Misterio y maneras

by Flannery O'Connor

Prosa ocasional, escogida y editada por Sally y Robert Fitzgerald.
«La narrativa resulta de dos cualidades. Una es el sentido del misterio; la otra, el sentido de las maneras». Flannery O'Connor muestra en estas páginas, frescas y brillantes, el significado profundo de la literatura, la intersección entre lo cotidiano ---maneras--- y el sentido último de la realidad ---el misterio---. La genial autora norteamericana dejó al final de su corta vida varios ensayos sin publicar y una serie de artículos diseminados en varias revistas. Estos textos, seleccionados y editados por sus amigos de toda la vida Sally y Robert Fitzgerald bajo el título Misterio y maneras, se caracterizan por el estilo directo y simple de su autora, su inusual ingenio y perspicacia, y su profunda fe. Sin duda alguna, es un libro especial que el paso de los años ---la primera edición es de 1969---, lejos de hacerlo extraño, confirma su actualidad.

Esta colección ya clásica de ensayos, editados por primera vez en español, es un referente obligado para lectores, escritores y amantes de la literatura contemporánea.

Genres: Essays, Nonfiction, Writing, Literature, Classics, Short Stories, Literary Criticism

234 pages, ebook

First published January 1, 1969

About the author

Critics note novels Wise Blood (1952) and The Violent Bear It Away (1960) and short stories, collected in such works as A Good Man Is Hard to Find (1955), of American writer Mary Flannery O'Connor for their explorations of religious faith and a spare literary style.

The Georgia state college for women educated O’Connor, who then studied writing at the Iowa writers' workshop and wrote much of Wise Blood at the colony of artists at Yaddo in upstate New York. She lived most of her adult life on Andalusia, ancestral farm of her family outside Milledgeville, Georgia.

O’Connor wrote Everything That Rises Must Converge (1964). When she died at the age of 39 years, America lost one of its most gifted writers at the height of her powers.

Survivors published her essays were published in Mystery and Manners (1969). Her Complete Stories , published posthumously in 1972, won the national book award for that year. Survivors published her letters in The Habit of Being (1979). In 1988, the Library of America published Collected Works of Flannery O'Connor, the first so honored postwar writer.

People in an online poll in 2009 voted her Complete Stories as the best book to win the national book award in the six-decade history of the contest.

Reviews

[Richard · Rating 4 out of 5]

This book of essays gives us some of Flannery O'Connor's thoughts about what it was like for her to be a Catholic writer in the American South. Her writing shows the personality of someone who is confident of her own experience and ability, and yet (at least most of the time) quite humble about it too.

O'Connor writes with wit (ranging from wry humour to sarcasm) about the incomprehension or disapproval with which her short stories and novels were met by many contemporary readers. She stresses the importance of writing which is based on concrete details rather than on abstraction, unmediated emotions or even misdirected devotion. It is important to be true to one's vocation as a writer, and to write reality as it is, not as one would like it to be. One cannot and should not reduce reading to the extraction of handy themes or morals. And one should not reduce the writing process to the application of techniques and formulae. As a Southerner, says O'Connor, it is vital to be grounded in the region, history and customs which make the writer what he or she is. She also deals with the difficulties of teaching, understanding and reading literature which are caused by the general decline of the spiritual worldview in society.

She has intriguing things to say about being a Catholic trying to write in accordance with the fundamentals of Catholic doctrine and spirituality while still being true to one's mission as a writer. This is a delicate balancing act, often made more complicated by the surrounding Bible Belt. (Interestingly, she says that this consideration of Protestantism is not all counterproductive and does not need to be entirely defensive or antagonistic!)

While I didn't agree with absolutely everything O'Connor said, I think this is a valuable book for any serious writer or reader. O'Connor had a high opinion of the writer's calling and a serious spiritual vision, yet she was able to look at life with humour and to remain firmly grounded in the Southern world from which she sprang.

[Murray · Rating 5 out of 5]

I expressed enthusiasm for this book when I was reading everything I could find by authors talking “point blank” about writing. My prof friend responded, “Isn’t it the most quotable book? I’m always underlining something.” Witty and sarcastic and insightful.

[Dhanaraj Rajan · Rating 4 out of 5]

A Confession:

Two or three times I began writing a review and later tossed them away. For I was not happy with what came about as a review.

A Fact:

This is one of the posthumous collections of essays by F. O'Connor and is my first O'Connor book. O'Connor is revered for her short stories and fiction more than for her prose writing. Moreover, this collection has some essays which were not yet revised for publication.

The Result:

I ended up liking her writing and am really hungry for all of her writings.

This essay collection contains just a single 'personal' essay in which she speaks of her own experience of rearing the King of Birds (the peacock) in her farm.

The other essays are also personal but they can also be termed as essays dealing with literary criticism. In a special way, she analyses the questions like Who is a Novelist?, Who is a Catholic Novelist?, What is a Story?, How do we teach Literature (especially the fiction)?, How do we read fiction?, etc. This part is a must read for all lovers of literature and above all for the aspiring writers.

A quote to express her idea of a well written story:

"A story that is any good can't be reduced, it can only be expanded. A story is good when you continue to see more and more in it, and when it continues to escape you. In fiction two and two is always more than four."

According to her, to be a writer is a vocation. You are called specially. If one does not have the call it is no use trying writing anything.

She writes: "Of course, the ability to create life with words is essentially a gift. If you have it in the first place, you can develop it; if you don't have it, you might as well forget it."

And what is the material for the fiction writer and how should he write it?

She writes: "The fact is that the materials of the fiction writer are the humblest. Fiction is about everything human and we are made out of dust, and if you scorn getting yourself dusty, then you shouldn't try to write fiction. It's not a grand enough job for you."

So the essential quality for a fiction writer is his ability to see the natural world surrounding him. 'See and do not be afraid to see longer and all the more be not afraid to show what you saw in the words.' This seems to be her advise. "Fiction writing is very seldom a matter of saying things; it is a matter of showing things."

If I go in this way, I might end up quoting the entire book or at least the first five or six essays.

Besides, she being a devout Catholic also tries to answer the call of a Catholic novelist. In searching for the differences between the secular novelist and a Catholic novelist, she comes up with a theory that is absolutely stunning if you are a believer. In fact, even when one is not a believer, her points might still ring true and convincing.

She says that life is made up of two elements - Mystery and Manners.
Mystery = the unknowable, the Image of God, the Divine element, the grace, the transcendental element.
Manners = The knowable, the normal human make up, his observable behaviour, his place in the society, his habits, his environment, his language, his culture, etc.
The Fiction is always in search of the Mystery. This does not mean to indoctrinate the fiction with her beliefs. According to O'Connor, to arrive at the mystery the writer had to present the manners as accurately as possible and from there surely the Mystery element will be made visible in one way or the other.

Note: Do not depend on the review. Just get a copy and read at least the first five essays. You will have found something worth a treasure.

[Francisco · Rating 5 out of 5]

Flannery O'Connor published two novels and some twenty-five short stories. That was the literary output of her life and yet her work continues to live - which is to say that it continues to be alive in the mind and hearts of those who read her. Mystery and Manners is a collection of lectures that were put together by friends after her death (she died in her thirties from Lupus). There's something about Flannery O'Connor that makes her, in many ways, the writer's writer. There is just so much to learn from her writing and Mystery and Manners is a gold mine for young (and old) writers. Maybe it is even better for old writers for the reminders that it gives them about what the ideal of fiction is - even if the ideal is never reached. Flannery O'Connor was a woman of faith (Christian) and it is wonderful to see how this faith is embodied in her writing in a way that is totally opposite to the desire to convert or even to enlighten. She was too wise and too humble and too much a believer in God to think that she could ever do that. What she did believe, I think, is that her writing could be an instrument for and on behalf of mystery. The writer's task is to push her work to the point of mystery - most of all to push her characters to the mysterious depths of personality. It is as if the writer creates the deep space where the reader may fall ( or may not). But what is amazing about Flannery O'Connor, and why she is such a good teacher, is that this mystery and depth is always attained through an incredible power of seeing the concrete and the particular. The habit of art, she says, is the habit of seeing. She saw life singly through the binoculars of the specific and the universal so that the reader could see as much of mystery as he or she was capable of seeing.

[Cindy Rollins · Rating 4 out of 5]

4 stars for most people, 5 for writers.

After reading this I don't have to wonder what Flannery would think of modern Christian fiction. This book makes
me feel less guilty about all those times I made fun of the Christian fiction catalogs on my old blog.
The book is the collected writing of Flannery on writing from various sources. I say Flannery because I love her so much
and she is my friend. If you truly want to at least try to probe the idea of the art of fiction this is a must-read. I secretly think
I will not be a writer until I write fiction and yet when I read this I am pretty sure I don't have the gift.

"What interests the serious writer is not external habits but what Maritain calls, “the habit of art”; and he explains that “habit” in this sense means a certain quality or virtue of the mind. The scientist has the habit of science; the artist, the habit of art."

"I’m always highly irritated by people who imply that writing fiction is an escape from reality. It is a plunge into reality and it’s very shocking to the system."

"I don’t know which is worse—to have a bad teacher or no teacher at all. In any case, I believe the teacher’s work should be largely negative. He can’t put the gift into you, but if he finds it there, he can try to keep it from going in an obviously wrong direction."

"Everywhere I go I’m asked if I think the universities stifle writers. My opinion is that they don’t stifle enough of them."

"There is a certain embarrassment about being a storyteller in these times when stories are considered not quite as satisfying as statements and statements not quite as satisfying as statistics;..."

[Spencer Orey · Rating 5 out of 5]

Brilliant and also a delight to read. I took my time.

[Liam O'Leary · Rating 4 out of 5]

These are essays on how Christian authors should write stories. If that does not appeal to you then definitely skip this. Flannery O'Connor's short stories can be enjoyed by many, but her novels and essays are very much for Christian writers and readers. Quite niche, but given her usual quality, quite useful as far as writing advice goes!

Nice to have a book about writing that isn't a "rehashed Rilke carpe diem" feeling. Encouragement seems not to be the problem these days, it is human values and quality of prose which contemporary prose is lacking which I think we could find if we revived some of these ideas.

[Lee Klein · Rating 4 out of 5]

Ms. O'Connor sometimes seems to me like a didactic pedantic generalizer, but in general I like her. Flat-out loved the opening peacock essay and wish there were more slice of essayistic life in here to complement the must-read/essential essays that reveal her as a literary fundamentalist, albeit one whose ideation be animated by denominational spirits, a religiousity that's maybe her strength and weakness in this collection, as in the story collection I read earlier this year (A Good Man Is Hard to Find and Other Stories). My reaction to her stories and essays seems consistently polarized -- either I love a story or essay, fly through it, swim in it, revel in it, fully engage with it, or else it closes down and becomes an impenetrable thicket of text, dull, inflexible, too parochial for this fancy northeastern prep school kid. In this collection, the essays about Catholic writers and the memoir about the little girl who died at age 9 were not accessible to this 21st century pagan (literary pantheist, to be exact). In general throughout I jibed with her when she talked about the anti-scientific mysteries of fiction writing, the mysticism of it, but when she deploys a lot of "musts" and "shoulds" when talking about fiction, although at one point she does say there're no rules as long as you can pull it off (although few pull much off), she loses me, since I guess I just don't respond to what seems to me like this sort of mild-mannered effectively totalitarian sensibility (reminded me of Marilynne Robinson somewhat), especially when it comes to art. Too often for me seemed intellectually dualistic (good vs evil) in a way I don't believe accurately reflects what it's like to be alive. For an engaging story, an evil obstacle (a dragon!) on the way to the Kingdom of Souls might work wonders for readers, but then it seems a little rote, too, even if the ultimate goal is a sense of mystery/redemption? In general, I enjoyed reading most of this, even if I didn't agree with it all, to such an extent that I give it four stars even if I skimmed the last few essays. Awesome to see where so many of those writing workshop old standbys come from: a story needs a beginning, middle, and end, if not necessarily in that order, etc. Also interesting re: what she has to say about teaching writing in college at the end of "The Nature and Aim of Fiction": "In the last twenty years the colleges have been emphasizing creative writing to such an extent that you almost feel that any idiot with a nickel's worth of talent can emerge from a writing class able to write a competent story. In fact, so many people can now write competent stories that the short story as a medium is in danger of dying of competence. We want competence, but competence by itself is deadly. What is needed is the vision to go with it, and you do not get this from a writing class." (Again, Matthew, no offense to your grandma!)

[Kathleen · Rating 5 out of 5]

This collection of essays and lectures goes a long way to explain the thinking behind Flannery O’Connor’s dark realism. A lesser-known gem of writing advice, it is bursting with wisdom--really specific stuff, told in this sort of deadpan sarcastic voice. O’Connor was so opinionated. So astute. It makes for wonderful reading.

Mystery and manners. She defines mystery as the “mystery of our position on earth,” and manners as “those conventions which, in the hands of the artist, reveal that central mystery.” She writes specifically of her viewpoint as a Catholic and as a southerner.

I copied so many passages my notes are almost as long as the book. She explains symbols and meaning and drama. She has opinions on education and poverty and religion. Together, this creates a kind of unique philosophy, and gives her advice deep and distinctive meaning.

Here are three quotes, all about looking and seeing:

“But there’s a certain grain of stupidity that the writer of fiction can hardly do without, and this is the quality of having to stare, of not getting the point at once. The longer you look at one object, the more of the world you see in it; and it’s well to remember that the serious fiction writer always writes about the whole world, no matter how limited his particular scene.”

“Your beliefs will be the light by which you see, but they will not be what you see and they will not be a substitute for seeing.”

“It is a fact that fiction writing is something in which the whole personality takes part—the conscious as well as the unconscious mind. Art is the habit of the artist; and habits have to be rooted deep in the whole personality. They have to be cultivated like any other habit, over a long period of time, by experience; and teaching any kind of writing is largely a matter of helping the student develop the habit of art. I think this is more than just a discipline, although it is that; I think it is a way of looking at the created world and of using the senses so as to make them find as much meaning as possible in things.”

Highly recommended to writers, but all Flannery O’Connor fans will find much here to enjoy.

[Kate Savage · Rating 3 out of 5]

I dislike so many things about Flannery O'Connor -- her dogmatic Catholicism, her venom toward the faithless world and other would-be writers -- and yet all the same I'm in love with her. I'm not the only one; what's wrong with us?

O'Connor's the mean girl in your writers' group:

"Everywhere I go I'm asked if I think the universities stifle writers. My opinion is that they don't stifle enough of them. There's many a best-seller that could have been prevented by a good teacher. The idea of being a writer attracts a good many shiftless people, those who are merely burdened with poetic feelings or afflicted with sensibility."

Her own explanations of her work is often irritating to me. Her ultimate aim is to preach Catholic dogma and further the glory of God. But what remarkable talent, that reading her fiction alone none of us would have guessed it.

At least half of the essays in this book are about being Catholic, and would have been helpful to me when I was studying literature at a religious university. In one class we watched an interview where Mormon leader Boyd K. Packer, who also dabbles in painting, asserts that the role of the artist isn't to document the world with all its nastiness, but improve and perfect it. In contrast, O'Connor says the writer has to write what he or she sees, and "To look at the worst will be for him no more than an act of trust in God." (Let's hope the two of them can have a curmudgeon-off one day in the starry Great Beyond.)

Or as O'Connor writes elsewhere: "I lent some stories to a country lady who lives down the road from me, and when she returned them, she said, 'Well, them stories just gone and shown you how some folks would do,' and I thought to myself that that was right; when you write stories, you have to be content to start exactly there -- showing how some specific folks will do, will do in spite of everything."

[Rafał Hetman · Rating 3 out of 5]

Fajna mała książeczka o pisaniu i czytaniu. Polecam zwłaszcza tym, którzy poważnie myślą o wydaniu książki. Ale każdy czytelnik literatury też znajdzie w niej wiele dla siebie.

Jest to zbiór esejów amerykańskiej pisarki Flannery O'Connor, która dzieli się swoimi przemyśleniami na temat literatury. Najciekawsza dla mnie i chyba najobszerniejsza część tej książki to teksty skierowane do osób chcących pisać, uczestników kursów kreatywnego pisania i tych już piszących.

Sporo sobie popodkreślałem w trakcie czytania. Wiele spostrzeżeń autorki jest niezwykle trafnych, ale z wieloma się nie zgadzam. Flannery O'Connor świetnie pokazuje problemy książkowego świata, który zmaga się z nadmiarem wydawanych książek, z nadmiarem literackiej tandety. Choć uwagi O'Connor pochodzą sprzed wielu lat i dotyczą rynku anglojęzycznego, dobrze rozumiemy je w Polsce dziś. Z drugiej strony, kiedy autorka przedstawiała swoją wizję pisania, często pojawiało się w mojej głowie duże ALE. Np. dla O'Connor najważniejszym zmysłem pisarza jest oko, dla mnie równie ważne, a może ważniejsze jest ucho.

Takie małe rozbieżności były jednak dla mnie całkiem pobudzające. Prowokowały wewnętrzny dialog i koniec końców jestem za wywołanie tego dialogu wdzięczny.

Chociaż czytając O'Connor nie przeżywałem wielkich olśnień, nie doświadczałem znaczących zmian perspektyw, na które zawsze liczę, czytając, to muszę przyznać, że ta książka dokonała kilku malutkich zmian w moim myśleniu o pisaniu. A więc fajnie. O to chodziło.

[Taka · Rating 4 out of 5]

In reading Flannery O’Connor’s Mystery and Manners, I was inspired and found so many things relevant to my situation as a writer and teacher. I will respond to her book in two parts, first from the standpoint of a teacher and second from that of a fiction writer.

One of the tips that may be useful in teaching creative writing is her insistence that fiction must, before all else, be concrete and appeal to the senses. One of my students likes to write abstractly because, he says, it will allow different people to see what they want to see. I told him that’s probably an ineffective way of writing and gave him James Joyce’s quote: “In the particular is contained the universal.” In fact, one thing I want my students to take away from my class is writing concretely, whether in fiction or poetry.

Another point that is personally relevant to me is O’Connor’s claim that students need to learn tools to understand a story. After a disastrous class on characterization where I presented the tools of characterization to my students at the end of the class, I decided to do another lesson on the topic. I started with a simple question, “Why do we read in a creative writing class?” They responded with “So we can steal from them,” which allowed me to tell them we were going to read that week’s story and look at what the author is doing at the level of craft so they can learn how to do the same. And this time, I gave them the tools first and went over the story paragraph by paragraph, reminding them to keep the tools in mind and asking them what they learned about the characters in each paragraph. I also had them build an interesting character using the tools, and I hope that class was a lot more successful in teaching my students the tools than the first one.

Going back to O’Connor, I also agree with her assessment that workshops, especially undergraduate ones, tend to be “composed in equal part of ignorance, flattery, and spite” (86). Though I haven’t seen “spite” in the workshops I ran, I have seen my student finish “workshopping” one another’s work after ten to twenty minutes. And sadly, some of those elements—especially flattery—remain in graduate-level workshops.

Now as a writer, I strongly disagree with O’Connor’s belief that fiction writing is a gift, or as she puts it, “If you have it in the first place, you can develop it; if you don’t have it, you might as well forget it” (88). Like Anthony Johnston, I don’t believe in talent, and I highly doubt I could have been born with any innate ability to write fiction in English.

This notwithstanding, I found most of her essays to be germane to me as a writer. First, I was inspired by her definition of fiction: “A story is a way of saying something that can’t be said any other way, and it takes every word in the story to say what the meaning is… The meaning of fiction is not abstract meaning but experienced meaning” (96). Now, this made me think of Zen’s concept of art, where art aims to achieve maximal effect with minimal means, which is something I aspire to in all of my work.

Second, something I have been thinking about a lot lately is the relationship between the conscious and unconscious mind in writing, and she drives home the idea that jibes with my experience as reflected in my analogy of a sculpture in response to Madison Smartt Bell: “The time to think of technique is when you’ve actually got the story in front of you” (102). Elsewhere, she makes the point that too much competent alone is harmful because you need vision to go with it, and vision is something you can get only from the unconscious mind. Being too self-conscious of technique when writing a first draft, I think, kills any vision that the unconscious mind is trying to communicate to you, and that’s why O’Connor says, “One thing that is always with the writer—no matter how long he has written or how good he is—is the continuing process of learning how to write” (83). This is exactly something I’ve been experiencing with my own work. Every time I start a new story, contrary to my expectations, it’s never easier. If anything, it’s harder. I’m constantly wincing at humdrum descriptions and the flatness of the plot and fighting the impulse to edit. Each story presents its peculiar difficulties and I have to learn how to render those into credible scenes. Also, because technique comes after the first draft, finishing the first draft is always a learning experience.

Third, I’ve been drawn to stories with natural disasters in them (earthquake, tsunami, rockfall in a tunnel, etc.), and her claim about the role of violence in her fiction explained my fascination with crises and how they could be viewed: “With the serious writer, violence is never an end in itself. It is the extreme situation that best reveals what we are essentially” (113). This way of thinking about my fascination with natural disasters made me realize that although they have never been just ends in themselves, I could do so much more with them. O’Connor helped me understand what I’ve been trying to do unconsciously: getting to the essence of who the characters are. This was a valuable realization.

Finally, her remark about the relationship between craft and depth really struck a chord in me: “This is not to say that [the novelist] doesn’t have to be concerned with adequate motivation or accurate references or a right theology; he does; but he has to be concerned with these only because the meaning of his story does not begin except at a depth where these things are exhausted” (153). This last bit came to me almost as a shock because it seemed to me that all I have been doing is to get to that point, but, I realized, not past it. In other words, I was going deep enough. This realization made me want to go back to my old stories and really get to that depth she is talking about, because I think I have an inkling of what she’s talking about and I have a few stories that I can see going deeper with. So perhaps the biggest gain from reading Mystery and Manners is that it made me want to approach the revision process with a whole lot more artistic rigor and vision.

[Giovanna · Rating 5 out of 5]

Non leggo i libri sulla scrittura per imparare a scrivere, non sono un'aspirante scrittrice. Sono un'aspirante lettrice. E trovo che i libri sulla scrittura servano prima di tutto a imparare a leggere un testo letterario e a capire da dove venga la narrativa e perché esista. Sono perciò grata a Flannery O'Connor per questo libro fenomenale, così lucido e intelligente da essere commovente.

Ci sono due o tre nodi su cui si regge l'intero libro, che risulta una costruzione coerente e solida. Per Flannery O'Connor lo scopo della letteratura è l'incarnazione del mistero. Il mistero è un elemento costitutivo della vita umana, e la narrativa non può dunque parlarne con enunciazioni astratte, ma deve calarlo in una storia credibile; nessuno sconto, allora, per chi rinuncia del tutto alla dimensione del mistero o per chi ne parla astrattamente: è la storia, anche con la sua forma tecnica, a essere significativa di per sé, a dire quello che l'autore vuole dire, non c'è bisogno di aggiungere interpretazioni o sermoni, dal momento che «le vostre convinzioni saranno la luce alla quale vedere, ma non potranno essere quello che vedete né sostituiranno l'atto del vedere». Lo scrittore deve partire da quel che vede, dalla realtà, da una storia concreta e non da un'idea o da un concetto, se vuole essere credibile.

La realtà, per essere tale, deve avere un suo radicamento geografico, ed ecco perché la O'Connor insiste molto sul rapporto tra la scrittura e il Sud degli Stati Uniti, dove vive. È la Bible belt, la terra in cui il pensiero comune si è modellato su mythoi biblici e la cui identità si è formata con «le convinzioni e le caratteristiche desunte dalle Scritture e dalla sua storia di sconfitte e violazioni: la diffidenza verso l'astratto, il senso della dipendenza umana dalla grazia di Dio e la cognizione che il male non è semplicemente un problema da risolvere ma un mistero da sopportare». Nel Sud religioso, ma protestante, la cattolica Flannery trova il terreno ideale per far fiorire la sua narrativa.

La fede, infine, che è per la O'Connor «il motore che attiva le percezioni» e che illumina tutti i suoi scritti. È una fede che non allontana la scrittrice dalla realtà, anzi, è un modo di stare al mondo: un modo fiducioso, che vede nella salvezza l'epilogo della storia e apre l'uomo alla grazia. Non vuol dire escludere dall'esperienza umana il male, che, ovviamente, rimane parte della vita di ciascuno, ed è anzi, inevitabile nel percorso verso il bene. Come suggerisce il titolo, infatti, la grazia si manifesta «nel territorio del diavolo», cioè nella realtà, a cui l'uomo di fede dev'essere incessantemente ricondotto:
Suppongo che le ragioni per l'impiego di tanta violenza nella narrativa moderna differiscano da scrittore a scrittore, ma nei miei racconti ho riscontrato che essa è stranamente capace di ricondurre i personaggi alla realtà e di prepararli ad accettare la grazia. Hanno la testa così dura che non c'è quasi altro sistema. L'idea che la realtà sia qualcosa a cui dobbiamo essere ricondotti a caro prezzo è di rado compresa dal lettore superficiale, ma è un'idea implicita nella visione cristiana del mondo.

Tanto altro ci sarebbe da dire su questo libro così denso e ricco, ma ho già dato abbastanza prova della mia inadeguatezza a parlarne, perciò mi fermo qui. Lo riprenderò di sicuro in mano e sono certa che avrà ancora molto da dirmi.

[Cassy · Rating 3 out of 5]

This is a collection of essays and speeches complied after O’Connor’s death. It is divided into six parts. I thought I’d organize my review accordingly.

I. A Short Story – very entertaining. I am glad the editors included this story among all the essays. I had never read any of her short stories or novels. This established my respect for her talent.

II. Southern Literature – fairly interesting, although maybe obsolete. I had not really realized that there was such a genre, which is pretty sad since I was born and raised in her Georgia and have dutifully read Faulkner et al.

III. Writing Fiction – the most helpful section by far. I actually used three different colored highlighters to mark it up. There were lots of quotable material and things to ponder when writing.

IV. Teaching Literature – more interesting that I expected. She had some very valid points. Yet, this part was obviously more applicable to a teacher than a writer.

V. Religious Novelists – long and uninteresting. There were some good nuggets hidden here and there, but I mostly skimmed it. (Shameful, I know.)

VI. A Book Introduction – pleasant to read and well-chosen to end the book. I was pleased to be able to follow her references to some of Hawthorne’s short stories.

Overall, O’Connor’s writing is very witty, intelligent, and dense. I feel like I would have gotten more out this book if I had read it in connection with a class – taking notes, heavy thinking, writing papers, and discussing with others.

I would recommend it whole-heartedly to a serious writer, yet flash a caution light for a causal reader. And if you're short on time, focus on Parts I and III. Skip the rest.

[Aleks · Rating 5 out of 5]

This is one of the most impactful books I’ve read as a Christian and a writer and a reader of fiction. Since I started reading this, I think often about violence and grace, mystery and manners, “Catholic” writers and vocation novelists. Her writing advice is far more spiritual than practical, which is great because it can be read with books like Bird By Bird, On Writing, and Elements of Style without feeling redundant.

Instead of preaching against adverbs, she affirms the vocation of the novelist: being a writer is a gift from God. It is a calling. The novelist is a minor prophet. But also, either you have the gift or you don’t. You cannot learn to be a prophet.

She also has a lot of great things to say about how to appraise fiction. The purpose of fiction is never to give a message. It should not be overly pious, sentimental, or pornographic, for these are excesses and they draw attention to themselves instead of the art. Rather, good art should reveal true mysteries about the world, by replicating life. Do not be offended if art contains immoral subject matter, for the novelists write what they see, and have no say over it. You cannot measure art by the same metric as morality. Art is good because it exists, and God is existence. Art is an end unto itself.

Also the peacock essay was great.

[María Carpio · Rating 4 out of 5]

"El dragón se sienta junto al camino, observando a los que pasan. Tened cuidado de que no os devore. Vamos al Padre de las almas, pero es necesario pasar junto al dragón". Esta cita de San Cirilo de Jerusalén que hace Flannery O'Connor en su ensayo "El escritor y su país" bien podría definir el summum de este compendio de ensayos. Y es que según la escritora sureña norteamericana, para hacer literatura profunda (no digamos buena) habría que pasar entre las mandíbulas del dragón. ¿Qué es el dragón? Si habláramos en términos metafísicos sería el mal del mundo, pero en un sentido más terrenal, la autora se refiere a la realidad y sus escollos más oscuros, allí donde lo humano roza lo infrahumano. Y es que como novelista y narradora de ficción, su interés por lo grotesco, en una época (los 50's y 60's) y en un espacio geográfico (el sur de los EEUU) específicos, iba más por el obedecer al deber de lo que ella consideraba un verdadero novelista que al requerimiento de la corriente (en ese tiempo la literatura del sur de los EEUU vivía un auge) o del canon literario. Pero también, el de deberse a un fin mayor: el misterio. Pero de ello hablaré más adelante.

Antes que nada, O'Connor pertenece a una generación de novelistas en la que se incluyen al mismísimo William Faulkner, Katherine Anne Porter, Eudora Welty y Carson McCullers, entre otros, que la crítica los ha englobado como "gótico sureño", el cual es la base para mucha de la literatura latinoamericana, sobre todo la del Boom y también la más contemporánea. La característica en común de todos estos escritores es que su lugar de origen marca su literatura ya no solo como un escenario sino como parte esencial de lo dramático, lo narrativo y lo formal. Fondo y forma se entrelazan en esa cosmovisión particular de una realidad que se retrata justamente desde esa visión que no reniega de lo socialmente renegable, de aquello que debe permanecer oculto y oscuro. En este sentido, O'Connor cree que el novelista debe dar luz a esa oscuridad desde su posición absolutamente honesta frente a la realidad, esto es, "el observar lo que el hombre ha hecho con las cosas de Dios". Y ese es el sentido final del misterio. Al cual, para la autora, no se puede llegar sin antes pasar por un conocimiento exhaustivo de las maneras (que traducido al español serían no solo las maneras personales, las formas, sino las maneras colectivas, es decir las costumbres y valores) y su representación desde las únicas reglas a las que un escritor debería seguir: las reglas del arte. Y desde ahí debería ser evaluada o juzgada su obra.

Esto porque Flannery O'Connor se considera una autora católica, aunque ello le trajera cuestionamientos de críticos y lectores y de sí misma. Es por ello que por momentos en algunas partes parecería que trata de hacer una apología de su "vocación hacia lo grotesco" en su narrativa, pues aquello, desde un análisis superficial (y desde el tipo de lector piadoso) podría parecer paradójico y contrapuesto con su fe. Pero la autora trata de demostrar en esta serie de ensayos que no hay nada de esta realidad construida por el libre albedrío dado por Dios que le esté vetado al novelista católico, tal como al novelista en general, pues cree que la labor del escritor no es la de cuidar al lector ni a su alma, sino la de iluminarlo todo con la luz del camino hacia el misterio, aunque esa luz revele lo terrible de lo humano. La obra "debe reforzar nuestro sentido de lo sobrenatural anclándolo a la realidad concreta y observable".

Otro de los puntos importantes de lo que abarca en estos ensayos, es el cambio de época que se estaba viviendo en la segunda mitad del S.XX. Se entraba en un mundo en el que la fe y sobre todo el Cristianismo perdía espacios, las sociedades empezaban aceleradamente a ir hacia el laicismo, y en medio de aquello, dentro de la literatura, el escritor católico tradicional era poco apreciado o validado por considerarse que su fe y el dogma cristiano serían una camisa de fuerzas frente a la evidencia de la realidad. Flannery O'Connor en este ensayo intenta demostrar la tesis contraria: el novelista católico (huelga decir, "el verdadero") más bien tiene la ventaja de que el mayor misterio del dogma cristiano amplía los horizontes del escritor, pues "el narrador revela el misterio mediante las maneras y la gracia mediante la naturaleza, pero cuando termina, siempre debe quedar ese sentido del misterio que ninguna fórmula humana puede explicar". De ahí que diga: "¿Qué novelista cristiano podría comparar su inquietud con la de Camus?". Y es que el sinsentido y la búsqueda de sentido es una de las más grandes -si no la más grande- materias primas de la literatura. Según O'Connor, la época en la que vive, es una época de buscadores y descubridores pero esto en el mejor de los casos, en el peor "una época que ha domesticado la desesperación y ha aprendido a vivir gustosamente con ella". Los primeros buscadores serían aquellos en los que el sentido del misterio no se desvanece, los segundos, los buscadores incrédulos que influyen a todos, aún a los creyentes y a la cultura en general. Esto es una especie de visión futura en la que la autora acierta completamente. Para O'Connor, la experiencia religiosa fundamental -o experiencia sobrenatural que muchos grandes autores manifiestan en sus obras- no puede llegar a ser una representación literaria adecuada sin el objeto de la inquietud última: Dios. Pero esto no incluye la literalidad de la experiencia de la fe, ni de los dogmas cristianos, ni siquiera de las formas narrativas piadosas, como ya se explicó anteriormente. Simplemente la visión honesta del escritor frente al mundo y su realidad, y si es grotesca -según O'Connor-, pues qué mejor (aunque lo grotesco no sea de mi preferencia, pero entiendo que el deber del escritor no es agradar al lector).

[Jennie · Rating 5 out of 5]

“People without hope not only don’t write novels, but what is more to the point, they don’t read them. They don’t take long looks at anything, because they lack the courage. The way to despair is to refuse to have any kind of experience, and the novel, of course, is the way to have an experience. The lady who only read books that improved her mind was taking a safe course-and a hopeless one. She’ll never know whether her mind is improved or not, but should she ever, by some mistake, read a great novel, she’ll know mighty well that something is happening to her”.

“The type of mind that can understand good fiction is not necessarily the educated mind, but it is at all times the kind of mind that is willing to have its sense of mystery deepens by contact with mystery.”

From her essay The Nature and Aim of Fiction

[Derek · Rating 4 out of 5]

I loved learning more about Flannery O’Connor’s ideas on Catholic fiction, Southern fiction, and fiction in general. The ideas in these essays overlap a great deal but are nevertheless all intelligent, sophisticated, and thought-provoking. I think by the conclusion of the book I am not fully convinced that the author’s subtle arguments about the relationship between her theology and fiction are necessarily correct but I’m rereading many of her short stories now with her essays in mind. My overall impression is that O’Connor was a serious thinker about both art and religion, and desperately wanted to unite her ideas and passions on these two subjects. But who can say for certain whether her literary success is driven by the unity of these two ideas or the conflict between them ?

[Elizabeth Andrew · Rating 5 out of 5]

I'm kicking myself for not reading MYSTERY AND MANNERS years ago. Flannery O'Connor is a fiction writer, I told myself; what could she teach me about spiritual memoir writing? And yet some of these are the best essays I've ever read about addressing the spiritual life in prose.

If a writer is any good, what he makes will have its source in a realm much larger than that which his conscious mind can encompass and will always be a greater surprise to him than it can ever be to his reader.
--Flannery O’Connor, Mystery & Manners, 83.

The point O'Connor emphasizes repeatedly is that only a writer's adherence to reality, in its sensory, concrete details, can make the supernatural apparent. The universal is in the particular; the supernatural is in the natural. I knew this. But where she challenges me is when she discusses the skepticism of modern readers, and how a writer of faith must at times exaggerate to make his or her point:

The novelist with Christian concerns will find in modern life distortions which are repugnant to him, and his problem will be to make these appear as distortions to an audience which is used to seeing them as natural. … When you can assume that your audience holds the same beliefs you do, you can relax a little and use more normal means of talking to it; when you have to assume that it does not, then you have to make your vision apparent by shock—to the hard of hearing you shout, and for the almost-blind you draw large and startling figures.
--Flannery O’Connor, Mystery & Manners, 33.

How do we do this in memoir, or essays? I'm curious to explore this.

I also love O'Connor's perspective that her faith, rather than diminish the terrain of her content or the breadth of her perspective, actually demands more of her craft. Good writing addresses the farthest reaches of mystery, O'Connor says, and faith requires us to live in relationship with this mystery in every moment--or, more to her point, with every mundane detail of our days. In a literary world so often devoid of believers, O'Connor is a must-read.

[Doug TenNapel · Rating 5 out of 5]

Flannery O'Connor carries on the tradition of being a great Southern writer. She was prolific, for having such a short life (died in her late 30s). Mystery and Manners is part biography, part life philosophy with a few tips on writing prose along the way. As anyone knows who has read O'Connor, she is a pleasure to read. She's terse, clear and has something interesting to say.

She was a practicing Catholic and writes about how Catholic writers of her day were considered hacks. This was of particular interest to me because these days people adore Catholic gothic imagery in all arts and complain about how thin evangelicals are in the arts. Her perspective on being a Catholic artist was a unique angle and it brings special weight given the symbolism in her works like The Peacock and Wise Blood.

This is a must read for all writers and it's one of those books that made me think differently about story, primarily in setting me free to follow a good story wherever it may lead.

[Madison · Rating 5 out of 5]

There's something about the way Flannery O'Connor writes that's just...electric. I'd be riveted by her grocery lists.

This is a book about craft, imagination, and authorial identity that deserves to be as widely read as Bird by Bird or On Writing. It's incredibly prescient, especially about religiously-driven censorship and the difficulties of writing for the modern reader (although Flannery's modern reader is 80 years removed from ours). Here's one of the most famous lines: "Everywhere I go I'm asked if I think the universities stifle writers. My opinion is that they don't stifle enough of them. There's many a best-seller that could have been prevented by a good teacher." Like, come on. My personal favorite line is this one:

Many Catholic readers are overconscious of what they consider to be obscenity in modern fiction for the very simple reason that in reading a book, they have nothing else to look for. They are not equipped to find anything else. They are totally unconscious of the design, the tone, the intention, the meaning, or even the truth of what they have in hand. They don't see the book in a perspective that would reduce every part of it to its proper place in the whole.

I read that, and I think of the folks banning Gender Queer or whatever, and I think about how right she is. Ultimately, her critique is that people howling about obscene books aren't equipped to judge books in the first place, because the obscenity serves a narrative purpose that they don't have the faculty to understand. People love to talk about O'Connor as this ridiculously dour and fastidious woman with no tolerance for things that are difficult or amoral or murky, but the reality is that she had an enormous respect for the place of darkness in fiction, and no patience for moralizing. You can't read this collection and still see her as the caricature history has made her out to be.

It's just a really fantastic collection of her essays and speeches, and even if you don't agree with her about everything (I certainly don't), it's still very much worth it.

[Samantha B · Rating 4 out of 5]

I love Flannery O'Connor! This book is her various thoughts on fiction, many of which I'll be mulling over for a while.

For instance:
-The demands of art are harder than the demands of the Church
-Writers cannot and should not write what the world says it wants
-Mystery and manners are what join to make fiction
-A writer's dramatic sense and their moral sense must coincide

Also, I loved the essay at the beginning about peacocks. Flannery is about her peacocks as I am about goats. I relate hard. :)

4 stars!

[Lorelei Angelino · Rating 3 out of 5]

Fiction is the most impure and the most modest and the most human of the arts.

While I didn't read this entire book (because it wasn't required for my class), I did read most of it. There are lots of interesting thoughts presented in this book, although the style and diction were hard to follow.

[Kerri Anne · Rating 2 out of 5]

I've never seen a collection of nonfiction essays start so beautifully and diminish in readability so steadily. By the end of this collection I'd lost respect for a writer I'd previously been quite fond of, because by the end of the collection she'd been flat-out and pretentiously preaching to me for a solid 150 pages. I really didn't like the way some of these essays were written, but more to the point, I didn't like the way this collection was organized and shared. I'm chocking that up to being entirely the wrong collection of essays for me, and placing equal blame on myself for choosing it solely based on its cover when we visited the charming bookstore in Faulkner's once-home in New Orleans this past November, and on the fact that it was curated posthumously by two of O'Connor's closest friends.

I've always enjoyed Flannery O'Connor's writing style. Her stories have such punch and depth and she always struck me as someone with heaps of wit and charm that inevitably dripped into the short stories of hers I read in high school and during my undergraduate lit studies. True to that known form, the first essay is about raising peacocks on her family's farm in rural Georgia, and it's so vibrant and funny and has so many elements that remind me of my favorite naturalist writers.
Likewise, some of her essays on fiction (and fiction readers) are honest and funny, equal parts brusque and charming. Some of her lines really spoke to me. Like this, one, for example, from The Fiction Writer & His Country: "The writer can choose what he writes about but he cannot choose what he is able to make live."

But some of the later essays in this collection are so heavy-handed with their Catholic overtures, so distractingly and unnecessarily religiously zealous in their judgment of other readers and writers that even to me as a fellow born and bred and baptized (if not altogether and intentionally lapsed) Catholic they were nearly unreadable. Likewise, many of them feel equal parts unfinished and wholly repetitive, which again, isn't so much O'Connor's fault so much as it is those responsible for this collection's curation and publication.

[Two-point-five stars for her peacocks and pertinent fiction pieces.]

[Maria Di Biase · Rating 5 out of 5]

Boh. La Bibbia? L’ho letto, riletto e letto altre volte. Per me è un manuale di più o meno tutto: scrittura e lettura, in generale, letteratura del Sud degli Stati Uniti e senso del “grottesco”, nello specifico. Tra le righe è anche una presa di posizione, il suggerimento di un certo modo di vivere il femminismo, meno esibito e più solido. C’è poco da aggiungere: Flannery era cazzutamente meravigliosa.

[Freckles · Rating 3 out of 5]

Flannery O'Connor byla hustá paní. Ve spoustě věcí bych se s ní neshodla, na to je její přístup k literatuře až přespříliš elitářský, ale na tříbení uvažování o literatuře perfektní. Musím si od ní zase jednou něco přečíst.

[Autumn · Rating 5 out of 5]

This collection is an excellent summary of Flannery's theology and general worldview. She's a wonderful thinker and this posthumous collection of essays and lectures show that. It has been said that the things said in this book are repetitive (and they are in places), but to me it shows what was important to her. She thought those topics so central to who she was that she repeated them wherever she spoke.

[Jamie · Rating 3 out of 5]

I went 1-for-3 on Flannery last week, and as you can see, this was the one that spoke a lot of my language. On community; on place; on writing and mystery. Her essays are something ferocious.

“A story that is any good can’t be reduced, it can only be expanded. A story is good when you continue to see more and more in it, and when it continues to escape you. In fiction two and two is always more than four.”

[Ruth · Rating 5 out of 5]

2025 review: It's interesting to read a book like this one multiple times and see how different sections land in different seasons. always a fruitful read.

2022 review: This is perhaps my second or third pass through this one. Always valuable. If you only have time for one essay, read "The Nature and Aim of Fiction."

[Piego di Libri · Rating 4 out of 5]

La O’Connor non pontifica, né tenta di convincere nessuno, ma argomenta le sue tesi (una fra tutte: essere uno scrittore e scrivere sono due cose diverse – si può essere scrittori solo per pubblicare, e si può voler scrivere bene e basta)...
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