Bryan Hoo's Blog, page 4

Technologies That Are Changing The World

This is the Complete Lesson Note for the topic "Technologies That Are Changing The World". Enjoy~

Technology#1. Voice assistants

In four years, the majority of American households are expected to own a voice assistant device like an Amazon Echo or an Apple Homepod. Thanks to the power of artificial intelligence (AI), voice assistants will grow increasingly helpful.

Even today, Amazon releases regular updates to Echo in order to help owners get more from the technology. The company recently reported seeing larger-than-expected gains from its voice assistant, which is why Amazon is now doubling down on the technology.

Voice assistants are making a significant impact in markets across the globe, and some observers expect that in the future we will communicate with technology through voice rather than text.

Technology#2. Crispr

Imagine a world where crushing genetic diseases like Huntington's and cystic fibrosis can be cured. Thanks to crispr, genetic disease may be eliminated.

CRISPR Cas-9 (an abbreviation standing for "Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats") is a gene-splicing technology capable of finding and removing mutated sections of DNA. Once this material is eliminated, crispr technology can replace the mutated sections with non-mutated variants.

As a result, crispr has the power to permanently eliminate certain types of genetic diseases from blood lines. The technology has already been used to eliminate cancer in some patients, and early results show that it may be possible to cure genetically caused blindness as well.

Technology#3. Robot assistants

Companies like Boston Dynamics have already developed a wide variety of robot assistants that can be used in factories or on the battlefield. The company originally started as an arm of MIT and has since pioneered the development of intelligent robots that operate effectively in the real world.

Knightscope is another company working on a line of robot assistants for security applications. For example, its K5 robot features four cameras and can recognize 300 licenses plates per minute, per camera. It can also detect suspicious networks that may be operated by hackers.

Technology#4. Augmented and mixed reality

Just a few years ago, it was unclear whether augmented or mixed reality would take off. Given the fact that tech giants like Apple are investing billions of dollars in augmented reality hardware, it's pretty clear that it's only a matter of time before the tech goes mainstream.

For example, Apple's latest phones are equipped with augmented reality capabilities, and a recent report suggests that the company is working on an AR headset that will replace the iPhone in two to three years.
Bryan Hoo

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About Investment Strategy

This is the Complete Lesson Note for the topic "Investment Strategy". Enjoy~

Understanding Investment Strategies

Many investors buy low-cost, diversified index funds, use dollar-cost averaging, and reinvest dividends. Dollar-cost averaging is an investment strategy where a fixed dollar amount of stocks or a particular investment are acquired on a regular schedule regardless of the cost or share price. The investor purchases more shares when prices are low and fewer shares when prices are high. Over time, some investments will do better than others, and the return averages out over time.

Some experienced investors select individual stocks and build a portfolio based on individual firm analysis with predictions on share price movements.

Graham's Five Investment Strategies

In 1949, Benjamin Graham identified five strategies for common stock investing in "The Intelligent Investor."

-General trading. The investor predicts and participates in the moves of the market similar to dollar-cost averaging.

-Selective trading. The investor picks stocks that they expect will do well in the market over the short term; a year, for example.

-Buying cheap and selling dear. The investor enters the market when prices low and sells a stock when the prices are high.

-Long-pull selection. The investor selects stocks that they expect to grow quicker than other stocks over a period of years.

-Bargain purchases. The investor selects stocks that are priced below their true value as measured by some techniques.

Investment Strategy and Risk

Risk is a huge component of an investment strategy. Some individuals have a high tolerance for risk while other investors are risk-averse. One overarching rule, however, is that investors should only risk what they can afford to lose. Another rule of thumb is the higher the risk, the higher the potential return, and some investments are riskier than others. There are investments that guarantee an investor will not lose money, but there will also be minimal opportunity to earn a return.

For example, U.S. Treasury bonds, bills, and bank certificates of deposit (CDs) are considered safe because they are backed by the credit of the United States. However, these investments provide a low return on investment. Once the cost of inflation and taxes have been included in the return on income equation, there may be little growth in the investment.
Bryan Hoo

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Introduction To Futures Contract

Complete Lesson notes on the topic "Introduction to Futures Contract". Enjoy~

What Is a Futures Contract?

A futures contract is a legal agreement to buy or sell a particular commodity asset, or security at a predetermined price at a specified time in the future. Futures contracts are standardized for quality and quantity to facilitate trading on a futures exchange. The buyer of a futures contract is taking on the obligation to buy and receive the underlying asset when the futures contract expires. The seller of the futures contract is taking on the obligation to provide and deliver the underlying asset at the expiration date.

Understanding Futures Contracts

Futures are derivative financial contracts that obligate the parties to transact an asset at a predetermined future date and price. Here, the buyer must purchase or the seller must sell the underlying asset at the set price, regardless of the current market price at the expiration date.

Underlying assets include physical commodities or other financial instruments. Futures contracts detail the quantity of the underlying asset and are standardized to facilitate trading on a futures exchange. Futures can be used for hedging or trade speculation.

"Futures contract" and "futures" refer to the same thing. For example, you might hear somebody say they bought oil futures, which means the same thing as an oil futures contract. When someone says "futures contract," they're typically referring to a specific type of future, such as oil, gold, bonds or S&P 500 index futures. Futures contracts are also one of the most direct ways to invest in oil. The term "futures" is more general, and is often used to refer to the whole market, such as "They're a futures trader."

Futures contracts are standardized, unlike forward contracts. Forwards are similar types of agreements that lock in a future price in the present, but forwards are traded over-the-counter (OTC) and have customizable terms that are arrived at between the counterparties. Futures contracts, on the other hand, will each have the same terms regardless of who is the counterparty.

Example of Futures Contracts

Futures contracts are used by two categories of market participants: hedgers and speculators. Producers or purchasers of an underlying asset hedge or guarantee the price at which the commodity is sold or purchased, while portfolio managers and traders may also make a bet on the price movements of an underlying asset using futures.

An oil producer needs to sell their oil. They may use futures contracts do it. This way they can lock in a price they will sell at, and then deliver the oil to the buyer when the futures contract expires. Similarly, a manufacturing company may need oil for making widgets. Since they like to plan ahead and always have oil coming in each month, they too may use futures contracts. This way they know in advance the price they will pay for oil (the futures contract price) and they know they will be taking delivery of the oil once the contract expires.

Futures are available on many different types of assets. There are futures contracts on stock exchange indexes, commodities, and currencies.

Mechanics of a Futures Contract

Imagine an oil producer plans to produce one million barrels of oil over the next year. It will be ready for delivery in 12 months. Assume the current price is $75 per barrel. The producer could produce the oil, and then sell it at the current market prices one year from today.
Given the volatility of oil prices, the market price at that time could be very different than the current price. If oil producer thinks oil will be higher in one year, they may opt not to lock in a price now. But, if they think $75 is a good price, they could lock-in a guaranteed sale price by entering into a futures contract.

A mathematical model is used to price futures, which takes into account the current spot price, the risk-free rate of return, time to maturity, storage costs, dividends, dividend yields, and convenience yields. Assume that the one-year oil futures contracts are priced at $78 per barrel. By entering into this contract, in one year the producer is obligated to deliver one million barrels of oil and is guaranteed to receive $78 million. The $78 price per barrel is received regardless of where spot market prices are at the time.

Contracts are standardized. For example, one oil contract on the Chicago Mercantile Exchange (CME) is for 1,000 barrels of oil. Therefore, if someone wanted to lock in a price (selling or buying) on 100,000 barrels of oil, they would need to buy/sell 100 contracts. To lock in a price on one million barrels of oil/they would need to buy/sell 1,000 contracts.

The futures markets are regulated by the Commodity Futures Trading Commission (CFTC). The CFTC is a federal agency created by Congress in 1974 to ensure the integrity of futures market pricing, including preventing abusive trading practices, fraud, and regulating brokerage firms engaged in futures trading.

Trading Futures Contracts

Retail traders and portfolio managers are not interested in delivering or receiving the underlying asset. A retail trader has little need to receive 1,000 barrels of oil, but they may interested in capturing a profit on the price moves of oil.

Futures contracts can be traded purely for profit, as long as the trade is closed before expiration. Many futures contracts expire on the third Friday of the month, but contracts do vary so check the contract specifications of any and all contracts before trading them.

For example, it is January and April contracts are trading at $55. If a trader believes that the price of oil will rise before the contract expires in April, they could buy the contract at $55. This gives them control of 1,000 barrels of oil. They are not required to pay $55,000 ($55 x 1,000 barrels) for this privilege, though. Rather, the broker only requires an initial margin payment, typically of a few thousand dollars for each contract.

The profit or loss of the position fluctuates in the account as the price of the futures contract moves. If the loss gets too big, the broker will ask the trader to deposit more money to cover the loss. This is called maintenance margin.

The final profit or loss of the trade is realized when the trade is closed. In this case, if the buyer sells the contract at $60, they make $5,000 [($60-$55) x 1000). Alternatively, if the price drops to $50 and they close out the position there, they lose $5,000.

[author:Bryan Hoo|20347117]

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Introduction To Options

Complete Lesson Notes on the topic "Introduction to Options". Enjoy~

What Is an Option?

Options are financial instruments that are derivatives based on the value of underlying securities such as stocks. An options contract offers the buyer the opportunity to buy or sell—depending on the type of contract they hold—the underlying asset. Unlike futures, the holder is not required to buy or sell the asset if they choose not to.

Call options allow the holder to buy the asset at a stated price within a specific timeframe.

Put options allow the holder to sell the asset at a stated price within a specific timeframe.

Each option contract will have a specific expiration date by which the holder must exercise their option. The stated price on an option is known as the strike price. Options are typically bought and sold through online or retail brokers.

Understanding Options

Options are a versatile financial product. These contracts involve a buyer and a seller, where the buyer pays an options premium for the rights granted by the contract. Each call option has a bullish buyer and a bearish seller, while put options have a bearish buyer and a bullish seller.

Options contracts usually represent 100 shares of the underlying security, and the buyer will pay a premium fee for each contract. For example, if an option has a premium of 35 cents per contract, buying one option would cost $35 ($0.35 x 100 = $35). The premium is partially based on the strike price—the price for buying or selling the security until the expiration date. Another factor in the premium price is the expiration date. Just like with that carton of milk in the refrigerator, the expiration date indicates the day the option contract must be used. The underlying asset will determine the use-by date. For stocks, it is usually the third Friday of the contract's month.

Traders and investors will buy and sell options for several reasons. Options speculation allows a trader to hold a leveraged position in an asset at a lower cost than buying shares of the asset. Investors will use options to hedge or reduce the risk exposure of their portfolio. In some cases, the option holder can generate income when they buy call options or become an options writer. Options are also one of the most direct ways to invest in oil. For options traders, an option's daily trading volume and open interest are the two key numbers to watch in order to make the most well-informed investment decisions.

American options can be exercised any time before the expiration date of the option, while European options can only be exercised on the expiration date or the exercise date. Exercising means utilizing the right to buy or sell the underlying security.

Options Risk Metrics: The Greeks

The "Greeks" is a term used in the options market to describe the different dimensions of risk involved in taking an options position, either in a particular option or a portfolio of options. These variables are called Greeks because they are typically associated with Greek symbols. Each risk variable is a result of an imperfect assumption or relationship of the option with another underlying variable. Traders use different Greek values, such as delta, theta, and others, to assess options risk and manage option portfolios.

-Delta :
Delta (Δ) represents the rate of change between the option's price and a $1 change in the underlying asset's price. In other words, the price sensitivity of the option relative to the underlying. Delta of a call option has a range between zero and one, while the delta of a put option has a range between zero and negative one. For example, assume an investor is long a call option with a delta of 0.50. Therefore, if the underlying stock increases by $1, the option's price would theoretically increase by 50 cents.

For options traders, delta also represents the hedge ratio for creating a delta-neutral position. For example if you purchase a standard American call option with a 0.40 delta, you will need to sell 40 shares of stock to be fully hedged. Net delta for a portfolio of options can also be used to obtain the portfolio's hedge ration.

A less common usage of an option's delta is it's current probability that it will expire in-the-money. For instance, a 0.40 delta call option today has an implied 40% probability of finishing in-the-money.

-Theta :
Theta (Θ) represents the rate of change between the option price and time, or time sensitivity - sometimes known as an option's time decay. Theta indicates the amount an option's price would decrease as the time to expiration decreases, all else equal. For example, assume an investor is long an option with a theta of -0.50. The option's price would decrease by 50 cents every day that passes, all else being equal. If three trading days pass, the option's value would theoretically decrease by $1.50.

Theta increases when options are at-the-money, and decreases when options are in- and out-of-the money. Options closer to expiration also have accelerating time decay. Long calls and long puts will usually have negative Theta; short calls and short puts will have positive Theta. By comparison, an instrument whose value is not eroded by time, such as a stock, would have zero Theta.

-Gamma :
Gamma (Γ) represents the rate of change between an option's delta and the underlying asset's price. This is called second-order (second-derivative) price sensitivity. Gamma indicates the amount the delta would change given a $1 move in the underlying security. For example, assume an investor is long one call option on hypothetical stock XYZ. The call option has a delta of 0.50 and a gamma of 0.10. Therefore, if stock XYZ increases or decreases by $1, the call option's delta would increase or decrease by 0.10.

Gamma is used to determine how stable an option's delta is: higher gamma values indicate that delta could change dramatically in response to even small movements in the underlying's price.Gamma is higher for options that are at-the-money and lower for options that are in- and out-of-the-money, and accelerates in magnitude as expiration approaches. Gamma values are generally smaller the further away from the date of expiration; options with longer expirations are less sensitive to delta changes. As expiration approaches, gamma values are typically larger, as price changes have more impact on gamma.

Options traders may opt to not only hedge delta but also gamma in order to be delta-gamma neutral, meaning that as the underlying price moves, the delta will remain close to zero.

-Vega :
Vega (V) represents the rate of change between an option's value and the underlying asset's implied volatility. This is the option's sensitivity to volatility. Vega indicates the amount an option's price changes given a 1% change in implied volatility. For example, an option with a Vega of 0.10 indicates the option's value is expected to change by 10 cents if the implied volatility changes by 1%.

Because increased volatility implies that the underlying instrument is more likely to experience extreme values, a rise in volatility will correspondingly increase the value of an option. Conversely, a decrease in volatility will negatively affect the value of the option. Vega is at its maximum for at-the-money options that have longer times until expiration.

-Rho :
Rho (p) represents the rate of change between an option's value and a 1% change in the interest rate. This measures sensitivity to the interest rate. For example, assume a call option has a rho of 0.05 and a price of $1.25. If interest rates rise by 1%, the value of the call option would increase to $1.30, all else being equal. The opposite is true for put options. Rho is greatest for at-the-money options with long times until expiration.

-Minor Greeks :
Some other Greeks, with aren't discussed as often, are lambda, epsilon, vomma, vera, speed, zomma, color, ultima.

These Greeks are second- or third-derivatives of the pricing model and affect things such as the change in delta with a change in volatility and so on. They are increasingly used in options trading strategies as computer software can quickly compute and account for these complex and sometimes esoteric risk factors.

Risk and Profits From Buying Call Options

As mentioned earlier, the call options let the holder buy an underlying security at the stated strike price by the expiration date called the expiry. The holder has no obligation to buy the asset if they do not want to purchase the asset. The risk to the call option buyer is limited to the premium paid. Fluctuations of the underlying stock have no impact.

Call options buyers are bullish on a stock and believe the share price will rise above the strike price before the option's expiry. If the investor's bullish outlook is realized and the stock price increases above the strike price, the investor can exercise the option, buy the stock at the strike price, and immediately sell the stock at the current market price for a profit.

Their profit on this trade is the market share price less the strike share price plus the expense of the option—the premium and any brokerage commission to place the orders. The result would be multiplied by the number of option contracts purchased, then multiplied by 100—assuming each contract represents 100 shares.
However, if the underlying stock price does not move above the strike price by the expiration date, the option expires worthlessly. The holder is not required to buy the shares but will lose the premium paid for the call.

Risk and Profits From Selling Call Options

Selling call options is known as writing a contract. The writer receives the premium fee. In other words, an option buyer will pay the premium to the writer—or seller—of an option. The maximum profit is the premium received when selling the option. An investor who sells a call option is bearish and believes the underlying stock's price will fall or remain relatively close to the option's strike price during the life of the option.

If the prevailing market share price is at or below the strike price by expiry, the option expires worthlessly for the call buyer. The option seller pockets the premium as their profit. The option is not exercised because the option buyer would not buy the stock at the strike price higher than or equal to the prevailing market price.

However, if the market share price is more than the strike price at expiry, the seller of the option must sell the shares to an option buyer at that lower strike price. In other words, the seller must either sell shares from their portfolio holdings or buy the stock at the prevailing market price to sell to the call option buyer. The contract writer incurs a loss. How large of a loss depends on the cost basis of the shares they must use to cover the option order, plus any brokerage order expenses, but less any premium they received.

As you can see, the risk to the call writers is far greater than the risk exposure of call buyers. The call buyer only loses the premium. The writer faces infinite risk because the stock price could continue to rise increasing losses significantly.

Risk and Profits From Buying Put Options

Put options are investments where the buyer believes the underlying stock's market price will fall below the strike price on or before the expiration date of the option. Once again, the holder can sell shares without the obligation to sell at the stated strike per share price by the stated date.

Since buyers of put options want the stock price to decrease, the put option is profitable when the underlying stock's price is below the strike price. If the prevailing market price is less than the strike price at expiry, the investor can exercise the put. They will sell shares at the option's higher strike price. Should they wish to replace their holding of these shares they may buy them on the open market.

Their profit on this trade is the strike price less the current market price, plus expenses—the premium and any brokerage commission to place the orders. The result would be multiplied by the number of option contracts purchased, then multiplied by 100—assuming each contract represents 100 shares.

The value of holding a put option will increase as the underlying stock price decreases. Conversely, the value of the put option declines as the stock price increases. The risk of buying put options is limited to the loss of the premium if the option expires worthlessly.

Risk and Profits From Selling Put Options

Selling put options is also known as writing a contract. A put option writer believes the underlying stock's price will stay the same or increase over the life of the option—making them bullish on the shares. Here, the option buyer has the right to make the seller, buy shares of the underlying asset at the strike price on expiry.

If the underlying stock's price closes above the strike price by the expiration date, the put option expires worthlessly. The writer's maximum profit is the premium. The option isn't exercised because the option buyer would not sell the stock at the lower strike share price when the market price is more.

However, if the stock's market value falls below the option strike price, the put option writer is obligated to buy shares of the underlying stock at the strike price. In other words, the put option will be exercised by the option buyer. The buyer will sell their shares at the strike price since it is higher than the stock's market value.

The risk for the put option writer happens when the market's price falls below the strike price. Now, at expiration, the seller is forced to purchase shares at the strike price. Depending on how much the shares have appreciated, the put writer's loss can be significant.

The put writer—the seller—can either hold on to the shares and hope the stock price rises back above the purchase price or sell the shares and take the loss. However, any loss is offset somewhat by the premium received.

Sometimes an investor will write put options at a strike price that is where they see the shares being a good value and would be willing to buy at that price. When the price falls, and the option buyer exercises their option, they get the stock at the price they want, with the added benefit of receiving the option premium.

Bryan Hoo

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Understand The Great Industrial Revolution

This is the Complete Lesson Notes on the topic "Industrial Revolution". Enjoy~

Understanding the Industrial Revolution

Although the Industrial Revolution occurred approximately 200 years ago, it is a period that left a profound impact on how people lived and the way businesses operated. Arguably, the factory systems developed during the Industrial Revolution are responsible for the creation of capitalism and the modern cities of today.

Before the revolution, most Americans made their living farming and lived in widespread rural communities. With the advance of factories, people began working for companies located in urban areas for the first time. Often the wages were low, and conditions were harsh. However, working for businesses paid a better living than farming.

Production efficiency improved during the Industrial Revolution with inventions such as the steam engine. The steam engine dramatically reduced the time it took to manufacture products. More efficient production subsequently reduced prices for products—primarily due to lower labor costs—opening the marketing doors to a new level of customers.

The United States government helped businesses by instituting tariffs—taxes on foreign goods—so that products like steel made by U.S. companies was cheaper than foreign imports. Cheaper steel prices encouraged the development of infrastructure such as railroads and bridges during the American Industrial Revolution.

Advantages of the Industrial Revolution

The Industrial Revolution created an increase in employment opportunities. As factories became widespread, additional managers and employees were required to operate them. Since most of the factories and large companies were located near the cities, the U.S. population migrated to urban areas often overwhelming the available housing.

Increased innovation led to higher levels of motivation and education that resulted in several ground-breaking inventions that are still used today. These inventions include the sewing machine, X-ray, lightbulb, calculator, and anesthesia.

Due to the Industrial Revolution's advancements, the nation saw the first combustible engine, the first incandescent light bulb, and the first modern assembly line used in manufacturing. The Industrial Revolution changed how people worked, the technologies available to them, and often where they lived.

Disadvantages of the Industrial Revolution

Although there were numerous advancements during the Industrial Revolution, the rapid progress caused many issues. As workers left their farms to work in factories for higher wages, it led to a shortage of food being produced.

The sharp increase in the number of factories led to an increased in urban pollution. Pollution wasn't contained to the factories as people flocked to the cities, the living conditions were deplorable as the urban resources were overwhelmed.

Sewage flowed in the streets in some cities while manufacturers dumped waste from factories into rivers. Water supplies were not tested and protected as they are today. As a result, regulations and laws were enacted to protect the population.

The Industrial Revolution provided an incentive to increase profits, and as a result, working conditions in factories deteriorated. Long hours, inadequate remuneration, and minimal breaks became the norm. Child labor was a major issue. Health issues arose for many of the factory workers giving rise to the labor movement throughout the U.S.

Real-World Examples of the Industrial Revolution

The first cotton mill was built after Samuel Slater brought Britain's manufacturing technology to the United States. The mill was powered by water bringing jobs and commerce to the Northeast. In the following years, many factories and mills were built using the same technologies.

In 1869, the first transcontinental railroad was completed and was a major accomplishment for the U.S. since it allowed the transportation of goods, people, and raw materials nationwide.

Also, during the American Industrial Revolution, Samuel Morse created the telegraph, which sent electric signals over a wire allowing the nation to communicate. Andrew Carnegie built the first steel mills in the U.S. while Alexander Graham Bell invented the telephone.

Alright, that is all from the topic "Industrial Revolution". We hope that you learn and know something from our contents as well as implement it in your life. More and more interesting topics will be discussed in the future. Stay Tune~

By the way, we are giving free E-book as gifts for people that sign up for our community. We will share resourceful information and helpful tips about investing in different asset classes.

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Bryan Hoo

#industrialrevolution #technology #entrepreneurship #manufacturing #AndrewCarnegie

Introduction To Cash Flow Generating Assets

Complete Lesson Notes on the topic "Cash Flow Generating Assets". Enjoy~

Cash flow #investments are some of the best assets to build wealth. Imagine, having a an income generating machine that makes you money while you sleep.
With enough time, energy, and investments, you could replace your income and quit your 9-5 job with cash flow.

Luckily for you, I’m going to show you the best income generating assets that revolve around cash flow. Buy these assets in your 20’s or as a teenager and you shouldn’t have a problem retiring early.

Asset#1: Dividend Paying Stocks
#Dividend paying stocks are one of the easiest ways to generate cash flow. Simply purchase a share of a dividend paying stock and the company will pay you time and time again.

Companies pay dividends to #shareholders when there’s no growth opportunity for the money. So you’re paid just for owning the stock!
Continuing to #reinvest your profits will lead to a snowball effect, where your income grows larger and larger over time.

Maybe you’ve got $100,000 at a 7 percent dividend yield. Not accounting for capital gains or losses, your investments would pay you $7,000 in one year. Reinvesting your profits would give you a portfolio of $107k and pay you $7,500 in dividends the next year!

How should you reinvest your profits. Should you find a new stock or invest in the same ones?

The best thing to do is reevaluate the stock market and find the best opportunity. Generally, this is the worst performing stock on your watchlist. Your goal is to constantly purchase quality #stocks with good yield that are momentarily down on their luck.

Asset#2: Real Estate Investment Trusts (REITs)

Real estate investment trusts are similar to stocks, but the company is involved in real estate. Investing in a REIT is basically like investing in real estate without having all the upfront cash.

You purchase REITs the exact same way you would buy stock. Again, you’ll need a brokerage account, like Robinhood, to purchase a REIT.

#Crowdfunding is another way to purchase real estate with as little as $100. Companies like FundRise allow you to invest your money into real world real estate projects.

You don’t have to manage properties or deal with tenants. FundRise handles everything for you, so all you need to do is check your bank account.

Maybe you only have $1,000 to invest and that’s ok! FundRise takes your money and the money of others until they have enough to purchase property. Income from the properties is then distributed to the investors according to how much they invested.

FundRise has three different core plans depending on your investment style. If you’re interested in obtaining cash flow assets, stick with the supplemental income plan which distributes more dividends than the other plans.

Asset#3: Rental Properties

Rental properties can be one of the top cash flow assets, but they can be risky if not done right. The best part about real estate is that you can use someone else’s money to make yourself wealthy.

Once you determine if a property is profitable, you can apply for a bank loan to purchase the home. Now you’re responsible for finding tenants, making repairs, and making sure the mortgage gets paid.

You can either hire a property manager to handle this for you or start an AirBnB. Good property management companies can take the stress away from owning a rental property. However, the more profitable course is to start an AirBnB.

AirBnB does require some effort to keep the place clean, wash sheets, and keep up with the property. However, most of these tasks can be hired out at some point.

You may not think AirBnB is worth it but people really are staying in them. From soccer tournaments, conferences, work travel, etc, people are using them. If people are renting then you could be profiting.

Asset#4: Peer To Peer Lending

Another cash flow asset you can invest in is Peer to Peer Lending. As an investor, you give money to families looking to buy their first home, refinance credit card debt, or with a personal loan.

You can get started with as little as $25 on P2P lending websites like Lending Club. However, it’s recommended investing a minimum of $2,500 in at least 100 different loans. People diversified in over 100 different loans tend to turn profit more than those who aren’t.

Summary: Cash Flow Assets for Income Generation

There are so many cash flow assets at your disposal, but these are the best ways to put your money to work. You’re not going to generate much cash flow keeping your money in a money market, savings accounts, or certificate of deposits.

Most cash flow assets require an investment of either time or money. Dividend stocks, REITs, and Real Estate Crowdfunding are easy income generators which involve investing your money.

You can invest in single or multi-family real estate if you’re willing to take risks. Financing allows you to use the banks money to generate a real estate business, which can be managed by property managers.

Peer to Peer lending is another option for generating cash flow. P2P lending essentially lets you and others be the bank by crowdfunding your money. Your money is then invested into families in need.

There are many ways to create and build Cash Flow. You need to discover the best way that suits you! Always remember: Cash Flow Is King! We will talk about more and more interesting topics in the coming days! Stay Tune!

By the way, we are giving free E-book as gifts for people that sign up for our community. We will share resourceful information and helpful tips about investing in different asset classes.

We need more people that really eager to learn more about investing in different assets classes to join our community. Join Us Today! Here is the link: https://bryanandrobertpublishing.mail...

Bryan Hoo

#cashflow #passiveincome #investing #RealEstateInvesting #makemoneyonline

Introduction To ETFs

What Is an ETF?

An exchange traded fund (ETF) is a type of security that involves a collection of securities—such as #stocks—that often tracks an underlying index, although they can invest in any number of industry sectors or use various strategies. #ETFs are in many ways similar to mutual funds; however, they are listed on exchanges and ETF shares trade throughout the day just like ordinary stock.

A well-known example is the #SPDR S&P 500 ETF (SPY), which tracks the S&P 500 Index. ETFs can contain many types of investments, including stocks, commodities, bonds, or a mixture of investment types. An exchange traded fund is a marketable security, meaning it has an associated price that allows it to be easily bought and sold.

An #ETF is called an exchange traded fund since it's traded on an exchange just like stocks. The price of an ETF’s shares will change throughout the trading day as the shares are bought and sold on the market. This is unlike mutual funds, which are not traded on an exchange, and trade only once per day after the markets close. Additionally, ETFs tend to be more cost-effective and more liquid when compared to mutual funds.

Types of ETFs

There are various types of ETFs available to investors that can be used for income generation, speculation, price increases, and to hedge or partly offset risk in an investor's portfolio. Below are several examples of the types of ETFs.

-Bond ETFs might include government bonds, corporate bonds, and state and local bonds—called municipal bonds.
-Industry ETFs track a particular industry such as technology, banking, or the oil and gas sector.
-Commodity ETFs invest in commodities including crude oil or gold.
-Currency ETFs invest in foreign currencies such as the Euro or Canadian dollar.
-Inverse ETFs attempt to earn gains from stock declines by shorting stocks.
Shorting is selling a stock, expecting a decline in value, and repurchasing it at a lower price.

Investors should be aware that many inverse ETFs are exchange traded notes (ETNs) and not true ETFs. An ETN is a bond but trades like a stock and is backed by an issuer like a bank.2 Be sure to check with your broker to determine if an ETN is a right fit for your portfolio.

In the U.S., most ETFs are set up as open-ended funds and are subject to the Investment Company Act of 1940 except where subsequent rules have modified their regulatory requirements.3 Open-end funds do not limit the number of investors involved in the product.

Real-World Examples of ETFs

Below are examples of popular ETFs on the market today. Some ETFs track an index of stocks creating a broad portfolio while others target specific industries.

-SPDR S&P 500 (SPY): The oldest surviving and most widely known ETF tracks the S&P 500 Index

-iShares Russell 2000 (IWM): Tracks the Russell 2000 small-cap index

-Invesco QQQ (QQQ): Indexes the Nasdaq 100, which typically contains technology stocks

-SPDR Dow Jones Industrial Average (DIA): Represents the 30 stocks of the Dow Jones Industrial Average

-Sector ETFs: Track individual industries such as oil (OIH), energy (XLE), financial services (XLF), REITs (IYR), Biotech (BBH)

-Commodity ETFs: Represent commodity markets including crude oil (USO) and natural gas (UNG)

-Physically-Backed ETFs: The SPDR Gold Shares (GLD) and iShares Silver Trust (SLV) hold physical gold and silver bullion in the fund

Advantages and Disadvantages of ETFs

ETFs provide lower average costs since it would be expensive for an investor to buy all the stocks held in an ETF portfolio individually.

Investors only need to execute one transaction to buy and one transaction to sell, which leads to fewer broker commissions since there are only a few trades being done by investors. Brokers typically charge a commission for each trade. Some brokers even offer no-commission trading on certain low-cost ETFs reducing costs for investors even further.

An ETF's expense ratio is the cost to operate and manage the fund. ETFs typically have low expenses since they track an index. For example, if an ETF tracks the S&P 500 index, it might contain all 500 stocks from the S&P making it a passively-managed fund and less time-intensive. However, not all ETFs track an index in a passive manner.

#1.Pros
-Access to many stocks across various industries
-Low expense ratios and fewer broker commissions.
-Risk management through diversification
-ETFs exist that focus on targeted industries

#2.Cons
-Actively-managed ETFs have higher fees
-Single industry focus ETFs limit diversification
-Lack of liquidity hinders transactions

More About ETFs

-Actively-Managed ETFs

There are also actively-managed ETFs, where portfolio managers are more involved in buying and selling shares of companies and changing the holdings within the fund. Typically, a more actively managed fund will have a higher expense ratio than passively-managed #ETFs. It is important that investors determine how the fund is managed, whether it's actively or passively managed, the resulting expense ratio, and weigh the costs versus the rate of return to make sure it is worth holding.

-Indexed-Stock ETFs

An indexed-stock ETF provides investors with the diversification of an index fund as well as the ability to sell short, buy on margin, and purchase as little as one share since there are no minimum deposit requirements. However, not all ETFs are equally diversified. Some may contain a heavy concentration in one industry, or a small group of stocks, or assets that are highly correlated to each other.

-Dividends and ETFs

While ETFs provide investors with the ability to gain as stock prices rise and fall, they also benefit from companies that pay dividends. Dividends are a portion of earnings allocated or paid by companies to investors for holding their stock. ETF shareholders are entitled to a proportion of the profits, such as earned interest or dividends paid, and may get a residual value in case the fund is liquidated.

-ETFs and Taxes

An ETF is more tax-efficient than a mutual fund since most buying and selling occurs through an exchange and the ETF sponsor does not need to redeem shares each time an investor wishes to sell, or issue new shares each time an investor wishes to buy. Redeeming shares of a fund can trigger a tax liability so listing the shares on an exchange can keep tax costs lower. In the case of a mutual fund, each time an investor sells their shares they sell it back to the fund and incur a tax liability can be created that must be paid by the shareholders of the fund.6

-ETFs Market Impact

Since ETFs have become increasingly popular with investors, many new funds have been created resulting in low trading volumes for some of them. The result can lead to investors not being able to buy and sell shares of a low-volume ETF easily.

Concerns have surfaced about the influence of ETFs on the market and whether demand for these funds can inflate stock values and create fragile bubbles. Some ETFs rely on portfolio models that are untested in different market conditions and can lead to extreme inflows and outflows from the funds, which have a negative impact on market stability. Since the financial crisis, ETFs have played major roles in market flash-crashes and instability. Problems with ETFs were significant factors in the flash crashes and market declines in May 2010, August 2015, and February 2018.

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Introduction To Real Estate Investment Trust (REIT)

What Is a Real Estate Investment Trust (REIT)?

A real estate investment trust (REIT) is a company that owns, operates, or finances income-generating real estate. Modeled after mutual funds, REITs pool the capital of numerous investors. This makes it possible for individual #investors to earn #dividends from real estate investments—without having to buy, manage, or finance any #properties themselves.

How REITs Work?

Congress established REITs in 1960 as an amendment to the Cigar Excise Tax Extension. The provision allows investors to buy shares in commercial real estate portfolios—something that was previously available only to wealthy individuals and through large financial intermediaries.

Properties in a #REIT portfolio may include apartment complexes, data centers, healthcare facilities, hotels, infrastructure—in the form of fiber cables, cell towers, and energy pipelines—office buildings, retail centers, self-storage, timberland, and warehouses.

In general, REITs specialize in a specific real estate sector. However, diversified and specialty REITs may hold different types of properties in their portfolios, such as a REIT that consists of both office and retail properties.

Many REITs are publicly traded on major securities exchanges, and investors can buy and sell them like stocks throughout the trading session.
These REITs typically trade under substantial volume and are considered very liquid instruments.

What Qualifies as a REIT?

Most REITs have a straightforward business model: The REIT leases space and collects rents on the properties, then distributes that income as dividends to shareholders. Mortgage REITs don't own real estate, but finance real estate, instead. These REITs earn income from the interest on their investments.

To qualify as a #REIT, a company must comply with certain provisions in the Internal Revenue Code (IRC). These requirements include to primarily own income-generating real estate for the long term and distribute income to shareholders. Specifically, a company must meet the following requirements to qualify as a REIT:

>>Invest at least 75% of total assets in real estate, cash, or U.S. Treasuries

>>Derive at least 75% of gross income from rents, interest on mortgages that finance real property, or real estate sales

>>Pay a minimum of 90% of taxable income in the form of shareholder dividends each year

>>Be an entity that's taxable as a corporation

>>Be managed by a board of directors or trustees

>>Have at least 100 shareholders after its first year of existence

>>Have no more than 50% of its shares held by five or fewer individuals

There are three types of REITs:

#1:

Equity REITs. Most REITs are equity REITs, which own and manage income-producing real estate. Revenues are generated primarily through rents (not by reselling properties).

#2:

Mortgage REITs. Mortgage REITs lend money to real estate owners and operators either directly through mortgages and loans, or indirectly through the acquisition of mortgage-backed securities. Their earnings are generated primarily by the net interest margin—the spread between the interest they earn on mortgage loans and the cost of funding these loans. This model makes them potentially sensitive to interest rate increases.

#3:

Hybrid REITs. These REITs use the investment strategies of both equity and mortgage REITs.
-------------

REITs can be further classified based on how their shares are bought and held:

-Publicly Traded REITs. Shares of publicly traded REITs are listed on a national securities exchange, where they are bought and sold by individual investors. They are regulated by the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC).

-Public Non-Traded REITs. These REITs are also registered with the SEC but don’t trade on national securities exchanges. As a result, they are less liquid than publicly traded REITs. Still, they tend to be more stable because they’re not subject to market fluctuations.

-Private REITs. These REITs aren’t registered with the SEC and don’t trade on national securities exchanges. In general, private REITs can be sold only to institutional investors.

How to Invest in REITs

You can invest in publicly traded #REITs—as well as REIT mutual funds and REIT exchange-traded funds (ETFs)—by purchasing shares through a broker. You can buy shares of a non-traded REIT through a broker or financial advisor who participates in the non-traded REIT’s offering.

REITs are also included in a growing number of defined-benefit and defined-contribution investment plans. An estimated 87 million U.S. investors own REITs through their retirement savings and other investment funds, according to Nareit, a Washington, D.C.-based #REIT research firm.

There are more than 225 publicly-traded REITs in the U.S., which means you’ll have some homework to do before you decide which REIT to buy. Be sure to consider the REIT’s management team and track record—and find out how they’re compensated. If it's performance-based compensation, odds are they’ll be working hard to pick the right #investments and choose the best strategies.

Of course, it’s also a good idea to look at the numbers, such as anticipated growth in earnings per share and current dividend yields. A particularly helpful metric is the REIT’s funds from operations (FFO), which is calculated by adding depreciation and amortization to earnings, and then subtracting any gains on sales.

Pros and Cons of Investing in REITs

REITs can play an important part in an investment portfolio because they can offer a strong, stable annual dividend and the potential for long-term capital appreciation. REIT total return performance for the last 20 years has outperformed the S&P 500 Index, other indices, and the rate of inflation. As with all investments, REITs have their advantages and disadvantages.

On the plus side, REITs are easy to buy and sell, as most trade on public exchanges—a feature that mitigates some of the traditional drawbacks of real estate. Performance-wise, REITs offer attractive risk-adjusted returns and stable cash flow. Also, a real estate presence can be good for a portfolio because it provides diversification and dividend-based income—and the dividends are often higher than you can achieve with other investments.

On the downside, REITs don't offer much in terms of capital appreciation. As part of their structure, they must pay 90% of income back to investors. So, only 10% of taxable income can be reinvested back into the REIT to buy new holdings. Other negatives are that REIT dividends are taxed as regular income, and some REITs have high management and transaction fees.

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Top Cannabis Stocks To invest in 2020

This is the complete lesson notes on the topic Introduction to Top Cannabis Stocks. Enjoy~

The #marijuana industry is made up of companies that either support or are engaged in the research, development, distribution, and sale of medical and recreational marijuana. #Cannabis has begun to gain wider acceptance and has been legalized in a growing number of nations, states, and other jurisdictions for recreational, medicinal and other uses.
Some of the biggest companies in the marijuana industry include Canopy Growth Corp. (CGC), Aurora Cannabis Inc. (ACB), and Tilray Inc. (TLRY).

Many big #marijuana companies have continued to post sizable net losses as they focus on investing in equipment to speed up revenue growth, which remains strong despite the pandemic-spurred economic downturn.

Marijuana stocks, as represented by the ETFMG Alternative Harvest ETF (MJ), have dramatically underperformed the broader market. MJ has provided a total return of -48.3% over the past 12 months, well below the Russell 1000's total return of 16.2%, as of September 28, 2020.

Best Value Marijuana Stocks

These are the #marijuana stocks with the lowest 12-month trailing price-to-sales (P/S) ratio. For companies in early stages of development or industries suffering from major shocks, this can be substituted as a rough measure of a business's value. A business with higher sales could eventually produce more profit when it achieves, or returns to, profitability. The price-to-sales ratio shows how much you're paying for the #stock for each dollar of sales generated.

Stock#1: Village Farms International Inc.

Village Farms International is a Canada-based agricultural producer. In addition to growing standard vegetables like tomatoes, bell peppers, and cucumbers, the company now also produces cannabis. Village Farms reported a 93.8% decline in net income as total net sales fell 61.2% in Q2 2020, which ended June 30, 2020. The company said that it has not experienced any material disruptions to its operations related to the COVID-19 pandemic.

Stock#2: Harvest Health & Recreation Inc.

Harvest Health & Recreation is a Canada-based #cannabis company that specializes in cultivation, dispensaries, and production facilities for #medicinal and recreational marijuana.

Stock#3: Aurora Cannabis Inc.

Aurora Cannabis is a Canada-based company engaged in the production, distribution, and sale of cannabis products. The company announced on September 8 the appointment of Miguel Martin to the role of Chief Executive Officer (CEO). Michael Singer, who was serving as Interim CEO, stepped down from his temporary role, but will remain the company's Executive Chairman.

Fastest Growing Marijuana Stocks

These are the marijuana stocks with the highest year-over-year (YOY) sales growth for the most recent quarter. Rising sales show that a company’s business is growing and can return larger profits to its shareholders when it achieves, or returns to, profitability.

Stock#1: Jushi Holdings Inc.

Jushi Holdings is a holding company focused on building a portfolio of branded cannabis and hemp-based assets engaged in retail, distribution, cultivation, and processing operations. The company announced in the first half of August the completion of its acquisition of Pennsylvania Medical Solutions LLC, a Pennsylvania-based cannabis grower-processor. The acquisition comes with a 90,000 square-foot cannabis cultivation and processing facility.

Stock#2: Neptune Wellness Solutions Inc.

Neptune Wellness Solutions is a Canada-based integrated health and wellness company. The company is focused on building a portfolio of natural, plant-based consumer products, including cannabis and hemp. Neptune Wellness Solutions posted revenue growth of 389.9% in Q1 of its 2021 fiscal year (FY), which ended June 30, 2020. During the quarter, the company announced the launch of Neptune Halo, an electronic pulse oximeter device that measures oxygen saturation of the blood, which can be used in the battle against COVID-19.

Stock#3: Cresco Labs Inc.

Cresco Labs is a consumer cannabis products company involved in growing, manufacturing, and distribution. The company announced in late June the appointment of Dennis Olis to the role of Chief Financial Officer (CFO). He succeeds Ken Amann, who is retiring at the end of the year.

Marijuana Stocks with the Most Momentum

These are the marijuana stocks that had the highest total return over the last 12 months.

Stock#1: GrowGeneration Corp.

GrowGeneration is a distributor of agricultural products. The company operates retail hydroponic and organic specialty gardening retail outlets. It sells plant nutrition, farming soils, crops, advanced lighting technology, hydroponic and aquaponic equipment, and more. GrowGeneration posted net income growth of 142.4% as revenue grew 123.0% to a record $43.5 million in Q2 2020, which ended June 30, 2020.

Stock#2: Trulieve Cannabis Corp.

Trulieve Cannabis is a Canada-based holding company that, through its subsidiaries, engages in the cultivation, possession, sale, and distribution of medical cannabis.

Stock#3: Planet 13 Holdings Inc.

Planet 13 is a holding company that, through its subsidiaries, develops cannabis-based products. The company's products include #cannabis, cannabis extracts, infused products, vapes, edibles, and more.

Okay, that is all from today lesson. I hope you already have some ideas as well as insights about the cannabis industry and what companies are involved in it. Make your investing decision wisely! More interesting topic will be discussed. Stay Tune!

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#cannabisstocks #marijuanastocks #marijuana #cannabis #stockinvesting

$Eight Important Cryptocurrencies Other Than Bitcoin$

Complete Lesson Note for the Topic "Eight Important Cryptocurrencies Other Than Bitcoin". Enjoy~

#Bitcoin has not just been a trendsetter, ushering in a wave of cryptocurrencies built on a decentralized peer-to-peer network, it’s become the de facto standard for #cryptocurrencies, inspiring an ever-growing legion of followers and spinoffs.

Crypto#1. Ethereum (ETH)

The first bitcoin alternative on our list, #Ethereum is a decentralized software platform that enables Smart Contracts and Decentralized Applications (DApps) to be built and run without any downtime, fraud, control, or interference from a third party. The applications on Ethereum are run on its platform-specific cryptographic token, ether. Ether is like a vehicle for moving around on the Ethereum platform and is sought by mostly developers looking to develop and run applications inside Ethereum, or now by investors looking to make purchases of other digital currencies using ether. Ether, launched in 2015, is currently the second-largest digital currency by market cap after bitcoin, although it lags behind the dominant cryptocurrency by a significant margin. As of January 2020, ether's market cap is roughly 1/10 the size of bitcoin's.

During 2014, Ethereum launched a pre-sale for ether which received an overwhelming response; this helped to usher in the age of the initial coin offering (ICO). According to Ethereum, it can be used to “codify, decentralize, secure and trade just about anything.” Following the attack on the DAO in 2016, Ethereum was split into Ethereum (ETH) and Ethereum Classic (ETC).As of Jan. 8, 2020, Ethereum (ETH) had a market cap of $15.6 billion and a per-token value of $142.54.

Crypto#2. Ripple (XRP)

#Ripple is a real-time global settlement network that offers instant, certain and low-cost international payments. Launched in 2012, Ripple “enables banks to settle cross-border payments in real-time, with end-to-end transparency, and at lower costs.” Ripple’s consensus ledger (its method of conformation) is unique in that it doesn’t require mining. Indeed, all of Ripple's XRP tokens were "pre-mined" before launch, meaning that there is no "creation" of #XRP over time, only the introduction and removal of XRP from the market supply according to the network's guidelines. In this way, Ripple sets itself apart from bitcoin and many other altcoins. Since Ripple’s structure doesn't require mining, it reduces the usage of computing power and minimizes network latency.

So far, Ripple has seen success with its current business model; it remains one of the most enticing digital currencies among traditional financial institutions looking for ways to revolutionize cross-border payments. It is also currently the third-largest cryptocurrency in the world by overall market cap. As of Jan. 8, 2020, Ripple had a market cap of $9.2 billion and a per-token value of $0.21.

Crypto#3. Litecoin (LTC)

#Litecoin, launched in 2011, was among the first cryptocurrencies to follow in the footsteps of bitcoin and has often been referred to as “silver to bitcoin’s gold.” It was created by Charlie Lee, an MIT graduate and former #Google engineer. Litecoin is based on an open-source global payment network that is not controlled by any central authority and uses "scrypt" as a proof of work, which can be decoded with the help of #CPUs of consumer-grade.

Although Litecoin is like bitcoin in many ways, it has a faster block generation rate and hence offers a faster transaction confirmation time. Other than developers, there are a growing number of merchants who accept Litecoin. As of Jan. 8, 2020, Litecoin had a market cap of $3.0 billion and a per-token value of $46.92, making it the sixth-largest cryptocurrency in the world.

Crypto#4. Tether (USDT)

#Tether was one of the first and most popular of a group of so-called stablecoins, cryptocurrencies which aim to peg their market value to a currency or other external reference point so as to reduce volatility. Because most digital currencies, even major ones like bitcoin, have experienced frequent periods of dramatic volatility, Tether and other stablecoins attempt to smooth out price fluctuations in order to attract users who may otherwise be cautious.

Launched in 2014, Tether describes itself as "a blockchain-enabled platform designed to facilitate the use of fiat currencies in a digital manner." Effectively, this cryptocurrency allows individuals to utilize a blockchain network and related technologies to transact in traditional currencies while minimizing the volatility and complexity often associated with digital currencies. On Jan. 8, 2020, Tether was the fourth-largest cryptocurrency by market cap, with a total market cap of $4.6 billion and a per-token value of $1.00.

Crypto#5. Bitcoin Cash (BCH)

Bitcoin Cash (#BCH) holds an important place in the history of #altcoins because it is one of the earliest and most successful hard forks of the original bitcoin. In the cryptocurrency world, a fork takes place as the result of debates and arguments between developers and miners. Due to the #decentralized nature of digital currencies, wholesale changes to the code underlying the token or coin at hand must be made due to general consensus; the mechanism for this process varies according to the particular #cryptocurrency.

When different factions can’t come to an agreement, sometimes the digital currency is split, with the original remaining true to its original code and the other copy beginning life as a new version of the prior coin, complete with changes to its code. #BCH began its life in August of 2017 as a result of one of these splits. The debate which led to the creation of BCH had to do with the issue of scalability; the #Bitcoin network has a strict limit on the size of blocks: one #megabyte (MB). BCH increases the block size from one MB to eight MB, with the idea being that larger blocks will allow for faster transaction times. It also makes other changes, too, including the removal of the Segregated Witness protocol which impacts block space. As of Jan. 8, 2020, BCH had a market cap of $4.4 billion and a value per token of $240.80.

Crypto#6. Libra (LIBRA)

One of the most-hyped cryptocurrencies is one that, as of January 2020, has yet to even launch. By mid-2018, rumors circulated that social media giant #Facebook, Inc. (FB) was developing its own cryptocurrency. Given Facebook's incredible global reach and the potential for massive volumes of exchange across its platform, the cryptocurrency world had long speculated that the social media titan might launch its own digital token.

Rumors were formally confirmed on June 18, 2019, when Facebook released the white paper for Libra.14 The tentative launch date for the token is later in 2020, as Facebook has committed to sorting through regulatory barriers before launch. Libra will be overseen in part by a new Facebook subsidiary, the financial services outfit #Calibra. When #Libra does launch, it is sure to garner massive amounts of attention from those within (and outside of) the cryptocurrency sphere.

Crypto#7. Monero (XMR)

#Monero is a secure, private and untraceable #currency. This open-source cryptocurrency was launched in April 2014 and soon spiked great interest among the #cryptography community and enthusiasts. The development of this cryptocurrency is completely donation-based and community-driven. Monero has been launched with a strong focus on decentralization and scalability, and it enables complete privacy by using a special technique called “ring signatures.”

With this technique, there appears a group of cryptographic signatures including at least one real participant, but since they all appear valid, the real one cannot be isolated. Because of exceptional security mechanisms like this, Monero has developed something of an unsavory reputation: it has been linked to criminal operations around the world. Nonetheless, whether it is used for good or ill, there’s no denying that Monero has introduced important technological advances to the cryptocurrency space. As of Jan. 8, 2020, Monero had a market cap of $994.0 million and a per-token value of $57.16.

Crypto#8. EOS (EOS)

Aside from Libra, one of the newest digital currencies to make our list is EOS. Launched in June of 2018, #EOS was created by cryptocurrency pioneer Dan Larimer. Before his work on EOS, Larimer founded the digital currency exchange #Bitshares as well as the blockchain-based social media platform #Steemit. Like other cryptocurrencies on this list, EOS is designed after ethereum, so it offers a platform on which developers can build decentralized applications. EOS is notable for many other reasons, though.

First, its initial coin offering was one of the longest and most profitable in history, raking in a record $4 billion or so in investor funds through crowdsourcing efforts lasting a year. EOS offers a delegated proof-of-stake mechanism which it hopes to be able to offer scalability beyond its competitors. EOS consists of EOS.IO, similar to the operating system of a computer and acting as the blockchain network for the digital currency, as well as EOS coins. EOS is also revolutionary because of its lack of a mining mechanism to produce coins. Instead, block producers generate blocks and are rewarded in EOS tokens based on their production rates. EOS includes a complex system of rules to govern this process, with the idea being that the network will ultimately be more democratic and decentralized than those of other cryptocurrencies. As of Jan. 8, 2020, EOS had a market cap of $2.7 billion and a per-token value of $2.85.

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