The Norse myths loom up through the winter mists, cold and grim and wondrous. They are bleak, fatalistic tales of gods who not only are doomed but know their doom: they know exactly how they will die, and the only question is when Ragnarok, the twilight of the gods, will occur. Perhaps that is part of why the Norse myths have such power: the Norse gods live in the constant knowledge and contemplation of their frailty and mortality, just as we do.
In The Norse Myths, Kevin Crossley-Holland, an English author best known for writing poetry and children’s literature, provides a well-written and accessible retelling of the stories of Norse mythology, one that provides a helpful introduction to the deities in whom the Vikings believed before those fearsome raiders from the frozen North converted to Christianity. Because the original sources of the mythology – mainly the Poetic Edda and Snorri Sturluson’s Prose Edda -- can be somewhat difficult for non-specialists to appreciate fully, Crossley-Holland’s work provides an accessible way to get to know the Norse pantheon.
All the gods are here – the arrogant Odin, king of the gods, forever boasting about his conquests, both military and amatory; the thunder-god Thor, who carries a hammer like a working man and was evidently popular among the ordinary people of the Viking world; the beautiful Freya, goddess of love and beauty, desired by gods and frost-giants alike; the gentle and kind Baldur, most loved of all the gods, whose tragic death will precipitate Ragnarok; and, of course, Loki, the trickster god, who over the course of the myths goes from a mischief-maker who stirs up trouble but then helps resolve it, to a truly malignant figure who wants to bring about destruction for its own sake.
It is striking how often the gods of Asgard are figures of fun, put in embarrassing situations – as in “Thor’s Journey to Utgard,” in which Thor, Loki, and two human servants travel to the court of a king named Utgard-Loki, who uses magic to make the two Asgardians believe that they are in the presence of giants who hold greater power than any god. Thor is made to believe that he struck a giant three times with his hammer and failed to kill him (he actually struck the hills hard enough to make valleys); that he failed to drain a sconce-horn of ale (it was really the sea, and Thor reduced its level); that he lost a wrestling match with an old woman named Elli (she is old age, whom no one can defeat). Small wonder that Utgard-Loki tells Thor, “Do you know you were nearly the end of us all?”, and tells the thunder god that “as long as I live…you’ll never see the inside of those walls again” (pp. 92-93).
Interesting to wonder if Utgard-Loki is a variant on the original, better-known Loki. So often Loki, the trickster god, is the one whose mischief creates a difficult and embarrassing situation, and who then must use his wits to restore the good, as in “The Treasures of the Gods,” wherein Loki, for a joke, cuts all the golden hair off the head of Thor’s wife Sif. Threatened by Thor with the smashing of every bone in his body, Loki goes to the dwarves Brokk and Eitri and secures for the gods their most crucial gifts, including “an iron hammer, massive and finely forged, but rather short in the handle” (p. 51) – Mjollnir, the hammer of Thor.
Things turn grim in “The Death of Baldur,” when Baldur’s bad dreams of dying lead the gods to induce all things (they think) to promise not to harm Baldur; they then enjoy throwing all manner of weapons at Baldur, and watching them fall away harmlessly from the shining god of light. But Loki knows that mistletoe did not take the oath, and therefore he persuades the blind god Hod to throw mistletoe at Baldur: “The mistletoe flew through the hall and it struck Baldur. It pierced him and passed right through him. The god fell on his face. He was dead” (p. 154). Hermod, the son of Odin, then undertakes to ride down to Niflheim, the kingdom of the dead, to try to persuade Hel, the grim half-living half-dead goddess of the underworld, to release Baldur, as when Odysseus and Aeneas visited the Greco-Roman Hades, in the classical epics of Greece and Rome.
What follows then is known and foretold – Ragnarok, the twilight of the gods. All of the gods know exactly what will happen to them. Thor will defeat Jormungandr, the Midgard Serpent large enough to encircle the entire world; having killed Jormungandr, Thor will stagger backward nine steps, and then will fall dead, fatally poisoned by the serpent’s spraying venom. Loki, released from his terrible punishment for killing Baldur, and Heimdall, the gatekeeper god who guards the rainbow bridge Bifrost, will kill one another. Odin will be killed by the great wolf Fenrir, and a son of Odin will kill Fenrir in turn. The Asgardians all know what their end will be, and there is nothing for them to do but face their end with courage. How very Viking, and how suitable for a culture where the best afterlife one could hope for was translation to Valhalla, the warriors’ hall where fighters chosen by the beautiful Valkyries hack and slay one another all day, and are then restored to feast and drink all night.
And yet there is a final note of hope. A man and a woman who hid in a tree and survived Ragnarok will be the sires of a new world of peace, presided over by a resurrected Baldur. As in other mythological traditions, life comes out of death.
Furnished with useful notes, a fine map of Yggdrasil (the World Tree that holds the nine realms of the Norse mythological world) and a helpful glossary, Kevin Crossley-Holland’s The Norse Myths is a good way to get to know the grim world of the Vikings and their pre-Christian religious beliefs.