Clear Springs is the town at the center of the region of rural western Kentucky where novelist Bobbie Ann Mason was born and raised. And as Mason describes the region in her 1999 memoir Clear Springs, it was an area that offered the attractions of a slow-paced, rural life lived close to nature. At the same time, however, as Mason makes clear, life around Clear Springs, Kentucky, could be limiting – particularly for women – and the twists and turns of Mason’s journey from Kentucky farm girl to award-winning novelist become emblematic of the changes that characterized American life over the course of the 20th century.
Bobbie Ann Mason’s work has long since achieved canonical status within the continuum of modern Southern U.S. literature – to the extent that I wish you luck getting through any Southern-lit college or university course without being assigned her story “Shiloh.” That evocative little story of a Kentucky truck driver whose disabling on-the-job injury complements his crumbling marriage contains many of the characteristics that have long appealed to Mason’s many and devoted readers – deft characterizations, a carefully conveyed Southern setting, and a thematic focus on change and loss, especially as experienced by women. Mason’s Shiloh and Other Stories (1982) won a Hemingway Foundation prize; her novel In Country (1985), about the daughter of a PTSD-afflicted Vietnam veteran, was adapted by Norman Jewison into a film that starred Bruce Willis and Joan Allen. In short, Mason travelled a long way from that farm in western Kentucky.
Clear Springs is Mason’s memoir of that journey. In the early chapters of the book, Mason chronicles her growing-up years in that rural landscape. Observing the lives and ways of her mother and grandmother, Mason draws for the reader a portrait of a world where women’s lives are a continuing cycle of farm labour, the bearing and rearing of children, and a subtle but unmistakable subordination to men. What Mason says of her grandmother – “She didn’t reveal or explain. Plain facts sufficed” (p. 51) – might have been true of many generations of women in Graves County, Kentucky.
Readers who admire Mason’s gifts for delineation of character, as demonstrated in stories like “Shiloh” and novels like In Country, will no doubt hear echoes of those elements of her fiction in her setting-forth of what she learned from her mother and grandmother:
From Granny, I got the notion that I could have things just the way I wanted them, according to my own rules. From Mama, I got the notion that I could do everything. Granny was patient and forceful and certain. Mama was hurried, harried, rushed along by the stream of time and necessity. She slung out meals, gardens, crops, babies. She could cook supper and work all the buttonholes on a coat in the time it took Granny to boil out her stove burners. (p. 52)
Prior generations of the area around Clear Springs might have been forgiven for assuming that the region’s routines of rural life would continue, unaltered, for the foreseeable future. But Mason was growing up in a time of great change. Mason recalls the family turmoil she saw unfolding over the course of her teenage years, and considers how the changes that she saw in her family’s life reflected larger changes in American life:
Daddy grew more reserved. Having three girls and no son to carry on the farm must have overwhelmed and distanced him. I thought he treated Mama badly, mocking her and telling her she was dumb; he rarely made kind remarks or offered praise. By the time I was a junior, Mama was pregnant again. This time, at last, the baby was a boy – my little brother, Don. But after Don arrived, Daddy went into a yearlong depression. The son he had wanted to carry on the farm had come too late. He could see that the family farm in America was dying out as a way of life. (p. 101)
Mason broke with her family’s norms in small ways – attending the University of Kentucky at Lexington – and in big ways – moving to New York and seeking editorial work. She encountered the 1960’s counterculture in the North, and recounts that “The counterculture saved me.” While she avoided the drug scene, she found that “the psychedelic revolution – mainly through music – was transforming everything around me, fracturing objects and ideas like a light show at a concert” (p. 150).
I found that I could relate to Mason’s fascination with music like that of the Rolling Stones and the Beatles (she saw both Shea Stadium concerts, in 1965 and 1966); my parents, in the midst of an otherwise safe and conservative record collection in the living room of the family home in Bethesda, Maryland, had copies of Revolver and Sgt. Pepper’s Lonely Hearts Club Band, and I played those albums constantly, feeling that I was being whisked away from the sedate comfort of suburbia and out into a larger world.
The death of Mason’s father eventually brings her back to Clear Springs, where she reflects on the differences of the different ways in which her father’s passing affects her and her mother:
We gathered at the old Mason homeplace. I sat among the Clear Springs kinfolks, in the heart of Mason history, wondering, trying to feel back through generations, feeling a huge separation from this past, because my father was gone. I was trying to dig at his roots, hoping to find them alive, as one sometimes does when a potted plant seems to die. I saw my mother looking around at the kitchen, where her aunt Rosie had once reigned, and I thought about her deep involvement with the Mason family. This house was where my mother grew up, was courted, and had left to make her life for fifty-four years with the handsome man she told me was “just larruping.” I could not know the vastness of this separation, this bereavement. (p. 202)
Eventually, it becomes necessary for Mason’s mother to move away from the farm, and into more of a neighbourhood setting close by – a major disruption for a woman who has always organized her life in accordance with the rhythms of rural farm life. Mason reflects on how this dramatic change demonstrates once again how much life in America has changed over the course of her and her mother’s lives:
I go over the terms of our violent uprooting, trying to get clear: for Mama, the burden of operating a farm will be alleviated, and yet the farm will still be hers, close by. She has a good place to live in her old age, but she can still go fishing here, in her own pond. These small goals are accomplished with the aid of lawyers, tax accountants, and real-estate agents, in an operation as arcane as a tax audit. Nothing is simple anymore. To move Mama a couple of miles takes all the magic of the modern world: estate planners, title searchers, termite inspectors, veterinarians, insurance agents, cablevision providers, road maintenance crews, automobile mechanics, courthouse clerks, copying machines, fax machines, answering machines, billing systems, property surveyors, supermarkets, moving vans, pizza parlors, Chinese carryout emporia, florists, U.P.S., Federal Express, the Coca-Cola company, Wal-Mart, K-Mart, the airline industry, and the federal government. (p. 250)
I used to see Mason works like “Shiloh” referred to as “K-Mart realism” – meaning realist fiction that emphasizes the pervasive impact, on ordinary American lives in the late 20th century, of major consumer-service corporations. While some things have changed since this book was written in 1999 – K-Mart is not what it once was, and much more space would have to be given to Internet access and social-media connectivity – Mason’s points regarding the changing modern world remain valid.
In the context of assisting her mother with this move, Mason begins researching her family’s history, utilizing resources like local-newspaper archives and courthouse records. In the process, she uncovers some unsettling revelations regarding her forebears, in a manner that may seem familiar to readers of her fiction.
I always appreciate the Southern musicality of Mason’s prose style, and the keenness of her insights into human character and social norms. Any admirer of novels like In Country and short stories like “Shiloh” will, I think, enjoy Mason’s recounting of her journey home to Clear Springs.