Rereading Maggie
I have read Steven Crane's short novel, "Maggie: A Girl of the Streets" many times over the years and returned to read it again recently together with Crane's more famous book, "The Red Badge of Courage." Crane wrote "Maggie" in 1891 at the age of 21 and published the book at his own expense in 1893 under the pseudonym Johnston Smith. Some famous writers, including William Dean Howells praised "Maggie" enthusiastically, but for the most part the book was indifferently received.
I have always cared more about "Maggie" than about the "Red Badge of Courage". It is difficult to understand why this is the case, other than perhaps the subject matter, but there have always been readers who also thought this way. It may be due to the intense, sincere character of this book, obviously the product of a young, rebellious man. I still love the book, even though I am older and presumably wiser than when I first read it years ago.
Maggie is set in the New York slums of the Bowery in the late 1890s. The plot is simple. Crane describes a family in the Bowery, the Johnsons, living in the midst of poverty, alcohol, violence, and squalor. For most of the book, the family consists of the alcoholic brutal mother, Mary, her wastrel, philandering son, Jim, and the young, innocently naive daughter, Maggie. Crane says Maggie "blossomed in a mud puddle. She grew to be a most rare and wonderful production of a tenement district, a pretty girl."
Maggie has a spirit-numbing job in a sweatshop. She soon takes up with a rakish bartender and friend of her brother, Nick. Maggie comes to see Nick ideally, as her knight. Nick soon seduces Maggie and her mother, in a show of righteousness, orders her to leave home. Nick summarily jilts Maggie in favor of a prostitute, Nell, with whom he earlier had a relationship. Maggie becomes a prostitute wandering the New York City streets and, within months commits suicide.
This is the bare bones of a common story. Crane's artistry and passion bring the story to life. The passion seethes through the writing even though Crane tell the tale with ironic detachment and frequently with sharp humor.
The book is told in a heavily episodic way in short chapters which may seem disjointed. Most readers at first find the book overwritten in its long descriptive passages and heavy-handed use of violence, brutality, and metaphor on almost every page. There is a sense of exaggeration, almost of caricature, in the depictions of slum life, especially in the many scenes of domestic violence. Much of the writing is fresh and suggestive, parts of it may be less so. It works to capture the environment Crane is describing.
Many readers see "Maggie" as the first work of American naturalism, meaning that the characters are shown as determined by their shocking surroundings in the slums. Other readers, including myself, think that naturalistic character of the book frequently is overstated. In a letter written shortly after the publication of the book, Crane qualified the naturalistic interpretation of the book. He wrote that "Maggie tries to show that environment is a tremendous thing in the world and frequently shapes lives regardless. If one proves that theory one makes room in Heaven for all sorts of souls (notably an occasional street girl) who are not confidently expected to be there by many people,"
The book does not take a position of environmental determinism. Rather, it is an implicit critique of the lives of some people in the slums who criticize others and refuse to work to better themselves. Even more so, it is a critique of the values of the larger society, in matters of sexual morality and in matters of callousness towards the poor and unfortunate. The book is full of religious metaphor and scenes. Crane, the son of a Methodist minister, has little sympathy with religion as practiced, but the message of compassion and forgiveness in the book has strong religious overtones. Maggie herself, while not a fully developed character, is a romantic figure in what is essentially still a romantic novel.
"Maggie" is still widely read and discussed among readers, for all the differences in interpretation of the book and disagreements about its literary quality. The lasting quality, its ability to inspire passion and disagreement, of the book alone makes "Maggie" a substantial achievement for a young writer. The book is readily accessible in various editions, including a Library of America volume devoted to the writing of Steven Crane. I was pleased to reread "Maggie" and to share my thoughts on the book with interested readers.
Robin Friedman