THE TIME MACHINE
My first contact with this story was by way of Classics Illustrated Comics and the 1960 George Pal film version that I viewed, on first release, at a local theater. The idea of time travel fascinated me, and I imagined building my own time machine in which I would seek adventure in the past and future.
Time travel was a popular subject for TV in the fifties and sixties, especially, as I recall, on Twilight Zone. Stories often dealt with a familiar paradox; you can’t alter history. However, the theme of Wells’s novella is not about changing the past or future; rather, it concerns the decline and fall of civilization and the ultimate extinction of the human race. As much as I enjoyed, and still enjoy, the adventure and special effects of the 1960 film, the screen adaptation bowdlerized Wells’s dark theme, providing a more hopeful ending for audiences.
The following passages from the novella delineate the Time Machine’s theme:
"....the truth dawned on me: that Man had not remained one species, but had differentiated into two distinct animals: that my graceful children of the Upper-world were not the sole descendants of our generation, but that this bleached, obscene, nocturnal Thing, which had flashed before me, was also heir to all the ages.
"'I grieved to think how brief the dream of the human intellect had been. It had committed suicide. It had set itself steadfastly towards comfort and ease, a balanced society with security and permanency as its watchword, it had attained its hopes—to come to this at last.”
"This has ever been the fate of energy in security; it takes to art and to eroticism, and then come languor and decay. 'Even this artistic impetus would...die away—had almost died in the Time I saw. To adorn themselves with flowers, to dance, to sing in the sunlight: so much was left of the artistic spirit, and no more.”
"Ages ago, thousands of generations ago, man had thrust his brother man out of the ease and the sunshine. And now that brother was coming back changed! Already the Eloi had begun to learn one old lesson anew. They were becoming reacquainted with Fear.”
History tends to run its course in cycles of rise, decline and fall followed by a revival or renaissance. Wells foresees a distant time where all humankind’s goals are achieved, but this culminating triumph of civilization is followed by a steep decline from which there is no recovery. This is the dismal End of History that the makers of one of my favorite childhood films prudently avoided.
THE INVISIBLE MAN
I haven’t researched the subject to any great extent, but I’m guessing the Ring of Gyges myth was the inspiration for Wells’s story. In brief, the legendary Gyges was a shepherd in the service of the king of Lydia. By chance, he discovered a golden ring that rendered him invisible and, by a twist of the ring, returned himself to visibility. He used the magic ring to enter the palace, seduced the queen, conspired with her to murder the king and usurped the throne.
The myth was discussed under the topic “Adeimantus and Glaucon Restate the Case for Injustice” in Plato’s The Republic as follows:
“Suppose now that there were two such magic rings, and the just put on one of them and the unjust the other; no man can be imagined to be of such an iron nature that he would stand fast in justice. No man would keep his hands off what was not his own when he could safely take what he liked out of the market, or go into houses and lie with any one at his pleasure, or kill or release from prison whom he would, and in all respects be like a god among men.
Then the actions of the just would be as the actions of the unjust; they would both come at last to the same point. And this we may truly affirm to be a great proof that a man is just, not willingly or because he thinks that justice is any good to him individually, but of necessity, for wherever any one thinks that he can safely be unjust, there he is unjust.
For all men believe in their hearts that injustice is far more profitable to the individual than justice, and he who argues as I have been supposing, will say that they are right. If you could imagine any one obtaining this power of becoming invisible, and never doing any wrong or touching what was another's, he would be thought by the lookers-on to be a most wretched idiot, although they would praise him to one another's faces, and keep up appearances with one another from a fear that they too might suffer injustice.
— Plato, Republic, 360b–d (Jowett trans.)
Adeimantus and Glaucon, contrary to Socrates, argue that we are self-serving creatures and, given the opportunity, most will act to their advantage regardless of notions of right and wrong, as long as they believe they can get away with it. That is certainly the case with Wells’s, Griffon, The Invisible Man. The following passages reveal Griffon’s character and the effects of his invisibility.
"I was invisible, and I was only just beginning to realise the extraordinary advantage my invisibility gave me. My head was already teeming with plans of all the wild and wonderful things I had now impunity to do."
“This invisibility, in fact, is only good in two cases: It's useful in getting away, it's useful in approaching. It's particularly useful, therefore, in killing. I can walk round a man, whatever weapon he has, choose my point, strike as I like. Dodge as I like. Escape as I like."
"He is mad," said Kemp; "inhuman. He is pure selfishness. He thinks of nothing but his own advantage, his own safety. I have listened to such a story this morning of brutal self-seeking.... He has wounded men. He will kill them unless we can prevent him. He will create a panic. Nothing can stop him.”
Wells did a brilliant job with his narrative and characterization, moving seamlessly from slapstick and dark comedy, to horror, to tragedy. Griffon is an albino with a brilliant scientific mind, and his albinism provides an explanation for his alienation from society and desire to become “invisible.” Moreover, he is driven to madness, desperation and crime when, unlike Gyges in the myth, he lacks the means and ability to regain his visibility. “The Invisible Man” is another fine example of Wells’s ability to tell a compelling story that holds the readers interest while at the same time providing serious matters for reflection.