and cats but dilated pupils, abdominal pain, and tachycardia (increased heart rate) only in cats. The Madagascar Dragon Tree is also only toxic to dogs and cats. Ingestion of this plant causes gastroenteritis, depression and in cats dilated pupils.
One last time, if you think your animal has ingested, or been in contact with, any of these hundreds of plants that contain toxic substances and is showing any of the described signs get the animal to your veterinarian. Only a few of the plants are toxic enough to be fatal but even the mild toxicants can cause unwarranted distress that should be relieved.
November 18, 2012
More Poisonous Plants; fifth in the series
The deadly Sago Palm (Coontie Palm, Cardboard Palm, Cycads and Zamias) is extremely poisonous to animals and humans if ingested. Dogs and Cats are particularly at risk since they seem to find the plant very palatable. Clinical signs usually develop within twelve hours of ingesting the plant and may include signs of gastroenteritis, generalized weakness, seizures and hepatotoxicity (liver damage) characterized by icterus (yellow color of the mucous membranes and sclera of the eyes), and ascites (accumulation of fluid in the abdomen).
Pets may appear bruised, have nose bleeds, bloody stools with bloody discharges from the anus in the absence of fecal matter. The Animal Poison Control Center of the ASPCA says fatality rates can be between fifty and seventy-five percent from ingestion of this plant. Over the past five years, the incidence of reported pet poisonings from the Sago has increased markedly. All parts of the plant are toxic but the seeds contain the highest concentrations of ceasing, the major toxin and responsible for the gastrointestinal damage, but these plants also contain Beta-methyl amino L-alanine, a neurotoxin, and an unidentified toxin observed to cause hindlimb paralysis in cattle.
It is particularly important to get your animal to a veterinarian immediately if you suspect it has ingested any portion of the Sago Palm, but veterinary care is highly recommended following exposure to any of the plants mentioned in this series.
There are about two hundred and fifty different species of plants in the Ericaceous family including; Rhododendrons, Azaleas, and Rosebays. Others include; Andromeda Japonica (Lily-of-the Valley Bush) Black Laurel (Dog Hobble, Dog Laurel, Fetter Bush, Sierra Laurel, Staggerbush and Male berry). Depending upon the time of year and the specific plant, ingestion of only a few leaves can cause problems. Horses and cattle will usually not eat these plants, unless nothing else is available, but sheep and goats seem more inclined. The Grayanotoxins found in these plants interfere with normal skeletal and cardiac muscle function as well as normal nerve function. Clinical signs can appear within a few hours following ingestion and in usually include gastroenteritis (inflammation of the stomach and intestines), hyper salivation (drooling), anorexia (loss of appetite), diarrhea, abdominal pain, depression, and weakness. These signs progress to loss of coordination, stupor, leg paralysis, weak heart rate and the animals can become recumbent for two days or more. If untreated the animals may become comatose and die.
My wife and I have had Coleus, also known as Indian Borage, Bread and Butter Plant, Spanish Thyme, East Indian Thyme, Stinging Thyme, Country Borage, Winterberry and many other common names, growing in our home for years. This plant contains essential oils and ingestion can result in vomiting, diarrhea, either can occasionally be bloody, anorexia and the potential for photosensitivity. Many cultivars of Eucalyptus also contain essential oils (eucalyptol) and can cause irritation of the mucous membranes resulting in drooling, vomiting, diarrhea followed by depression and weakness. The Bergamot Orange (Bergamot, Citrus Bergama) contains essential oils and psoralens and ingestion can cause gastroenteritis and photosensitivity (sensitivity to sunlight).
Cow Parsnip (Giant Hogweed) contains Furanocoumarins causing photosensitization resulting in an ulcerative (ulcers) and exudative (pus) dermatitis as well as eye problems. Brunfelsia (Yesterday, Today, Tomorrow, Kiss-Me-Quick, Lady-of-the-Night, Franciscan Rain Tree, where do they get these names?) contain the toxic principle Brunfelsamidine which can cause gastroenteritis, coughing lethargy, in coordination, tremors and seizures with signs lasting for days.
Cowbane, also known as Water Hemlock and Poison Parsnip contains Cicutoxin. Ingestion can cause gastroenteritis, fever, extreme abdominal pain, tremors, dilated pupils, respiratory depression and death. Angelica Tree (Hercules Club, Devil’s Walking Stick, Prickly Ash, Prickly Elder) accumulate Aralin. Horses, dogs and cats can develop skin and oral irritation, hyper salivation, and gastroenteritis following exposure to this plant.
Solanaceae plants include the Tomato, European Bittersweet (Climbing Nightshade, Deadly Nightshade) and the Ornamental Pepper (Natal Cherry, Winter Cherry, Jerusalem Cherry). Ingestion can result in gastroenteritis with possible GI ulceration, seizures, depression, respiratory depression, hypotension (low blood pressure), shock, weakness, and dilated pupils. Another toxic plant in the Solanaceae family is Nicotiana (Tree Tobacco, Tobacco, Mustard Tree). This plant contains nicotine and ingestion can result in hyper-excitability followed by depression, gastroenteritis, in coordination, paralysis and death.
Pets may appear bruised, have nose bleeds, bloody stools with bloody discharges from the anus in the absence of fecal matter. The Animal Poison Control Center of the ASPCA says fatality rates can be between fifty and seventy-five percent from ingestion of this plant. Over the past five years, the incidence of reported pet poisonings from the Sago has increased markedly. All parts of the plant are toxic but the seeds contain the highest concentrations of ceasing, the major toxin and responsible for the gastrointestinal damage, but these plants also contain Beta-methyl amino L-alanine, a neurotoxin, and an unidentified toxin observed to cause hindlimb paralysis in cattle.
It is particularly important to get your animal to a veterinarian immediately if you suspect it has ingested any portion of the Sago Palm, but veterinary care is highly recommended following exposure to any of the plants mentioned in this series.
There are about two hundred and fifty different species of plants in the Ericaceous family including; Rhododendrons, Azaleas, and Rosebays. Others include; Andromeda Japonica (Lily-of-the Valley Bush) Black Laurel (Dog Hobble, Dog Laurel, Fetter Bush, Sierra Laurel, Staggerbush and Male berry). Depending upon the time of year and the specific plant, ingestion of only a few leaves can cause problems. Horses and cattle will usually not eat these plants, unless nothing else is available, but sheep and goats seem more inclined. The Grayanotoxins found in these plants interfere with normal skeletal and cardiac muscle function as well as normal nerve function. Clinical signs can appear within a few hours following ingestion and in usually include gastroenteritis (inflammation of the stomach and intestines), hyper salivation (drooling), anorexia (loss of appetite), diarrhea, abdominal pain, depression, and weakness. These signs progress to loss of coordination, stupor, leg paralysis, weak heart rate and the animals can become recumbent for two days or more. If untreated the animals may become comatose and die.
My wife and I have had Coleus, also known as Indian Borage, Bread and Butter Plant, Spanish Thyme, East Indian Thyme, Stinging Thyme, Country Borage, Winterberry and many other common names, growing in our home for years. This plant contains essential oils and ingestion can result in vomiting, diarrhea, either can occasionally be bloody, anorexia and the potential for photosensitivity. Many cultivars of Eucalyptus also contain essential oils (eucalyptol) and can cause irritation of the mucous membranes resulting in drooling, vomiting, diarrhea followed by depression and weakness. The Bergamot Orange (Bergamot, Citrus Bergama) contains essential oils and psoralens and ingestion can cause gastroenteritis and photosensitivity (sensitivity to sunlight).
Cow Parsnip (Giant Hogweed) contains Furanocoumarins causing photosensitization resulting in an ulcerative (ulcers) and exudative (pus) dermatitis as well as eye problems. Brunfelsia (Yesterday, Today, Tomorrow, Kiss-Me-Quick, Lady-of-the-Night, Franciscan Rain Tree, where do they get these names?) contain the toxic principle Brunfelsamidine which can cause gastroenteritis, coughing lethargy, in coordination, tremors and seizures with signs lasting for days.
Cowbane, also known as Water Hemlock and Poison Parsnip contains Cicutoxin. Ingestion can cause gastroenteritis, fever, extreme abdominal pain, tremors, dilated pupils, respiratory depression and death. Angelica Tree (Hercules Club, Devil’s Walking Stick, Prickly Ash, Prickly Elder) accumulate Aralin. Horses, dogs and cats can develop skin and oral irritation, hyper salivation, and gastroenteritis following exposure to this plant.
Solanaceae plants include the Tomato, European Bittersweet (Climbing Nightshade, Deadly Nightshade) and the Ornamental Pepper (Natal Cherry, Winter Cherry, Jerusalem Cherry). Ingestion can result in gastroenteritis with possible GI ulceration, seizures, depression, respiratory depression, hypotension (low blood pressure), shock, weakness, and dilated pupils. Another toxic plant in the Solanaceae family is Nicotiana (Tree Tobacco, Tobacco, Mustard Tree). This plant contains nicotine and ingestion can result in hyper-excitability followed by depression, gastroenteritis, in coordination, paralysis and death.
November 11, 2012
Plants Poisonous to Dogs, Cats and Horses, fourth in the series
Plants that contain glycosides can be very harmful to pets. If your pet ingests any of the plants mentioned in these columns and is showing signs of illness, get him/her to your veterinarian post haste.
The most well known and classic of the cardiac glycoside plants is foxglove, Digitalis purpurea. We have known about the medicinal properties of this plant for centuries. Teas made from the plant were used as a diuretic and to slow the heart and the active ingredient digitalis is still an important drug used to treat heart failure. If ingested in large quantities, the plant can cause cardiac arrhythmias, vomiting, diarrhea, progressive weakness, cardiac failure and death.
The Oleander (Rose-Bay) also contains cardiac glycosides. When I practiced in Phoenix, AZ many backyards had Oleander bushes as hedges and I treated several horses for Oleander poisoning. Well-intentioned owners had mowed the lawn too close to the bushes mixing clippings from the Oleanders in with the grass clippings and fed everything to the horse (feeding grass clippings to horses is not a good idea under any circumstances). The Mock Azalea (Desert Rose, Desert Azalea, Sabi Star, Impala Lily, Kudu Lily) also contains cardiac glycosides.
Bufadienolides, another form of cardiac glycosides, are found in the Christmas Rose (Hellebore, Lenten Rose, Easter Rose) and the Mother-in-Law-Plant (Mother of Millions, Kalanchoe, Devils Backbone, Chandelier Plant). These plants are less toxic than those mentioned in the previous paragraph. Clinical signs include hypersalivation, abdominal pain, vomiting, diarrhea and, rarely, abnormal heart rhythm.
Cyanogenic glycosides (cyanide) are found in the stems, leaves and pits of Rosaceae plants. These include Apricots, Plums, Peaches, Cherries and cyanide is particularly high when the plants are in the process of wilting. Clinical signs include; brick red mucous membranes, dilated pupils, difficulty breathing, panting, shock and death. The Hortensia (Hydrangea, Hills of Snow, Seven Bark) plant and the Heavenly Bamboo (Sacred Bamboo, Nandina) also contain cyanogenic glycosides but rarely produce anything more than gastroenteritis if ingested.
The Common Privet (Privet, Amur, Wax-leaf) contains terpenoid glycosides that can result in gastroenteritis, incoordination and abnormally high heart rates but ingestion of this plant is rarely fatal. Clematis (Virgin’s Bower, Leatherflower) contains the irritant glycoside protoanemonin but ingestion only causes mild salivation, vomiting and diarrhea.
Various species of Milkweed (Ascieplas species) contain steroidal glycosidic cardenolides and are cardiotoxic, other species contain neurotoxins. Clinical signs following ingestions include vomiting, profound depression, weakness, anorexia (loss of appetite) and diarrhea. If large quantities are ingested these signs may be followed by seizures, dyspnea (difficult breathing) weak and rapid pulse, dilated pupils, kidney and/or liver failure, coma, respiratory paralysis and irreversible death.
Plants that contain volatile oils can cause contact dermatitis, vomiting, diarrhea, anorexia, and allergic reactions. Long term exposure can lead to bleeding tendencies. Chamomile (Manzanilla, Garden Chamomile, Roman Chamomile, True Chamomile, Corn Feverfew, Barnyard Daisy, Ground-Apple, Turkey-Weed) and Mayweed (Poison Daisy, Stinking Chamomile) contain the volatile oils; bisabolol and chamazulene as well as anthemic and tannic acids. The American Yew contains Taxine A & B and volatile oil. Ingestion of this plant can result in tremors, dyspnea, vomiting and sudden death from acute heart failure. Dogs poisoned by Yew are reported to have seizures.
Ricin is one of the most deadly toxins we know of. The Mole Bean Plant, Ricinus communis, is native to the tropics but is grown in North America as an ornamental or as a crop for castor oil. It is also known as the Castor Bean Plant, African Wonder Tree or the Castor Bean. Ricin inhibits protein synthesis and ingestion of as little as one ounce of the seeds of this plant can be lethal. Clinical signs usually develop 12 to 48 hours after ingestion of any portion of the plant and start with anorexia, excessive thirst, followed by weakness, abdominal pain, trembling, incoordination, dyspnea, progressive central nervous system depression and fever. As the toxicity progresses the animal can have bloody diarrhea, convulsions, coma and death.
The Cardboard Palm (Cycads and Zamias) contain Cycasin, related to ricin. Ingestion can result in vomiting, increased thirst, hemorrhagic gastroenteritis, coagulapathies resulting in bruising and other bleeding, liver damage followed by liver failure characterized by yellowing of the mucous membranes (icterus) and death. The Indian Rubber Plant (Fig, Weeping Fig) contains the proteolytic enzyme ficin and psoralen (ficusin) also related to ricin but mild toxicants. Skin contact can result in dermatitis while ingestion can cause oral irritation, excessive salivation and vomiting.
The most well known and classic of the cardiac glycoside plants is foxglove, Digitalis purpurea. We have known about the medicinal properties of this plant for centuries. Teas made from the plant were used as a diuretic and to slow the heart and the active ingredient digitalis is still an important drug used to treat heart failure. If ingested in large quantities, the plant can cause cardiac arrhythmias, vomiting, diarrhea, progressive weakness, cardiac failure and death.
The Oleander (Rose-Bay) also contains cardiac glycosides. When I practiced in Phoenix, AZ many backyards had Oleander bushes as hedges and I treated several horses for Oleander poisoning. Well-intentioned owners had mowed the lawn too close to the bushes mixing clippings from the Oleanders in with the grass clippings and fed everything to the horse (feeding grass clippings to horses is not a good idea under any circumstances). The Mock Azalea (Desert Rose, Desert Azalea, Sabi Star, Impala Lily, Kudu Lily) also contains cardiac glycosides.
Bufadienolides, another form of cardiac glycosides, are found in the Christmas Rose (Hellebore, Lenten Rose, Easter Rose) and the Mother-in-Law-Plant (Mother of Millions, Kalanchoe, Devils Backbone, Chandelier Plant). These plants are less toxic than those mentioned in the previous paragraph. Clinical signs include hypersalivation, abdominal pain, vomiting, diarrhea and, rarely, abnormal heart rhythm.
Cyanogenic glycosides (cyanide) are found in the stems, leaves and pits of Rosaceae plants. These include Apricots, Plums, Peaches, Cherries and cyanide is particularly high when the plants are in the process of wilting. Clinical signs include; brick red mucous membranes, dilated pupils, difficulty breathing, panting, shock and death. The Hortensia (Hydrangea, Hills of Snow, Seven Bark) plant and the Heavenly Bamboo (Sacred Bamboo, Nandina) also contain cyanogenic glycosides but rarely produce anything more than gastroenteritis if ingested.
The Common Privet (Privet, Amur, Wax-leaf) contains terpenoid glycosides that can result in gastroenteritis, incoordination and abnormally high heart rates but ingestion of this plant is rarely fatal. Clematis (Virgin’s Bower, Leatherflower) contains the irritant glycoside protoanemonin but ingestion only causes mild salivation, vomiting and diarrhea.
Various species of Milkweed (Ascieplas species) contain steroidal glycosidic cardenolides and are cardiotoxic, other species contain neurotoxins. Clinical signs following ingestions include vomiting, profound depression, weakness, anorexia (loss of appetite) and diarrhea. If large quantities are ingested these signs may be followed by seizures, dyspnea (difficult breathing) weak and rapid pulse, dilated pupils, kidney and/or liver failure, coma, respiratory paralysis and irreversible death.
Plants that contain volatile oils can cause contact dermatitis, vomiting, diarrhea, anorexia, and allergic reactions. Long term exposure can lead to bleeding tendencies. Chamomile (Manzanilla, Garden Chamomile, Roman Chamomile, True Chamomile, Corn Feverfew, Barnyard Daisy, Ground-Apple, Turkey-Weed) and Mayweed (Poison Daisy, Stinking Chamomile) contain the volatile oils; bisabolol and chamazulene as well as anthemic and tannic acids. The American Yew contains Taxine A & B and volatile oil. Ingestion of this plant can result in tremors, dyspnea, vomiting and sudden death from acute heart failure. Dogs poisoned by Yew are reported to have seizures.
Ricin is one of the most deadly toxins we know of. The Mole Bean Plant, Ricinus communis, is native to the tropics but is grown in North America as an ornamental or as a crop for castor oil. It is also known as the Castor Bean Plant, African Wonder Tree or the Castor Bean. Ricin inhibits protein synthesis and ingestion of as little as one ounce of the seeds of this plant can be lethal. Clinical signs usually develop 12 to 48 hours after ingestion of any portion of the plant and start with anorexia, excessive thirst, followed by weakness, abdominal pain, trembling, incoordination, dyspnea, progressive central nervous system depression and fever. As the toxicity progresses the animal can have bloody diarrhea, convulsions, coma and death.
The Cardboard Palm (Cycads and Zamias) contain Cycasin, related to ricin. Ingestion can result in vomiting, increased thirst, hemorrhagic gastroenteritis, coagulapathies resulting in bruising and other bleeding, liver damage followed by liver failure characterized by yellowing of the mucous membranes (icterus) and death. The Indian Rubber Plant (Fig, Weeping Fig) contains the proteolytic enzyme ficin and psoralen (ficusin) also related to ricin but mild toxicants. Skin contact can result in dermatitis while ingestion can cause oral irritation, excessive salivation and vomiting.
November 4, 2012
Plants containing toxic alkaloids
The story continues. Just a reminder, the toxicity of any substance is dependent upon the dose, the greater exposure the greater the toxicity. If you suspect your pet has ingested any of these plants get him or her to your veterinarian as soon as possible.
Plants belonging to the family Amaryllidaceae, the Kaffir Lily (Clivia Lily, Clivies, Caffre Lily, Cape Clivia, Kilvia), Daffodils (Narcissus, Jonquil, Paper White) the Barbados Lily (Amaryllis, Fire Lily, Lily of the Palace, Ridderstjerne) and the Hyacinth (Garden Hyacinth) all contain lycorine and other alkaloids. Ingestion of these plants results in gastric distress with hyper salivation (drooling), vomiting and diarrhea. Ingestion of large quantities of the plant, particularly of the bulbs, can cause convulsions, low blood pressure (hypotension) tremors and cardiac arrhythmias (irregular heartbeats).
The Autumn Crocus (Meadow Saffron) contains colchicines and other alkaloids. Ingestion of this plant can result in irritation of the oral mucous membranes (everything in the mouth and throat) bloody vomiting, diarrhea, shock, multi-organ damage and bone marrow suppression. This one is nasty!
The Yarrow plant (Milfoil) contains glycoalkaloids, monoterpenes and sesquiterpene lactones, all alkaloids and all toxic. Ingestion can result in vomiting, diarrhea, depression, loss of appetite (anorexia) and drooling. The Morning Glory contains at least four different indole alkaloids. After eating this plant your pet can show signs of GI upset, agitation, tremors, disorientation, ataxia (trouble with balance while moving) anorexia. The seeds of Yarrow can cause hallucinations.
The Burning Bush (Wahoo, Spindle Tree) contains both alkaloids and cardenolides. Ingestion can result in GI distress, abdominal pain and weakness. Large doses can result in cardiac (heart) arrhythmias. Bittersweet (Limbing Bittersweet, Waxwork, Shrubby Bittersweet, False Bittersweet, Climbing Bittersweet and American Bittersweet) contains euonymin and sesquiterpene alkaloids. Ingestion of Bittersweet can result in weakness, convulsions and severe gastroenteritis (inflammation of the stomach and intestines).
Over eighty species of Larkspur can be found in North America, most west of the Mississippi River, but are cultivated as an ornamental almost everywhere. In nature the dwarf or low Larkspurs live on lowland slopes and grasslands and are generally less than three feet tall. Tall Larkspurs can grow to four to six feet and are usually found on upper slopes of mountain locations. These plants contain diterpene alkaloids and are more toxic to horses than other species. However horses will no usually consume these plants unless drought conditions exist and there is little else to eat. Dogs and cats have been poisoned from these plants but it is a rare occurrence. As the plant matures it is usually less toxic. Ingestion can result in neuromuscular paralysis along with gastroenteritis, muscle tremors, stiffness, weakness, and convulsions. Animals can die from either cardiac or respiratory arrest.
Ragwort (Golden Ragwort) contains pyrrolizidine alkaloids. It is not palatable but again can be a problem for animals that graze during drought conditions. Dogs and cats will usually not bother this plant, but there are some strange pets out there and poisonings have been reported. Ingestion causes liver failure, and many neurological problems associated with liver failure.
Periwinkle (Running Myrtle, Vinca) contain vinca alkaloids. Ingestion of this plant results in gastroenteritis and depression with moderate intake, tremors, seizures, coma and death if large quantities are consumed. The Lobelia (Cardinal Flower, Indian Pink) contains the alkaloid lobeline. Animals that ingest this plant can develop gastroenteritis, depression and abdominal pain. Large quantities can result in cardiac arrhythmias.
Ambrosia Mexicana (Jerusalem Oak, Feather Geranium) and Bittersweet (American Bittersweet, Waxwork, Shrubby Bittersweet, False Bittersweet, Climbing Bittersweet) may contain euonymin and sesquiterpene alkaloids. Animals ingesting these plants can show signs of gastroenteritis, depression, weakness and convulsions.
Plants belonging to the family Amaryllidaceae, the Kaffir Lily (Clivia Lily, Clivies, Caffre Lily, Cape Clivia, Kilvia), Daffodils (Narcissus, Jonquil, Paper White) the Barbados Lily (Amaryllis, Fire Lily, Lily of the Palace, Ridderstjerne) and the Hyacinth (Garden Hyacinth) all contain lycorine and other alkaloids. Ingestion of these plants results in gastric distress with hyper salivation (drooling), vomiting and diarrhea. Ingestion of large quantities of the plant, particularly of the bulbs, can cause convulsions, low blood pressure (hypotension) tremors and cardiac arrhythmias (irregular heartbeats).
The Autumn Crocus (Meadow Saffron) contains colchicines and other alkaloids. Ingestion of this plant can result in irritation of the oral mucous membranes (everything in the mouth and throat) bloody vomiting, diarrhea, shock, multi-organ damage and bone marrow suppression. This one is nasty!
The Yarrow plant (Milfoil) contains glycoalkaloids, monoterpenes and sesquiterpene lactones, all alkaloids and all toxic. Ingestion can result in vomiting, diarrhea, depression, loss of appetite (anorexia) and drooling. The Morning Glory contains at least four different indole alkaloids. After eating this plant your pet can show signs of GI upset, agitation, tremors, disorientation, ataxia (trouble with balance while moving) anorexia. The seeds of Yarrow can cause hallucinations.
The Burning Bush (Wahoo, Spindle Tree) contains both alkaloids and cardenolides. Ingestion can result in GI distress, abdominal pain and weakness. Large doses can result in cardiac (heart) arrhythmias. Bittersweet (Limbing Bittersweet, Waxwork, Shrubby Bittersweet, False Bittersweet, Climbing Bittersweet and American Bittersweet) contains euonymin and sesquiterpene alkaloids. Ingestion of Bittersweet can result in weakness, convulsions and severe gastroenteritis (inflammation of the stomach and intestines).
Over eighty species of Larkspur can be found in North America, most west of the Mississippi River, but are cultivated as an ornamental almost everywhere. In nature the dwarf or low Larkspurs live on lowland slopes and grasslands and are generally less than three feet tall. Tall Larkspurs can grow to four to six feet and are usually found on upper slopes of mountain locations. These plants contain diterpene alkaloids and are more toxic to horses than other species. However horses will no usually consume these plants unless drought conditions exist and there is little else to eat. Dogs and cats have been poisoned from these plants but it is a rare occurrence. As the plant matures it is usually less toxic. Ingestion can result in neuromuscular paralysis along with gastroenteritis, muscle tremors, stiffness, weakness, and convulsions. Animals can die from either cardiac or respiratory arrest.
Ragwort (Golden Ragwort) contains pyrrolizidine alkaloids. It is not palatable but again can be a problem for animals that graze during drought conditions. Dogs and cats will usually not bother this plant, but there are some strange pets out there and poisonings have been reported. Ingestion causes liver failure, and many neurological problems associated with liver failure.
Periwinkle (Running Myrtle, Vinca) contain vinca alkaloids. Ingestion of this plant results in gastroenteritis and depression with moderate intake, tremors, seizures, coma and death if large quantities are consumed. The Lobelia (Cardinal Flower, Indian Pink) contains the alkaloid lobeline. Animals that ingest this plant can develop gastroenteritis, depression and abdominal pain. Large quantities can result in cardiac arrhythmias.
Ambrosia Mexicana (Jerusalem Oak, Feather Geranium) and Bittersweet (American Bittersweet, Waxwork, Shrubby Bittersweet, False Bittersweet, Climbing Bittersweet) may contain euonymin and sesquiterpene alkaloids. Animals ingesting these plants can show signs of gastroenteritis, depression, weakness and convulsions.
October 28, 2012
Plants with saponins toxic to dogs, cats and horses
In my last column, I discussed plants that contained calcium oxalates. This time I will cover plants with various saponins as the toxic component. Again, most animals will avoid these plants, but some hard heads can’t resist.
Animals that ingest the fruits of these plants, usually berries, will demonstrate signs of gastric upset, vomiting, abdominal pain and diarrhea. Some animals may rub against these plants and will develop, with repeated skin exposure, an allergic dermatitis.
As always, if you believe your pet interacted with one of these plants please take it to your veterinarian and explain the circumstances.
Plants from the Asparagus family contain sapogenins. Included in this family are Asparagus, Asparagus Fern, Emerald Feather, Emerald Fern, Plumosa Fern, Lace Fern, Racemose, and Shatavari.
Various Holly plants contain saponins including; the American Holly, the English Holly, the European Holly, Oregon Holly, Inkberry, Winterberry and Spanish Thyme. Both the leaves and berries of these plants are toxic and ingestion can result in gastric upset.
Aloe (Aloe vera) plants contain saponins and ingestion can result in gastric upset, anorexia (loss of appetite), tremors and, at times, a change in urine color. Ingestion of the Baby Doll Ti Plant, also known as the Ti-Plant, Good-Luck Plant and Hawaiian Ti Plant, can result in vomiting, sometimes containing blood, depression, anorexia, hypersalivation and, in cats, dilated pupils. Ingestion of Buckeyes or Horse Chestnuts can result in severe vomiting and diarrhea, either depression or excitement, dilated pupils and, in severe cases, wobbly gait, convulsions and even coma. Cyclamen (Sowbread) contains terpenoid saponins and eating this plant will result in gastric upset. Ingestion of large quantities of the tubers of this plant can result in abnormal heart rhythm, seizures and even death.
The foliage of the English Ivy (Branching Ivy, Glacier Ivy, Needlepoint Ivy, Sweetheart Ivy, California Ivy) is more toxic than the berries. Ingestion of the leaves will result in gastric upset. The toxic substance in these plants are triterpenoid saponins.
Dracaena, also known as Corn Plant, Cornstalk Plant, Dragon Tree and Ribbon Plant, are toxic when ingested. Ingestion can result in gastric upset severe enough to have blood in the vomitus. Contact with the Coffee Tree (Wild Coffee, Geranium-Leaf Aralia) can result in dermatitis, ingestion with gastric upset and depression. If your dog or cat ingests portions of the Yucca it may develop gastric upset. Interestingly grazing animals, horses, cattle, sheep can develop liver disease and secondary photosensitivity if they eat enough of the Yucca. Unless severe drought conditions exist, grazers will avoid these plants. The Hosta (Plantain Lily, Funkia) is included in those plants with saponins and ingestion can result in gastric upset.
The specific toxic substance in the Bird of Paradise (Peacock Flower, Barbados Pride, Poinciana, Pride of Barbados, Dwarf Poinciana) has not been identified but ingestion of this plant can result in intense oral irritation resulting in hypersalivation, vomiting, diarrhea, difficulty swallowing and, in severe cases, incoordination. Rabbits eating this plant have died. The Buttercup (Butter Cress, Figwort) contains the irritant protoanemonin and ingestion can result in gastric upset and a wobbly gait. The many varieties of Chrysanthemums can contain sesquiterpene, lactones, pyrethrins and other irritants and can result in gastric upset. Pinks (Carnations, Wild Carnation, Sweet William) contain an unknown irritant that can cause mild gastric upset.
Two plants, the Poinsettia and the Pencil Cactus are often identified as toxic. The Poinsettia is especially bad-mouthed around Christmas time, but the toxicity of these plants is generally over-rated, their sap is a mild irritant.
The truly dangerous plant, a favorite of mystery writers, is the Black Nightshade (Nightshade, Deadly Nightshade). This plant, Solanum nigrum, contains saponins but also contains solanine, and atropine-like substances. Ingestion can result in hypersalivation, loss of appetite, severe GI upset, diarrhea, drowsiness, depression of the central nervous system, confusion, behavioral changes, weakness, severely dilated pupils and a very slow heart rate. Your pet would have to ingest a lot of this plant to cause death and because the toxic components are so irritant this usually will not happen.
Animals that ingest the fruits of these plants, usually berries, will demonstrate signs of gastric upset, vomiting, abdominal pain and diarrhea. Some animals may rub against these plants and will develop, with repeated skin exposure, an allergic dermatitis.
As always, if you believe your pet interacted with one of these plants please take it to your veterinarian and explain the circumstances.
Plants from the Asparagus family contain sapogenins. Included in this family are Asparagus, Asparagus Fern, Emerald Feather, Emerald Fern, Plumosa Fern, Lace Fern, Racemose, and Shatavari.
Various Holly plants contain saponins including; the American Holly, the English Holly, the European Holly, Oregon Holly, Inkberry, Winterberry and Spanish Thyme. Both the leaves and berries of these plants are toxic and ingestion can result in gastric upset.
Aloe (Aloe vera) plants contain saponins and ingestion can result in gastric upset, anorexia (loss of appetite), tremors and, at times, a change in urine color. Ingestion of the Baby Doll Ti Plant, also known as the Ti-Plant, Good-Luck Plant and Hawaiian Ti Plant, can result in vomiting, sometimes containing blood, depression, anorexia, hypersalivation and, in cats, dilated pupils. Ingestion of Buckeyes or Horse Chestnuts can result in severe vomiting and diarrhea, either depression or excitement, dilated pupils and, in severe cases, wobbly gait, convulsions and even coma. Cyclamen (Sowbread) contains terpenoid saponins and eating this plant will result in gastric upset. Ingestion of large quantities of the tubers of this plant can result in abnormal heart rhythm, seizures and even death.
The foliage of the English Ivy (Branching Ivy, Glacier Ivy, Needlepoint Ivy, Sweetheart Ivy, California Ivy) is more toxic than the berries. Ingestion of the leaves will result in gastric upset. The toxic substance in these plants are triterpenoid saponins.
Dracaena, also known as Corn Plant, Cornstalk Plant, Dragon Tree and Ribbon Plant, are toxic when ingested. Ingestion can result in gastric upset severe enough to have blood in the vomitus. Contact with the Coffee Tree (Wild Coffee, Geranium-Leaf Aralia) can result in dermatitis, ingestion with gastric upset and depression. If your dog or cat ingests portions of the Yucca it may develop gastric upset. Interestingly grazing animals, horses, cattle, sheep can develop liver disease and secondary photosensitivity if they eat enough of the Yucca. Unless severe drought conditions exist, grazers will avoid these plants. The Hosta (Plantain Lily, Funkia) is included in those plants with saponins and ingestion can result in gastric upset.
The specific toxic substance in the Bird of Paradise (Peacock Flower, Barbados Pride, Poinciana, Pride of Barbados, Dwarf Poinciana) has not been identified but ingestion of this plant can result in intense oral irritation resulting in hypersalivation, vomiting, diarrhea, difficulty swallowing and, in severe cases, incoordination. Rabbits eating this plant have died. The Buttercup (Butter Cress, Figwort) contains the irritant protoanemonin and ingestion can result in gastric upset and a wobbly gait. The many varieties of Chrysanthemums can contain sesquiterpene, lactones, pyrethrins and other irritants and can result in gastric upset. Pinks (Carnations, Wild Carnation, Sweet William) contain an unknown irritant that can cause mild gastric upset.
Two plants, the Poinsettia and the Pencil Cactus are often identified as toxic. The Poinsettia is especially bad-mouthed around Christmas time, but the toxicity of these plants is generally over-rated, their sap is a mild irritant.
The truly dangerous plant, a favorite of mystery writers, is the Black Nightshade (Nightshade, Deadly Nightshade). This plant, Solanum nigrum, contains saponins but also contains solanine, and atropine-like substances. Ingestion can result in hypersalivation, loss of appetite, severe GI upset, diarrhea, drowsiness, depression of the central nervous system, confusion, behavioral changes, weakness, severely dilated pupils and a very slow heart rate. Your pet would have to ingest a lot of this plant to cause death and because the toxic components are so irritant this usually will not happen.
October 20, 2012
This column is the first in a series of six with information about plants toxic to dogs, cats and horses.
I found my kitten chewing on a houseplant, is this dangerous?
Maybe, the most important aspect of potential poisoning, from any source, is dose. How much was the animal exposed to per pound of body weight? Kittens and puppies will chew on almost anything. Mainly because of their size, young animals are more susceptible to toxic substances. Fortunately, most animals, especially dogs and cats, after a small taste, will avoid eating most dangerous plants. However, we animal lovers know that some dogs will eat anything and even some cats are less than discerning.
Many plants contain toxic substances. On their website, the ASPCA Animal Poison Control Center lists well over 300 potentially toxic plants. I was very surprised to find the names of plants that I recognized and didn’t know were potentially dangerous, others I knew to advise animal owners to avoid.
There are so many potentially poisonous plants I cannot possibly mention all of them in one column, so I have decided to do a series. First, let’s talk about those plants that contain insoluble calcium oxalates. Most of the plants that accumulate calcium oxalate accumulate the insoluble form of the compound. Ingestion of these plants results in irritation of the mucous membranes of the mouth, tongue and lips accompanied by an intense burning sensation. Animals afflicted usually drool excessively and may vomit and have difficulty swallowing.
Most of the Philodendrons accumulate these oxalate crystals including; the Saddle Leaf Philodendron, also known as Horsehead, Cordatum, Heartleaf, Panda Plant, Split Leaf, Fruit Salad Plant, Red Emerald, Red Princess and Fiddle Leaf and the Cut leaf Philodendron also called the Hurricane Plant, Swiss Cheese Plant, Ceriman, Mexican Breadfruit and Window Leaf Plant.
Various Dieffenbachia, contain insoluble calcium oxalates. These include; the Charming Dieffenbachia, Dumb Cane, Giant Dumb Cane, Spotted Dumb Cane, Tropic Snow, Exotica, Exotica Perfection, and the Gold Dieffenbachia.
Many of us have Schefflera growing in our homes. My wife has been nurturing one, and it’s offspring, for more than thirty years. The Schefflera (Umbrella Tree, Australian Ivy Palm), the Octopus Tree and the Star Leaf all contain insoluble calcium oxalates.
A host of plants, all classified in the Araceae family, harbor these substances. These include; the Flamingo flower also known as; Devil’s Ivy, Pothos, Golden Pothos, Taro Vine, Ivy Arum, Marble Queen. Other Araceae are the Caladium, also known as; Elephant Ears, Malanga, Stoplight, Seagull, Mother-in-law Plant, Pink Cloud, Texas Wonder, Angel-Wings, Exposition, Candidum, Fancy-leaved Caladium, and Alocasia. The Flamingo Lily (Tail Flower, Oilcloth Flower, Pigtail Plant, Painter’s Pallet) and various species of Calla including; Calla Lily, Pig Lily, White Arum, Trumpet Lily, Arum Lily, Garden Calla, Black Calla, Solomon’s Lily, Wild Calla, Wild Arum, and the Mauna Loa Peace Lily. This family also includes the Nephthytis (Arrow-Head Vine, Green Gold Nephthytis, African Evergreen and Trileaf Wonder). Arums including; Lord-and-Ladies, Wake Robin, Starch Root, Bobbins and Cuckoo Plant accumulate oxalates.
On some of our area hikes, my now ten-year old granddaughter has shown me Skunk Cabbage (also known as Skunk Weed, Polecat Weed, Meadow Cabbage, Swamp Cabbage). The Chinese Evergreen has insoluble oxalate crystals as do the Greater Ammi (Bishop’s Weed, False Queen Anne’s Lace). Finally, there are over a thousand species and ten thousand hybrid Begonias that can accumulate these crystals, ouch!
It doesn’t end there. Some plants contain soluble rather than insoluble calcium oxalates. Ingestion of these plants can result in excessive salivation, tremors and even kidney failure. Plants with the soluble calcium oxalates found in their leaves include; Rhubarb (Pie Plant), Sorrel (Dock) and Moss Rose (Wild Portulaca, Rock Moss, Purslane, Pigweed, Pusley). Don’t let your pet munch on the leaves of these plants.
If you believe your pet has been grazing on any of the plants described please take the animal to your veterinarian and bring along a sample of the plant for identification.
I’m far from done. In follow-up columns, I will let you know about plants that contain saponins, alkaloids, glycosides, volatile oils, deadly ricin, and at least thirty other toxic substances. It’s a scary world we live in and it’s not just the politicians.
Maybe, the most important aspect of potential poisoning, from any source, is dose. How much was the animal exposed to per pound of body weight? Kittens and puppies will chew on almost anything. Mainly because of their size, young animals are more susceptible to toxic substances. Fortunately, most animals, especially dogs and cats, after a small taste, will avoid eating most dangerous plants. However, we animal lovers know that some dogs will eat anything and even some cats are less than discerning.
Many plants contain toxic substances. On their website, the ASPCA Animal Poison Control Center lists well over 300 potentially toxic plants. I was very surprised to find the names of plants that I recognized and didn’t know were potentially dangerous, others I knew to advise animal owners to avoid.
There are so many potentially poisonous plants I cannot possibly mention all of them in one column, so I have decided to do a series. First, let’s talk about those plants that contain insoluble calcium oxalates. Most of the plants that accumulate calcium oxalate accumulate the insoluble form of the compound. Ingestion of these plants results in irritation of the mucous membranes of the mouth, tongue and lips accompanied by an intense burning sensation. Animals afflicted usually drool excessively and may vomit and have difficulty swallowing.
Most of the Philodendrons accumulate these oxalate crystals including; the Saddle Leaf Philodendron, also known as Horsehead, Cordatum, Heartleaf, Panda Plant, Split Leaf, Fruit Salad Plant, Red Emerald, Red Princess and Fiddle Leaf and the Cut leaf Philodendron also called the Hurricane Plant, Swiss Cheese Plant, Ceriman, Mexican Breadfruit and Window Leaf Plant.
Various Dieffenbachia, contain insoluble calcium oxalates. These include; the Charming Dieffenbachia, Dumb Cane, Giant Dumb Cane, Spotted Dumb Cane, Tropic Snow, Exotica, Exotica Perfection, and the Gold Dieffenbachia.
Many of us have Schefflera growing in our homes. My wife has been nurturing one, and it’s offspring, for more than thirty years. The Schefflera (Umbrella Tree, Australian Ivy Palm), the Octopus Tree and the Star Leaf all contain insoluble calcium oxalates.
A host of plants, all classified in the Araceae family, harbor these substances. These include; the Flamingo flower also known as; Devil’s Ivy, Pothos, Golden Pothos, Taro Vine, Ivy Arum, Marble Queen. Other Araceae are the Caladium, also known as; Elephant Ears, Malanga, Stoplight, Seagull, Mother-in-law Plant, Pink Cloud, Texas Wonder, Angel-Wings, Exposition, Candidum, Fancy-leaved Caladium, and Alocasia. The Flamingo Lily (Tail Flower, Oilcloth Flower, Pigtail Plant, Painter’s Pallet) and various species of Calla including; Calla Lily, Pig Lily, White Arum, Trumpet Lily, Arum Lily, Garden Calla, Black Calla, Solomon’s Lily, Wild Calla, Wild Arum, and the Mauna Loa Peace Lily. This family also includes the Nephthytis (Arrow-Head Vine, Green Gold Nephthytis, African Evergreen and Trileaf Wonder). Arums including; Lord-and-Ladies, Wake Robin, Starch Root, Bobbins and Cuckoo Plant accumulate oxalates.
On some of our area hikes, my now ten-year old granddaughter has shown me Skunk Cabbage (also known as Skunk Weed, Polecat Weed, Meadow Cabbage, Swamp Cabbage). The Chinese Evergreen has insoluble oxalate crystals as do the Greater Ammi (Bishop’s Weed, False Queen Anne’s Lace). Finally, there are over a thousand species and ten thousand hybrid Begonias that can accumulate these crystals, ouch!
It doesn’t end there. Some plants contain soluble rather than insoluble calcium oxalates. Ingestion of these plants can result in excessive salivation, tremors and even kidney failure. Plants with the soluble calcium oxalates found in their leaves include; Rhubarb (Pie Plant), Sorrel (Dock) and Moss Rose (Wild Portulaca, Rock Moss, Purslane, Pigweed, Pusley). Don’t let your pet munch on the leaves of these plants.
If you believe your pet has been grazing on any of the plants described please take the animal to your veterinarian and bring along a sample of the plant for identification.
I’m far from done. In follow-up columns, I will let you know about plants that contain saponins, alkaloids, glycosides, volatile oils, deadly ricin, and at least thirty other toxic substances. It’s a scary world we live in and it’s not just the politicians.
October 13, 2012
Sweetness Watkins dies of kidney failure
She was back again. Sweetness was a thirteen-year-old collie dying from chronic interstitial nephritis. Each time the Watkins family brought her in, I thought her long struggle was over.
Mr. Watkins carried her in, struggling despite the fact she had been shedding pounds off her originally much too plump frame for the past several months. Mrs. Watkins was trying to comfort their thirteen-year-old daughter Emily.
“She only lasted six days this time Doc,” Mr. Watkins announced.
I glanced at Sweetness’ chart. “I see that.”
I was treating the dog with intravenous fluids to flush her body of the metabolic toxins that accumulated because her kidneys were no longer functioning properly. The first time I treated her she lasted for almost a month with a special diet and fresh clean water always available. She drank a lot, urinated a lot and with restricted activity seemed to do pretty well. The next time I treated her she lasted a little over two weeks, the third time was six days ago.
“Can’t you do something else?” sobbed Emily. “This isn’t working she’s so weak and just sleeps all the time and won’t play with me.”
“There must be more you can do Doc,” Mr. Watkins insisted. “You know cost is not a problem for us.”
I glanced out the front window at their barely operational car. I also knew the neighborhood they lived in and the state of disrepair of their home.
“We can try peritoneal lavage that might work. I can smell the urea on her breath, she’s very toxic. Actually, she needs kidney dialysis and a kidney transplant but neither are available for dogs. Most people who need those treatments can’t get them.” It was 1963.
“Do what you can Doctor,” Mrs. Watkins chimed in. “We’re not ready to give up on her you know she and Emily were babies together.”
“OK, leave her with me and I’ll see what I can do.”
After they left, I reviewed my veterinary school notes on peritoneal lavage and started the treatment. Sweetness encouraged my efforts with a single-thump of her tail on the treatment table. I finished infusing the dialysis solution I mixed up and started drawing it off. Two hours later, I removed all the fluid I could retrieve and she seemed slightly improved. She rolled up on her sternum and gave my hand a lick. I took some blood to check her kidney function again and found it was only slightly improved. I put in an intravenous drip and decided to see if I could flush her out again. Over the next several hours she seemed to improve, then regress. I couldn’t leave but couldn’t think of anything more to do, so I just maintained a vigil and kept the intravenous fluids running. At three in the morning, she took a final breath.
Still wondering what more I could possibly have done I called the Watkins home to tell them Sweetness had passed. Without saying anything about my diligence, I wanted them to know I gone the extra mile with her.
“OK Doctor,” said Mr. Watkins. I could hear Emily crying. “I’m certain you did all you know how to do.”
“That’s true, what do you want to do with her body?”
“We anticipated this, we’ll send someone. How much is the bill?”
I felt guilty about Sweetness dying, not knowing what more I could have done.
“Uh, let’s see,” I had spent at least eight hours working on the dog and used over a hundred dollars of drugs and supplies.
“I think a hundred and fifty will cover it.” I felt guilty about charging so much.
“Uh, just a minute, I added wrong, a hundred will do it.”
“OK Doc, I’ll get a check to you in a month or so.”
The next morning a man drove up to the clinic in a Nash Rambler. A sign on the driver’s side door advertized “Paradise Pet Cemetery”. He opened the back, took out a cart then took out a polished wood casket and placed it on the cart.
“I’m here for Sweetness Watkins,” he announced.
“Follow me,” I said. “That’s a very nice casket, just curious, how much is this costing the Watkins?”
“Four hundred and fifty, plus perpetual care, paid in advance,” he smiled. “Mind if I leave some business cards with you for future clients?”
That was the last time I felt guilty about legitimate fees.
Mr. Watkins carried her in, struggling despite the fact she had been shedding pounds off her originally much too plump frame for the past several months. Mrs. Watkins was trying to comfort their thirteen-year-old daughter Emily.
“She only lasted six days this time Doc,” Mr. Watkins announced.
I glanced at Sweetness’ chart. “I see that.”
I was treating the dog with intravenous fluids to flush her body of the metabolic toxins that accumulated because her kidneys were no longer functioning properly. The first time I treated her she lasted for almost a month with a special diet and fresh clean water always available. She drank a lot, urinated a lot and with restricted activity seemed to do pretty well. The next time I treated her she lasted a little over two weeks, the third time was six days ago.
“Can’t you do something else?” sobbed Emily. “This isn’t working she’s so weak and just sleeps all the time and won’t play with me.”
“There must be more you can do Doc,” Mr. Watkins insisted. “You know cost is not a problem for us.”
I glanced out the front window at their barely operational car. I also knew the neighborhood they lived in and the state of disrepair of their home.
“We can try peritoneal lavage that might work. I can smell the urea on her breath, she’s very toxic. Actually, she needs kidney dialysis and a kidney transplant but neither are available for dogs. Most people who need those treatments can’t get them.” It was 1963.
“Do what you can Doctor,” Mrs. Watkins chimed in. “We’re not ready to give up on her you know she and Emily were babies together.”
“OK, leave her with me and I’ll see what I can do.”
After they left, I reviewed my veterinary school notes on peritoneal lavage and started the treatment. Sweetness encouraged my efforts with a single-thump of her tail on the treatment table. I finished infusing the dialysis solution I mixed up and started drawing it off. Two hours later, I removed all the fluid I could retrieve and she seemed slightly improved. She rolled up on her sternum and gave my hand a lick. I took some blood to check her kidney function again and found it was only slightly improved. I put in an intravenous drip and decided to see if I could flush her out again. Over the next several hours she seemed to improve, then regress. I couldn’t leave but couldn’t think of anything more to do, so I just maintained a vigil and kept the intravenous fluids running. At three in the morning, she took a final breath.
Still wondering what more I could possibly have done I called the Watkins home to tell them Sweetness had passed. Without saying anything about my diligence, I wanted them to know I gone the extra mile with her.
“OK Doctor,” said Mr. Watkins. I could hear Emily crying. “I’m certain you did all you know how to do.”
“That’s true, what do you want to do with her body?”
“We anticipated this, we’ll send someone. How much is the bill?”
I felt guilty about Sweetness dying, not knowing what more I could have done.
“Uh, let’s see,” I had spent at least eight hours working on the dog and used over a hundred dollars of drugs and supplies.
“I think a hundred and fifty will cover it.” I felt guilty about charging so much.
“Uh, just a minute, I added wrong, a hundred will do it.”
“OK Doc, I’ll get a check to you in a month or so.”
The next morning a man drove up to the clinic in a Nash Rambler. A sign on the driver’s side door advertized “Paradise Pet Cemetery”. He opened the back, took out a cart then took out a polished wood casket and placed it on the cart.
“I’m here for Sweetness Watkins,” he announced.
“Follow me,” I said. “That’s a very nice casket, just curious, how much is this costing the Watkins?”
“Four hundred and fifty, plus perpetual care, paid in advance,” he smiled. “Mind if I leave some business cards with you for future clients?”
That was the last time I felt guilty about legitimate fees.
September 21, 2012
Being a veterinarian’s wife
We were living behind our veterinary hospital, under construction in Paradise Valley, outside Phoenix, in a house trailer. Our German shepherd, Mister, rose to his feet and took three steps to the door, the hair on his back bristling. Three sharp knocks announced a visitor. Rosalie, leaning back to balance the watermelon-size protrusion that was to be our firstborn, waddled forward. Mister positioned himself firmly between her and the door.
A hard-used woman dressed in dirty Levi cutoffs riding high on overly muscled thighs stood on the top of three wood steps to the door. She moved down two steps as Rosalie pushed the door open. The sweet/sour odor of unwashed armpits caused Rosalie to wrinkle her nose. The apparition’s face was leathery from too much sun, her hair a curly mop dyed jet black. She held her right hand behind her back.
“Yes, may I help you?” Rosalie inquired.
“The Vet here?”
“No, I’m sorry. He’s out on calls.”
“You recognize me?”
“No, I’m sorry.”
“Thought you might, my picture’s been in both the Republic and Gazette. I was just acquitted for the murder of my girlfriend.”
“Oh.” Rosalie took a step back, Mister pushed forward.
“I’m a professional wrestler, Killer Amy, maybe you’ve heard of me?”
“No, I’m sorry, I haven’t.”
She brought her hand from behind her back, holding a chunk of skin covered with thick gray hair. Mister rumbled. She ignored him.
“I need to have the Vet tell me if this is human or not. I found it on my property. I don’t need more trouble. Will that dog attack?” Can I leave it with you?
“My husband should be back in an hour or so.”
The woman took a step up and extended the scalp, it smelled like meat left on the counter overnight by mistake. Mister rumbled louder and leaned against Rosalie forcing her back a step.
“I think it would be much better if you kept it in your possession until he can look at it.”
“Well, if you say so. You think he’ll be back in an hour?” She stepped back down as Mister growled again. “That dog’s pretty protective ain’t he?”
I was back from my calls and eating lunch when she returned. I went outside to examine the scalp.
“Looks like jackrabbit, I doubt it’s human but I can’t say for sure. If I were you, I would take it to the police. They have labs that can identify human remains.”
I spotted her name in the newspaper, the sports page, two weeks later a story about her winning a wrestling match.
A hard-used woman dressed in dirty Levi cutoffs riding high on overly muscled thighs stood on the top of three wood steps to the door. She moved down two steps as Rosalie pushed the door open. The sweet/sour odor of unwashed armpits caused Rosalie to wrinkle her nose. The apparition’s face was leathery from too much sun, her hair a curly mop dyed jet black. She held her right hand behind her back.
“Yes, may I help you?” Rosalie inquired.
“The Vet here?”
“No, I’m sorry. He’s out on calls.”
“You recognize me?”
“No, I’m sorry.”
“Thought you might, my picture’s been in both the Republic and Gazette. I was just acquitted for the murder of my girlfriend.”
“Oh.” Rosalie took a step back, Mister pushed forward.
“I’m a professional wrestler, Killer Amy, maybe you’ve heard of me?”
“No, I’m sorry, I haven’t.”
She brought her hand from behind her back, holding a chunk of skin covered with thick gray hair. Mister rumbled. She ignored him.
“I need to have the Vet tell me if this is human or not. I found it on my property. I don’t need more trouble. Will that dog attack?” Can I leave it with you?
“My husband should be back in an hour or so.”
The woman took a step up and extended the scalp, it smelled like meat left on the counter overnight by mistake. Mister rumbled louder and leaned against Rosalie forcing her back a step.
“I think it would be much better if you kept it in your possession until he can look at it.”
“Well, if you say so. You think he’ll be back in an hour?” She stepped back down as Mister growled again. “That dog’s pretty protective ain’t he?”
I was back from my calls and eating lunch when she returned. I went outside to examine the scalp.
“Looks like jackrabbit, I doubt it’s human but I can’t say for sure. If I were you, I would take it to the police. They have labs that can identify human remains.”
I spotted her name in the newspaper, the sports page, two weeks later a story about her winning a wrestling match.
September 9, 2012
Wild Horses
I was on a ranch in the Badlands of North Dakota to castrate fourteen wild stallions rounded up by a rancher friend, John, and two of his neighbors, brothers who were professional rodeo cowboys. They roped each of the wild horses from horseback, around the neck and hind legs then stretched them out. My friend John pulled them down to the ground by their tail then grabbed their head pulling it to his chest to control the animal while astride its neck. The brother on horseback who had roped the hind legs kept tension on them also controlling the patient.
I dismounted from the top rail of the corral with two buckets, one with instruments in water and disinfectant, the other with syringes and medications. The first testicle came off cleanly, although the horse grunted and struggled when I applied the emasculator. As I made the second cut the animal the cowboys had dubbed Pig-eye went berserk throwing John off his neck and almost got away from Ed who backed his horse up pulling Pig-eye through the dirt and dust by the hind legs. Ed’s brother quickly backed his horse to put back tension in the rope around Pig-eye’s neck.
When John went airborne, I retreated towards the fence, both buckets in hand. After everyone got back in position, I returned to the fray. I got the second testicle dissected and placed the emasculator. As I clamped down Pig-eye again came off the ground but that time I kept my hold on the emasculator as it tore off the spermatic cord and I joined John sitting on our butts in the dirt. After the brothers regained control John and I rejoined the action, John bit down on the Pig-eye’s ear while holding the horse’s head up against his chest. I leaned over to get a look. Blood was spurting out of the wound, forming a red pudding in the powdered dirt.
"#@$%^&," I exclaimed! "He's bleeding like a stuck pig. Hold onto him, I have to go fishing for that artery."
I found one of the hemostats in the bucket, leaned over, opened up the wound with my left hand, and reached in as far as I could. After three tries, I found the cord, pulled it out far enough to see what I was doing and clamped it with the hemostat. The bleeding stopped. While hunting for the second hemostat in the bucket, now full of dirty, bloody water, I cut my thumb on the scalpel blade. I finally isolated the spermatic artery and clamped it.
John nodded that he understood the danger I was in leaning over the horse’s back and bit down harder on Pig-eye's ear and blood from the ear oozed out of the corners of John's mouth.
I shook my head, reached into my shirt pocket with my left hand and extracted a packet of catgut. Ripping the packet open with my teeth, I tied a tight ligature around the artery and removed the hemostats. Pig-eye struggled but there were only a few drops of blood. I rinsed off my hands, filled the syringe and administered the antibiotics.
They released him and Pig-eye jumped to his feet, kicking out with both hind hooves. Blood dripped from the injured ear, now hanging at a ninety-degree angle from his head. Only a few drops of blood fell from his scrotum.
Remembering these events after fifty years I marvel at the apparent cruelty and disregard for the animals we displayed, but we had limited options. Local anesthetics were of no use in these wild animals. The tranquilizers and sedatives available then had little or no effect on excited animals. We had succinylcholine chloride, a muscle-paralyzing agent that immobilized a horse but could also cause paralysis of the respiratory muscles and left the animal conscious and able to perceive pain. Finally, we had a combination of chloral hydrate, pentobarbital and magnesium chloride, called Equithesin. It had to be infused, to effect intravenously, an almost impossible task in an excited wild animal, and it left the animals anesthetized and immobilized for a couple of hours or more lying in a thick layer of dirt and manure.
Despite the romanticized tales of feral horses running free, these horses lead a difficult life. There are few natural predators of wild horses and the number of animals tends to multiply quickly resulting in overgrazing and the threat of starvation. Half of the foals are males so competition and fighting amongst the adult males accounts for a high rate of injuries that go untreated. The mustangs are subject to bad weather, drought, starvation, high parasite loads and injury. Compare this to a life of good care provided by humans who want to keep the animals healthy and working productively, or just functioning as pets.
I dismounted from the top rail of the corral with two buckets, one with instruments in water and disinfectant, the other with syringes and medications. The first testicle came off cleanly, although the horse grunted and struggled when I applied the emasculator. As I made the second cut the animal the cowboys had dubbed Pig-eye went berserk throwing John off his neck and almost got away from Ed who backed his horse up pulling Pig-eye through the dirt and dust by the hind legs. Ed’s brother quickly backed his horse to put back tension in the rope around Pig-eye’s neck.
When John went airborne, I retreated towards the fence, both buckets in hand. After everyone got back in position, I returned to the fray. I got the second testicle dissected and placed the emasculator. As I clamped down Pig-eye again came off the ground but that time I kept my hold on the emasculator as it tore off the spermatic cord and I joined John sitting on our butts in the dirt. After the brothers regained control John and I rejoined the action, John bit down on the Pig-eye’s ear while holding the horse’s head up against his chest. I leaned over to get a look. Blood was spurting out of the wound, forming a red pudding in the powdered dirt.
"#@$%^&," I exclaimed! "He's bleeding like a stuck pig. Hold onto him, I have to go fishing for that artery."
I found one of the hemostats in the bucket, leaned over, opened up the wound with my left hand, and reached in as far as I could. After three tries, I found the cord, pulled it out far enough to see what I was doing and clamped it with the hemostat. The bleeding stopped. While hunting for the second hemostat in the bucket, now full of dirty, bloody water, I cut my thumb on the scalpel blade. I finally isolated the spermatic artery and clamped it.
John nodded that he understood the danger I was in leaning over the horse’s back and bit down harder on Pig-eye's ear and blood from the ear oozed out of the corners of John's mouth.
I shook my head, reached into my shirt pocket with my left hand and extracted a packet of catgut. Ripping the packet open with my teeth, I tied a tight ligature around the artery and removed the hemostats. Pig-eye struggled but there were only a few drops of blood. I rinsed off my hands, filled the syringe and administered the antibiotics.
They released him and Pig-eye jumped to his feet, kicking out with both hind hooves. Blood dripped from the injured ear, now hanging at a ninety-degree angle from his head. Only a few drops of blood fell from his scrotum.
Remembering these events after fifty years I marvel at the apparent cruelty and disregard for the animals we displayed, but we had limited options. Local anesthetics were of no use in these wild animals. The tranquilizers and sedatives available then had little or no effect on excited animals. We had succinylcholine chloride, a muscle-paralyzing agent that immobilized a horse but could also cause paralysis of the respiratory muscles and left the animal conscious and able to perceive pain. Finally, we had a combination of chloral hydrate, pentobarbital and magnesium chloride, called Equithesin. It had to be infused, to effect intravenously, an almost impossible task in an excited wild animal, and it left the animals anesthetized and immobilized for a couple of hours or more lying in a thick layer of dirt and manure.
Despite the romanticized tales of feral horses running free, these horses lead a difficult life. There are few natural predators of wild horses and the number of animals tends to multiply quickly resulting in overgrazing and the threat of starvation. Half of the foals are males so competition and fighting amongst the adult males accounts for a high rate of injuries that go untreated. The mustangs are subject to bad weather, drought, starvation, high parasite loads and injury. Compare this to a life of good care provided by humans who want to keep the animals healthy and working productively, or just functioning as pets.
