Preeti Rajput's Blog, page 6

The Art of Being Grateful & Other Stories

Author – Manali Desai

Rating – 3.5/5

The Art of being grateful and other stories by Manali Desai is a collection of 8 short stories which can easily be read within an hour or two because of their length and fluidity in writing.

These stories are not bounded by a common idea. “Warned in love” is based on a mystery theme. “A fairy tale Christmas” is a cute story which is kind of fantasy and “The Art of Being Grateful” sounds like a non-fiction motivation write-up. In short, there is an element of uniqueness in the collection. My favourite story from this book is “Self-happiness above all”. It is a story of almost every other person. It sounds so relatable. Although it is written from a female point of view yet I am sure it is the same for males as well.

Another element of surprise is a section of bonus reads at the end. They are very short, kind of blog posts, touching several situations and aspects. I enjoyed these nuggets thoroughly.
As a point of improvement, I wish the stories to be a bit longer. The reason being as I started to dive in the life of characters the story finishes leaving me craving for more.

In short, it’s a good read.

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Faith and the Beloved

Author – Kochery C Shibu

Rating – 1.5 / 5

Based on a story of diamond smuggling, the novel crawls at a sluggish pace. The story is good, storytelling is not.

I got tired within the first four chapters but still gathered the courage to move forward owing to the ratings. Even after completing 50% of the book, the story didn’t start. Characters, characters and characters! A scene is ongoing, the main character is in action, and out of nowhere, 2-3 names of supporting characters will be dropped like a bomb, who play no role in upcoming chapters.

Male characters are occupied in marrying and sleeping with women, I don’t know many times. The Idea of rape is used in a casual and disgusting way. A 17-year-old girl gets raped by her step-father and she moans and feels butterflies in her stomach. A 40-year-old woman gets raped and she fantasizes it and enjoys it. The rapist falls in love with her, when he first raped her. He got married, I guess twice, and still, the only women he loves is the one he raped. Another young girl gets raped and her rapist marries her and she is all ok in raising a family with him.

So many unnecessary details have been given which are of no use and just drags the story. Fighting techniques, dressing style of the family, how much white is white, why Muslims support polygamy and what not!. This book turned me off from the beginning itself. Biggest turn off being the mundane and monotonous writing. I lost count of how many continuous sentences started with “She” in the same paragraph. “Kishanganj” has been repeated in almost every line in a paragraph. On top of it- grammatical mistakes. I seriously advise the author to concentrate on proofreading and editing.

I do not recommend this book.

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Asherah: The Warrior Princess: A Fantasy Romance (The Goddesses Trilogy Book 1)

Author – Rubina Ramesh

Ratings- 4 / 5 stars

This story is about Asherah – the warrior princes and is an engaging read. A princess in a battlefield, preparing to face the arduous war against a difficult enemy, had to abandon it. Soon she finds herself in a situation which turns her world upside down. The fantasy world is very aptly described through lucid writing. Whether it a war scene or the palace or heaven, everything comes alive in the imagination.

The book keeps you hooked since the beginning. I became as eager as the princess to know the reason of bizarre incidences occurring in her life. Although in the middle it became a lot predictable, no matter how much the author tried to build suspense. When Asherah is trying hard to understand her role, the reader has already understood it and the back story without being told.

The character of Asherah is very well developed and is intriguing. Rest of the characters didn’t get this much attention in terms of detailing. At times we couldn’t understand their motivation. However, whatever has written is crisp enough so that the book doesn’t become a drag.
The war is more of a family feud rather than real battle but the story is unique and very well written. I would recommend this book and would read the sequel as well.

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“Clean Slate” by Preeti Rajput: Stories that will stay with you for long.

“Clean slate” by Preeti refers to a “fresh beginning”. Characters of this collection of stories are stuck in the dilemma of their ordeals looking to start afresh. Some succeed and some don’t.

All of them made some choices in their lives that sooner or later came face to face at an unexpected time – A common man who considered his honesty as his biggest asset, a woman who aborted her unborn girl child knowingly, A father who encashed an unexpected opportunity at the cost of his only daughter’s injury, A professor who got insulted by a wealthy and unruly student openly.

Some stories are light-hearted like “my tech-savvy father” where a son wants his father to be upgraded with emerging technologies. In “Unfaithful partner” two friends are preparing for their revenge from a single person but with different motives. “Reincarnation” brings out a hidden face of society. Also, there is a horror story “Haunted house” running in the background of a broken love story.

These stories will open your mind to strange things that could happen. Although not all of them are true, some are lies as well. For instance when “Raghu” finds out why the stuff from his apartment was getting disappeared day by day. A few characters and their stories are relatable like “Hari” who got graduated with flying colours but could not grab a decent job no matter how hard he tried. On top of that, he struggles with a nagging father.

This collection of fictional stories shows distinct shades of lives and situations. While reading it, you live a dozen times. Its aroma will linger in your conscious long after you close the book. You will yearn to know a bit more.

In total, this book will satiate your appetite for a good read.

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Learn to Focus for sure

Agree ?? We all know that in order to pursue anything or to achieve anything in life, one thing which is must-have is FOCUS. Let’s Learn to Focus.

Easy 8 things which can help you get your focus back !!

SleepExerciseNo MultitaskingNatural LightMusicDisciplinedWatchDetoxTravel

Now, think and answer, how many of us know that FOCUS is vital, and are able to Focus? At least I can’t focus !! How about You?

But yes, I have overcome this silly focus issue and it is very easy to learn this. And believe me, your focus is not that bad otherwise you could not have reached this far of this article. It is the human tendency that there are many things that we do at best of our conscience but surprisingly we do not call it as under focus category, simply because we do not focus to call it as Focus. It is confusing. Right?

Now, allow me to express some of my practice tricks which I tried for 21 hours daily i.e 1 hour every day for 21 Days. Remember that anything you do for 21 Days becomes a habit. These small things which I am sure you guys are already doing in bits and pieces, when combined with consistency would create a completely different version of you.

1. SLEEP, Focus Booster

Ohh what a sleepy point !! Trust me to read this out and then you are free to go to sleep, come back tomorrow for next focus point.

Research says one should sleep for at least 6-8 hours every day ( good sound sleep). This duration of sleep helps you to refresh or better say reboot your setup (body) to 100% of your efficiency. Now do not say what if I sleep for 10 or 12 hours. Then, my friend, it is up to you and your schedule. But minimum healthy sleep recommendation is 6-8 hours every day. You need to focus on healthy continuous sleep. Of course, the sleep cycle will also defer from human to human, so continuity is all that matters.

By this, I got reminded of my school days. The fresh mind that we use to have after our sleep. I miss that kind of sleep. Can you imagine a sound snooze? Totally off from the current state, but sadly we miss this today.

2. EXERCISE to Learn Focus

Gym Freeks, this point is something that you already own. Yes, you are the champions of it. Daily same time exercise is said to be the best input for your focus boost. For this, morning hours are recommended. Evening or late night exercise might develop insomnia. But yes, if you are able to plan at some other part of the day which will remain consistent then you can go for it. I choose 6 PM as it is a good time before I go to sleep.

For example, if you are not a gym guy then also you can do a lot of exercise at home, 21 minutes of exercise every day and you are done. Your aim here is to develop focus and to do so, exercise is very important. Simple stretches during your daily work time. Morning pushups or little jog is good to start with.

3. Say No to Multitask

Multitasking with delays between two tasks might be effective. Like washing clothes in the washing machine and working can go together as somehow you can manage between your work and washing.

No to Multitasking is a key FOCUS

Whereas, simultaneous tasks confuse your system inside and always ends up in making mistakes because of distracted focus. Like if you aim at cooking food and working for the office, you cannot do both the things at the same time 100% correct, at all the time. Also, in the long run, your focus becomes weaker.

Say No to Multitasking !!

4. Natural Light is Better to Focus



Natural Light a Booster for FOCUS

Direct or outdoor light helps reducing stress. Your brain will functions better in natural light. Try setting up your workplace in a way that you get ample natural light, for a maximum period of time during the day. This will help you focus more and also destress your nerves.

5.Music for Focus

Classic Music, a big yes to help regenerate your focus !! Soft old melodies are always better. Music helps bind you to concentrate on one thing. In a way, we can say that it is a catalyst to your focus. It fills energy in you which develops positivity.

6.Disciplined

One of the most boring point to get your focus up. Yes, you read it correctly. Discipline is utterly necessary to get your dream come true.

Create a schedule for the day, and please do not create an army like schedule on day 1. Remember 21-day rule. So go easy on yourself. You can simply start by a few things and keep adding to optimize your disciplined life, like:

Fix your Excercise timeWork on your sleep timingplan your wake-up timeFix your meal timings.Dress Up –Yes, this is very important, if you are at your home in your pyjamas, then your focus is highly unlikely. Try dressing up in formals like you have to go for an interview and try working, you will see the difference.



7.Wear Watch

One of the easiest steps is to wear a Watch. If possible a smart one or else normal will also do. It has many advantages, you will not have to check your phone to see the time, as phones mostly distract.

And yes wear it on your non-active hand, i.e if you are right-handed wear it on your left and vice-versa. This will add to your focus learning.

8.Digital Detox

Yeah, most effective and most tough point to regenerate your focus. Technology has given us so much, but on the other side, it has taken away from us as well. If you do not agree with me then try recalling any 10 famous quotes without using your phone. Can you do it !! please try!!

I am sure you will end up at max 3 or 4. Why? – Digital Addiction is the answer, because of which we are giving our memory power to our digital devices.

How to go for Digital Detox? Just switch off your digital connection for 1 hour every day and follow it for 21 days. And see the magic on 21st day. Yes for best results you would have to increase this duration. It is not at all easy to stay away from digital stuff like TV, laptop, mobile for 1 complete day.

9.Travel

Sometimes it is also called a total disconnect. Travel for leisure means complete isolation from your current world and without a phone in hand.

Of course, you can not travel every day or every week so plan whenever possible, plan for short trips, day trips. This helps to reset yourself and regain focus with ease. Recently, I visited East of India. Read my experience to such a beautiful place here.

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Ziro Valley, Arunachal Pradesh : Paradise for travellers!!

Ziro, an old town in Arunachal Pradesh, is one of the most undisputed and pretty hill station of the state. Popular for its paddy rice fields, rivers, lush green forest, Ziro is located at about 1500 meters above mean sea level amid the pine-clad mountains. It is inhabited by Apatani tribe people, who are extremely friendly and often sports tattoos. A small river, the Kele flows through the valley.





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Other attractions are the Aptali villages like Hong, Hija, Bamin, and Duta. One or two days excursion is ideal for family trips.  It is an ideal destination for people seeking peace from hustle and bustle of monotonous life.

Owing to minor variation in day temperature, one may travel the entire day. It is advisable to hire a taxi for travelling and a local guide for strolling in villages. Ziro is also famous for its bamboos, so while shopping you will see a lot of bamboo items.

Main Places to visit in Ziro are:

1.Taley wildlife sanctuary: Comprises of a rich diversity of flora and fauna. It’s a hot spot for biodiversity lovers.

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2. Bamboo Grove: One of the expert practices of farm forestry resulting in one stem monopodial bamboo.

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3. Tarin fish farm: Famous for the breeding of high altitude fishes.

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4. Ziro putu: It’s the place where the first administrative centre was set up after India’s independence. Situated at a height, it gives the advantage of having a bird’s eye view of Apatani plateau.

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If checking out off beat destinations is your preference then you cannot and should not miss out on Ziro valley.

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Stars float right below your feet at Lakshadweep.

What if we say that your dream of dancing with the stars can come true? Yes, it can come true and that too at beaches of Lakshadweep islands in India.

Bioluminescent wave is a phenomenon where microorganisms called phytoplanktons emits light. Due to this, waves are filled with blue lights. Such a phenomenon is only seen in Lakshadweep’s Kavaratti island. This phenomenon looks equally mesmerizing in reality as it looks in pictures. It is an experience of watching stars floating right below your feet.

The Lakshadweep Islands are located on the Arabian Sea. It is close to the state of Kerala.

To visit Lakshadweep, a permit is required from the Government of India, which takes a long time.

In 2016, blue waves were also seen in Mumbai’s Juhu Beach.

Also read: Ziro Valley, Arunachal Pradesh : Paradise for travellers!!

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My real Experience at Umngot River, Dawki

Umngot River in Dawki near Shillong, Meghalaya is a must-visit place. Next to the Bangladesh border, Dawki is also known for trade between India and Bangladesh. The small city is famous for its tourism, with many people flocking to the city to experience a boat ride in the pristine water of Umngot River and enjoy the sightseeing.

The river is acclaimed for its clear transparent water and the artistic background. It is also popular for the water exhibiting multiple colours during different points of time in a day. This makes Umngot river as the best tourist spot of Meghalaya.

Talking about tourism in India fills us with excitement. Dawki River working as a soft border between India and Bangladesh is one of the places where you see an entirely different view of India.

Best part of Dawki

Happiness is not a state to arrive at,but a manner of Travelling

~Margaret Lee

Umngot River, the area you see beyond that boat is Bangladesh.

The Dawki city becomes a hot spot of tourist activities especially during the spring season as it hosts the boat riding competition on the Umngot River. read here from source

During our trip to Assam and Meghalaya, after visiting places like Kaziranga national park in Assam, Living Root Bridge in Mawlynnong, we commenced for this wonderful place. To visit Umngot River, you may need a complete day. We started at Mawlynnong and it took us around 3 hours by road to reach there.

Condition of roads is not very good, therefore be ready for some intermittent roller-coaster rides. Although if you have time and can drive at the speed of 30km per hours then you won’t have any problem. The route is filled with fine betel nut farming trees. The view is breathtaking for someone coming from the north of India.

Meghalaya Tourism

With such a beautiful landscape and many natural places, if you are looking for hotels in Meghalaya or hotels in Shillong, I will only recommend homestays. There is some genuine reason behind this :

You get to live amidst nature and local folks.Homestays are more organized and are no less than a hotel these days.Most of them lie in locals of the village.You have the maximum opportunity to know the local culture.They are very cheap in comparison to hotels.

So if you are looking for a hotel in Shillong India, I would recommend homestays.

The jungles of Meghalaya are thick and dense. Forest in the Jainti District is one the major source of income for villagers. So be ready to smell the betel pre-processing odour while you pass these hills.

Betet Nut Trees on the right Side of the road.



Cost of Boat Ride at Umngot River,Dawki

It seemed to us that the management of the boat booking is with some local agency or any village body, as the price of the boat ride was not fixed and was not even organized. So do not forget to negotiate when you book a ride. Ideal cost for 4 people in one boat riding for one hour would be 1200 INR Approx. They also have the option of the short route and medium route as well, at the cost of 1000 and 800 INR respectively.

Things to do at Dawki

During the boat ride, there is nothing else to do other than relishing the serenity of the surrounding. You will get immense satisfaction because of the surroundings and the pristine water of the Umngot river. Do not waste your energy in clicking the picture. You may get many pictures on the internet but the experience that you will miss by getting occupied in clicking pictures would never return. Just relax, observe the pristine river water flowing, watch the mountains and appreciate.

Transparent Natural Water of Umngot River,Dawky



Another view of the Umngot River



Overall Experience

A perfect place to spend your evening. We didn’t find a boat ride as pleasant anywhere in the country as it was there. India is a land of diversity, where the culture and language change every 100 km. Such a diverse place is Dawki. You will notice a tremendous difference between the people of Assam and Meghalaya i.e. states which are geographically just a few km apart. Although one thing is common among every Indian is that they are always very helpful.

Beautify sunset at Umngot River,Dawky

The main reason to go for a trip is that it helps you to reinvent yourself. A trip gives you a break and reboots your energy by refreshing it. Sitting on the Umngot riverside, makes you realize the actual reason for living.

With a note of thanks to Meghalaya, we travelled back to Shillong for next day Trip. To read about our Shillong Day trip visit us again.

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Kaziranga National park

Kaziranga National Park is 240 KM from Guwahati Airport and is an abode to one-horned Rhinoceros in India.

The famed one-horned rhinoceros, with the Brahmaputra on the upper side, it becomes India’s one of the best-known tourism charms.

As a part of our annual travel, in the year 2019, we planned for the tour of East India. Among the places which could easily be covered in 4 days, are two states – Assam and Meghalaya. In Assam, we opted for Guwahati and Kaziranga (2 Days). Remaining two days, we planned for Cherrapunji, also called as Shora and Dawki City for Umngot River. Although this itinerary did not turn out as the optimum one, yet we tried to make it best in every possible way.

Why Kaziranga National Park?

We have been travelling to many places in the last couple of years. During this time, we visited national parks like Sariska National Park at Alwar, Rajasthan and Jim Corbett National Park at Uttarakhand. If we compare these two with Kaziranga, the latter has better greenery and is denser. Although we visited in an offseason, yet the place was no less appealing.
Best Season to Visit Kaziranga National Park: Is during monsoons.

Visiting Kaziranga could take your full day if you are starting from Guwahati Airport. The distance between Airport and the Kaziranga National park is approx 230 Km and it will take your 4-5 Hours. So keep one spare day to enjoy safari and spotting Rhinos.

Geography of Kaziranga National Park

Spread across an area of 57,273.6 acres (232 km²), it is divided into three ranges, Eastern, Western and Central Range. All these ranges are miles apart and have their individual access points as well as a different ticket counter. Cost of tickets at each counter varies as per the range and season. The central range is famous for elephant safari, which gives you a better opportunity to witness Rhinos from a close distance.

Jungle Safari

In Kaziranga National Park we chose the central range because we had to go to Cherrapunji post-safari. If we talk about the mode of safari in the jungle, then there are mainly two – Elephant Safari and Jeep Safari. The cost is different for both.

We chose the shared mode of safari. This reduced our cost from INR 2700 to 450/person. If you are planning with the private safari, it will cost you approx INR 2700.

People of Assam !!

People in Assam are very nice and helpful. They speak Hindi, English and their local Assamese language. If you go for a shared ride, then there are higher chances of meeting some local person, which will enhance your travelling experience.

Our Experience

With the chilly air of winters, we started the safari. We witnessed wildlife creatures like King cobra, elephants, deers, Migratory birds, owls, vultures, Rhinos (for sure) and many others. But yes, because of off-season we could not see many species.

The Rhino we saw was very far and we couldn’t see it clearly with naked eyes. A binocular could have helped. If you go by elephant Safari, then the chances to witness it from proximity is higher.

Tigers at Kaziranga

Kaziranga is one of the few wild breeding areas outside Africa for multiple species of large cats, such as Bengal tigers and leopards. Kaziranga was declared a Tiger Reserve in 2006 and has the highest density of tigers in the world (one per five km2), with a population of 118, according to the latest census.

Time required for Safari

It takes around 3 hours to complete the safari in either of the ranges, which gives you plenty of time for pictures (sharing a few of our clicks). The first safari starts at 7 AM. Although there are many Jeeps available, still it is advisable to reach before time to book your jeep else there are chances that you might not get any during the peaks season.

A major part of the jungle consists of water bodies and remaining is occupied by tall trees and dense forest.

Other attractions near by :

Kaziranga National Orchid ParkThis park has a very small and silent Pond, where you can get a free ride in a boat. Another attraction here other than Orchid garden is Bamboo, cactus, medicinal garden.In the Medicinal garden, you can get to see all kind of herbal plants.Kaziranga National Bamboo ParkA very beautiful and wide range of bamboo plants.Tea EstatesFor us it was for the first time we saw tea estate and it was one the best views ever enhanced by the sun rays falling over tea leaves.











Things to carry for Kaziranga National Park Visit ?



Binoculars.High Focal Lens for your Camera:If you are carrying your DSLR, keep a few things in mind. Take a high optical zoom lens for nature photography.You may need to pay extra as a part of the ticket.Plastic bags are not allowed so make sure your camera is waterproof/spill-proof.Water Bottlecarry glucose water or normal water with you for the trip.Sunglasses

After Kaziranga National, we proceeded for Meghalaya.

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Top 50 linux interview question and answers

List of most common Interview questions on linux.

Question 1:  Explain LILO?

Ans: LILO (Linux Loader) is the boot loader for Linux operating system to load it into the main memory so that it can begin its operations. Bootloader here is a small program that manages a dual boot. LILO resides in MBR (Master Boot Record).

Question 2 :  What is Swap space?

Ans: Swap space is the amount of physical memory that is allocated for use by Linux to hold some concurrent running programs temporarily. This condition usually occurs when Ram does not have enough memory to support all concurrent running programs. This memory management involves the swapping of memory to and from physical storage.

There are different commands and tools available to manage the Swap space usage.

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Question 3:  How can you determine the total memory used by LINUX?

Ans: It is always required to keep a check on the memory usage in order to find out whether the user is able to access the server or the resources are adequate. There are roughly 5 methods that determine the total memory used by the Linux.

Question 4.

Free command: This is the most simple and easy to use the command to check memory usage. For example: ‘$ free –m’, the option ‘m’ displays all the data in MBs.
/proc/meminfo: The next way to determine the memory usage is to read /proc/meminfo file. For example: ‘$ cat /proc/meminfo’
Vmstat: This command basically lays out the memory usage statistics. For example: ‘$ vmstat –s’
Top command: This command determines the total memory usage as well as also monitors the RAM usage.
Htop: This command also displays the memory usage along with other details.

Question 5:  Explain the 3 kinds of file permissions under LINUX?

Ans: Every file and directory in Linux are assigned three types of owners namely ‘User’, ‘Group’, and ‘Others’. Find the three kinds of permissions defined for all the three owners

Read: This permission allows you to open and read the file as well as list the contents of the directory.
Write: This permission allows you to modify the contents of the file as well as allows adding, removing and renaming files stored in the directories.
Execute: User can access and run the file in the directory. You cannot run a file unless the execute permission is set.

Question 6: How permissions are granted under LINUX?

Ans: A system administrator or the owner of the file can grant permissions using the ‘chmod’ command. Following symbols are used while writing permissions

‘ ’ for adding permission
‘-‘ for denying permission

Permissions also includes single letter which denotes

u : user; g: group; o: other; a: all; r: read; w: write; x: execute.

 Question 7: W hat is  vi editor?

The 3 different kinds of modes in vi editor are enlisted below

Command Mode/ Regular Mode
Insertion Mode/ Edit Mode
Ex Mode/ Replacement Mode

Question 8 :

pwd: It is a built-in command which stands for ‘print working directory’. It displays the current working location, working path starting with / and directory of the user. Basically, it displays the full path to the directory you are currently in.
Is:  This command list out all the files in the directed folder.
cd: This stands for ‘change directory’. This command is used to change to the directory you want to work from the present directory. We just need to type cd followed by the directory name to access that particular directory.
mkdir:  This command is used to create an entirely new directory.
rmdir:  This command is used to remove a directory from the system.

Question 9:

 Shell script?

Ans: As the name suggests, the shell script is the script written for the shell. This is a program file or says a flat text file where certain Linux commands are executed one after another. Although the execution speed is slow, Shell script is easy to debug and can also simplify everyday automation processes.

Question 10:

 Linux file content commands?

Ans: There are many commands present in Linux which are used to look at the contents of the file.

Some of them are enlisted below

head: Displays the beginning of the file
tail: Displays the last part of the file
cat: Concatenate files and print on the standard output.
more: Displays the content in pager form and is used to view text in the terminal window one page or screen at a time.
less: Displays the content in pager form and allows backward and single line movement.

Question 11:  Grep commands?

Ans: Grep stands for ‘global regular expression print’. This command is used for matching a regular expression against text in a file. This command performs pattern-based searching and only the matching lines are displayed as output. It makes use of options and parameters that are specified along with the command line.

For example: Suppose we need to locate the phrase “our orders” in HTML file named as “order-listing.html”. Then the command will be as follows:

$ grep “our orders” order-listing.html

The grep command outputs the entire matching line to the terminal.

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Question 12:   Linux networking and troubleshooting commands?

Ans: Every computer is connected to network internally or externally for the purpose of exchanging information. Network troubleshooting and configuration are essential parts of and network administration. The networking commands enable you to quickly troubleshoot connection issues with another system, check the response of another host, etc.

Network administrator maintains system network which includes network configuration and troubleshooting. Mentioned below are few commands along with their description:

Mentioned below are few commands along with their description

Hostname: To view the hostname (domain and IP address) of the machine and to set the hostname.
Ping: To check if the remote server is reachable or not.
ifconfig: To display and manipulate route and network interfaces. It displays network configuration. ‘ip’ is the replacement of ifconfig command.
netstat: It displays network connections, routing tables, interface statistics. ‘ss’ is the replacement of netstat command which is used to get more information.
Traceroute: It is network troubleshooting utility which is used to find the number of hops required for a particular packet to reach the destination.
Tracepath: It is same as traceroute with a difference that it does not require root privileges.
Dig: This command is used to query the DNS name servers for any task related to DNS lookup.
nslookup: To find DNS related query.
Route: It shows the details of the route table and manipulates IP routing table.
mtr: This command combines ping and track path into a single command.
Ifplugstatus: This command tells us whether the network cable is plugged in or not.

Question 13:

What is BASH?

BASH is short for Bourne Again SHell. It was written by Steve Bourne as a replacement to the original Bourne Shell (represented by /bin/sh). It combines all the features from the original version of Bourne Shell, plus additional functions to make it easier and more convenient to use. It has since been adapted as the default shell for most systems running Linux.

Question 14:  What is a swap space?

Swap space is a certain amount of space used by Linux to temporarily hold some programs that are running concurrently. This happens when RAM does not have enough memory to hold all programs that are executing.

Question 15:  What does Sar provide? Where are Sar logs stored?

Sar collects, reports, or saves system activity information, sar serves to log and evaluate a variety of information regarding system activity. With performance problems, sar also permits retroactive analysis of the load values for various sub-systems (CPUs, memory, disks, interrupts, network interfaces and so forth) and limitation of problems in this manner. If CPU utilization is near 100 % (user nice system), the workload sampled is CPU-bound.

By default, log files of Sar command is located at /var/log/sa/sadd file, where dd parameter indicates the current day

Question 16:  How to reduce or shrink the size of LVM partition?

Below are the logical steps to reduce size of LVM partition :

Unmount the filesystem using unmount command,
Use resize2fs command , e.g. resiz2fs /dev/mapper/myvg-mylv 10G
Now use the lvreduce command as lvreduce -L 10G /dev/mapper/myvg-mylv

The above Command will shrink the size LVM partition and fixes the filesystem size to 10GB.Most in-depth, industry-led curriculum in linux.

Question 17:  How shadow passwords are given by in Linux?

pwconv command is used for giving shadow passwords. Shadow passwords are given for better system security. The pwconv command creates the file /etc/shadow and changes all passwords to ‘x’ in the /etc/passwd file.

First, entries in the shadowed file which don’t exist in the main file are removed. Then, shadowed entries which don’t have `x’ as the password in the main file are updated. Any missing shadowed entries are added. Finally, passwords in the main file are replaced with `x’. These programs can be used for initial conversion as well to update the shadowed file if the main file is edited by hand.

Question 18: Maximum how long can a Linux filename be?

255 bytes

Question 19: Which combination of keys is used to exit from terminal?

Ctrl d

Question 20: Command(s) is/are used to get help about a command in Linux?

A. info

B. man

Question 21: list all the files in your current directory(including hidden)?

ls -a

Question 22: Command is/are used to remove directory in Linux?

A. rmdir

B. rm -r

Question 23: Which key combination is used to see all the hidden files in Nautilus file manager?

Ctrl h

Question 24: Command  used to create file in Linux?

touch

example : touch filename


cat

example : cat filename < “data”


echo

example: echo “data” > filename

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Question 25:  How is everything stored as in linux

File

Question 26: Valid login shell in Linux?

C shell
Bash Shell
Z shell

Question 27: Command  used to record session in Linux?

script

Question 28: Alternative to echo command?

printf

Question 29: Command  used to change password of your Linux system?

passwd

Question 30: Command used see the list of users who are currently logged-in?

who

Question 31: Which directory in Linux contains all the config file of the system?

/etc

Question 32: Which command is used to know last shutdown/reboot date and time?

last

Question 33: Which of the following command is used to count number of lines in a file?

wc -l

Question 34: Command(s) is/are used to reboot a Linux system?

A. shutdown -h
reboot
init 6

Question 35: Total no of run levels in a Linux system?

7

Question 36: Command is used to copy entire directory?

cp -r

Question 37: Suppose I am in /etc directory and I want to go to my home directory which command should I use?

cd
cd ~

Question 38:what is the purpose of -i in rm -i command?

It will ask for confirmation before every deletion.

Question 39: mv command can be used to ?

Move the file to different directory.
Renaming a file

Question 40:command is used to display content of a file in octal format?

od

Question 41: command do you use to know the purpose of a command?

whatis

Question 42: What is the process id of init process?

4

Question 43:Command is used to show process hierarchy in tree format?

pstree

Question 44:Command is used to see the content of tar(backup.tar) file without extracting it?

tar -tvf backup.tar

Question 45:Command is used to execute the last command you have executed?

Both A and B

Question 46:What is the purpose of id command?

Print effective and real UID and GID

Question 47:Command is used to print the login shell of an user?

echo $SHELL

Question 48:Command return the exit status of last command?

$?

Question 49:which command is used to print the current working directory?

Both A and B

Question 50: ppid(parent process id) of daemon process in Linux ?

1

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