Thrilling imagery from a 27-year-old mystic. Novalis spanned the continental divide between the Enlightenment and Romanticism, and was a poetic voice of German Transcendentalism, a watershed of the philosophy of writers like Emerson, whose ideas about the Over-Soul and the Eye of Nature would have been familiar to this young poet who died of tuberculosis in 1801. (The pen name "Novalis" meant a new-ploughed field, and the poet's life was cut short early in the season.)
Hymns to the Night is a strange, captivating poem, part elegy for a dead teenage lover, part folktale, part murky mystical paean to invisible forces that take on worldly forms. The Night, Novalis says, is not just darkness and moonshine. "Only fools misrecognize you," he writes, not seeing the night in the wine made of grapes, in the almond trees' wonder oil, the poppy juice that sends dreams, in the girl's breasts and in her womb "turned into heaven." Night seeps out of old stories, handing a key to the other, deeper side of things. It transforms and transfigures the visible world, the physical things that are really only a pathway to the spiritual. Night opens endless eyes in us, more numberless than the stars, and if we listen with these eyes, we hear echoes of the transcendent reality that takes shape behind the fragile curtain of things.
The book is a beautiful expression of Transcendental philosophy and the poet's grief and longing for his beloved (Sophie von Kühn), at rest in a mysterious mound that draws him near. It's also a mystical Christian poem, where current philosophical ideas about Transcendence and the Absolute were expressed just as well in the Christian idea of Incarnation. At a time when Blake's dark satanic mills were sprouting up in the aftermath of the so-called Enlightenment (the Romantics would say that it was a mass blinding, an extinguishing of the contemplative eye), Novalis, raised as a Moravian in a labyrinthine mansion overlooking the Harz River, espoused a Romantic Christianity influenced by Transcendental thought.
As Arthur Versluis wrote in another book, one of the intriguing things about Novalis' thought is how much it resembles Mahayana Buddhism and the Sufism of some medieval Islamic poets. What may be the most interesting thing about it is that while Novalis probably never read Buddhist or Sufi texts, his unique Christian mystical encounter with Transcendentalism let him tap into similar concepts independently -- surely a fascinating defense of Transcendental concepts about the One Truth splintered into thousands of millions of shapes and fragments, of paradise scattered in pieces around the world. "Every beloved object is the center of a paradise," Novalis wrote.
As a Christian mystic, too, there is an echo of the Spanish saint and seeker John of the Cross, the Lover eagerly tracking the shapes of the Beloved (El Amado, Die Beliebte), evoking the erotic overtones of union with the divine that shows up in the best mystic poetry of several religious traditions. Novalis' moonlight is John's semi-erotic Beloved (God), moonlight that consumes us to "prolong the wedding night forever."
Like Emerson's writing, Novalis' concepts and language can definitely be difficult for modern readers to crack into. Higgins' translation is pretty literal, but a little too colloquial in places. More of a study text than a fluent translation, but good for what it's worth. Novalis' German is worth tackling, partly because some metaphysical ideas just sound best in German.