“Looking back, you have to admit that Chinese peasants are the most kind and obedient. They never thought of rebelling against those who had brought them so much suffering. I bet the idea had never occurred to them.”
“This is China. You don’t have much control when you are alive. When you die, you won’t have control over your own obituary either.”
“He was a hero for a couple minutes and ended up paying a hefty price in the next twenty years.”
“The Party Secretary looked at me and softened his tone: “OK. You have to make a choice between that woman and the Party.” I said again, very firmly, “I love her.”
Liao Yiwu’s “The Corpse Walker” is a lurid and disquieting oral history, a fun-house reflection of Studs Terkel’s well-known “Working.” Unlike “Working,” the many protagonists of “The Corpse Walker” are uniformly those on the bottom-rung of China’s system, whose very documentation demonstrates the failures in Mao’s utopian dreams, Deng’s market reforms, and, now, Xi’s ongoing efforts to eliminate poverty and extreme social stratification. The Chinese underclasses are an upside-down lumpenproletariat, often cast down and marginized as a result of imagined politicization: the sons of landlords and the daughters of professors.
Most striking is the utility that these people had for the revolution, oil in the furnace of class struggle. There is a strange symmetry to many of their stories: the anti-rightist campaign of 1957 with its big character posters, beatings, and humiliations; the Great Leap Forward inaugurated in 1958 and its famines, cannibals, and wet clay; the Cultural Revolution: societal breakdown, armed conflict, forced confessions, murders, speeches, flags. And yet, even in these stories of survival in the face of the most extreme adversity, as the bulk of these stories involve at least two of the three of the above eras in Chinese history, there is no clear answer as to *why* these people survived, even as millions of others died. At the individual level, Chinese history begins to look like chance. No wonder, then, that an interview subject states that gambling “seems to be the national pastime.”
For the protagonists of the Corpse Walker, efforts to seize control of one’s fate are almost certain to end in disaster. A family’s favorite son, top of his class and destined to lift his parents out of poverty, is butchered at Tiananmen, his hands mangled by the bayonet he had hoped to block from his chest. An engaged man building a new wing for his wife is accused of grave robbery and tortured in prison. A sickly woman whose health finally improved with the physical exercise and passion associated with the Falun Gong is beat by CCP officials and forced into an insane asylum. It goes on and on and on, the hopes and dreams of the human heart stunted and deformed by clubs and boots.
How is it then, that his can all go on? Trotting out the tired phrase “Mao is both Stalin and Lenin,” and thus, irreplaceable, seems to miss much of the point. Perhaps Xi’s fears of a rising “historical nihilism” are accurate, that justice could only beget obliteration. Yet, the persistent effects of historical trauma are passed on to children and their children’s children. Is it possible the avoid a reckoning for all time? The people chronicled here offer no unified answer, shifting between desires for reconciliation, forgiveness, solitude, and escape. Some even seem happy, to have found a meaning and value in their life despite the troubles of conscience. Two of my favorites are “The Rightist” and “The Counterrevolutionary,” names with belie the true banality of their crimes. The Rightist was convicted for loving who he chose to; the counterrevolutionary for telling the truth.
Liao Yiwu, smartly, refuses to end his collection with an epilogue. It remains open-ended.