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Rum: A Social and Sociable History of the Real Spirit of 1776

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Rum arguably shaped the modern world. It was to the eighteenth century what oil is to the present, but its significance has been diminished by a misguided sense of old-fashioned morality dating back to Prohibition. In fact, Rum shows that even the Puritans took a shot now and then. Rum, too, was one of the major engines of the American Revolution, a fact often missing from histories of the era. Ian Williams's book -- as biting and multilayered as the drink itself -- triumphantly restores rum's rightful place in history, taking us across space and time, from the slave plantations of seventeenth-century Barbados (the undisputed birthplace of rum) through Puritan and revolutionary New England, to voodoo rites in modern Haiti, where to mix rum with Coke risks invoking the wrath of the gods. He also depicts the showdown between the Bacardi family and Fidel Castro over the control of the lucrative rights to the Havana Club label. Telling photographs are also featured in this barnstorming history of the real "Spirit of 1776."

368 pages, Paperback

First published January 1, 2005

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Ian Williams

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Displaying 1 - 21 of 21 reviews
Profile Image for Helmut.
1,056 reviews66 followers
October 4, 2015
Die Welt dreht sich um Rum
Wenn man heute an die USA denkt, an die Spirituose, die man am meisten mit den USA verbindet, so fällt einem natürlich Whiskey ein, im speziellen Bourbon. 1964 wurde diese Einordnung von Bourbon als “America’s Native Spirit” sogar in eine Resolution gegossen: So wie Scotch für Schottland oder Cognac für Frankreich, sollte Bourbon als repräsentativ für die USA gelten und entsprechend vermarktet und gehandhabt werden.
Now, therefore, be it
Resolved by the Senate (the House of Representatives concurring),
That it is the sense of Congress that the recognition of Bourbon whiskey as a distinctive product of the United States be brought to the attention of the appropriate agencies of the United States Government (…).

Doch das war nicht immer so. Vor dem amerikanischen Unabhängigkeitskrieg, und auch noch eine lange Weile danach, war es nicht Whiskey, der für die gute Laune der Amerikaner sorgte, sondern Rum, als der “wahre Geist von 1776”, wie man Williams’ Untertitelwortspiel auch genauso zweideutig passend auf Deutsch wiedergeben kann.

Williams’ These ist, dass durch die starke Verzahnung der neuen britischen Kolonien auf dem nordamerikanischen Kontinent mit dem Handel von Rum aus der Karibik ein Spannungsfeld entstand, das zu immer weiter steigenden Unabhängigkeitsidealen bei den Kolonisten führte, und letztlich in der amerikanischen Unabhängigkeit endete. Rum spielte dabei in allen Beziehungen eine wichtige Rolle: Als extrem geschätzte Alltagsdroge, von der sich die Amerikaner nicht mehr abbringen lassen wollten, insbesondere als britische Gesetzentwürfe wie der Molasses Act und der Sugar Act vorgebracht wurden, die die Kolonien gegen das Mutterland aufbrachten; als Ersatzzahlungsmittel für Arbeitskraft und Lebensmittel; als Ass im politischen Kartenspiel zwischen England, Frankreich, Spanien und den karibischen und nordamerikanischen Kolonien; als Wirtschaftsmotor, der den Dreieckshandel mit Sklaven und den wirtschaftlichen Handel zwischen Nordamerika und der Karibik voll am Brummen hielt; und als sozialer Dämpfer, mit dem man Soldaten und Matrosen wie auch Sklaven und Arbeiter unter dauerbedüselter Kontrolle halten konnte – auf Kriegsschiffen besonders relevant, und da Rum einfach haltbarer als Bier und Wasser ist, eine naheliegende Lösung besonders für die Royal Navy bis in die 1970er Jahre.

Ein besonders interessantes, für heutige Ohren abstrus klingendes Einsatzgebiet war übrigens die Verwendung von Rum als Balsamierungsflüssigkeit; so manch hochstehender englischer oder französischer Admiral ließ sich in einem Fass Rum aufs letzte Geleit in die Heimat schippern (zur Freude der Matrosen, die sich so, so schaurig sich das anhört, das eine oder andere Extraglas an Grog herstellen konnten).

Die Mäßigungsbewegung, die die frühen USA später umklammerte, erklärte den Rum zum “demon spirit” und Lieblingsfeind, der für alle Übel verantwortlich war, und bekämpfte ihn als Stellvertreter für alle Spirituosen besonders. Die Prohibition sorgte schließlich, auch wenn sie ihr tatsächliches Ziel, die Abschaffung des Alkoholkonsums, verfehlte, für den Untergang des Rums in der Gunst der US-Amerikaner. Whiskey war billiger und einfacher zu bekommen, und Nationalismus, der eigene Produkte bevorzugte, und von der Qualität her immer besser werdender Bourbon besiegelten das ganze.

Eine Einsicht habe ich auch durch dieses Buch gewonnen. In diversen Cocktailbüchern findet man den Hinweis, dass ein klassischer Cocktail morgens getrunken wurde. Da stellte sich mir die Frage, wieso Leute schon morgens sich einen Alkoholschub geben müssen. Die Antwort ist die: In der Zeit um den amerikanischen Unabhängigkeitskrieg tranken die Leute viel Rum. Wirklich viel Rum. Unglaublich viel Rum sogar. Rund einen halben Liter pro Person und Tag war scheinbar keine Seltenheit, fast anderthalb Liter pro Woche der Durchschnitt. Dass man bei so einer Menge schon früh anfangen muss, und dann vielleicht einen dezenteren Einstieg sucht als den reinen Rum, ist klar – da ist ein Cocktail doch schon zurückhaltend und beißt nicht ganz so, morgens um acht in Pennsylvania.

Natürlich gefällt mir nicht, wie Williams französischen rhum agricole, der schon früh als Guildive oder Killdevil bezeichnet wurde, runterputzt. Gewiss ist ein rhum agricole nicht auf Anhieb so genehm wie ein melassebasierter Rum (oder Tafia, wie auf diese Art hergestellter Rum damals genannt wurde), doch je mehr man sich mit der Gattung Rum auseinandersetzt, um so deutlicher wird einem, dass die gewöhnungsbedürftigen Jamaikaner, Haitianer und Martiniquaner eigentlich die “guten” sind, während die süßen, massenkompatiblen Dessertrums Anfängerrums für Leute sind, die eigentlich gar keinen Rum wollen, sondern Likör. Doch da Williams grundsätzlich nicht mit Hohn und Spott spart, und im 17. Jahrhundert die Produktionsbedingungen gewiss andere waren als heute, will ich ihm das durchgehen lassen.

Interessant ist daher der Verdacht, den Williams gegen Ende gegenüber Bacardi äußert: er vermutet Zusatzstoffe in deren Rum. Einerseits hat Williams Recht, denn viele Rums verwenden heutzutage, und wohl schon länger, einen “beaker of ‘essence’ of Añejo”, in Form von Zucker, Glycerin und Aromastoffen. Doch es ist weniger Bacardi als vielmehr der von Williams gern gelobte venezuelanische, guatemaltekische und guyanische Rum, der hier besonders mit Zusatzstoffen zaubert.

Trotz ein paar Längen, in denen vielleicht ein Tick zu detailverliebt erzählt wird, ist dies ein äußerst spannendes Geschichtsbuch, das mit einer plakativen These mitreißt, ohne zu boulevardesk zu werden, und vor Einsichten fast platzt, und, fast selten heutzutage, auch Position bezieht. Eine wirklich unterhaltsame, ironielastige Sprache lässt es nie langweilig werden – und es ist nicht so schwierig, dass man nicht zur Lektüre einen leckeren Rum trinken könnte.
Profile Image for Carrie.
240 reviews5 followers
June 17, 2010
This book was fairly interesting, but wasn't what I was expecting based on the title. I thought it would be solely focused on rum's role in the American revolution, but really it was more a general history of rum, with some things thrown in to support the whole "spirit of '76" argument. Generally I felt like the author's logic was weak and assumed you knew things most people wouldn't know, drawing conclusions without any supporting argument. Also, the production of the book was pretty bad — riddled with typos and in one instance two pages were actually flipped so they weren't in chronological order.
Profile Image for Ellis Hastings.
Author 4 books6 followers
September 20, 2022
An interesting book I read for my U.S. Historical Geography course. It was arguably one of the more entertaining and less dry books that I've read this course. However, despite the entertainment of it, and the interesting history of the spirit, I have to analyze it through the lense of it as an academic work. My first big critique, is that Williams' writing style felt unprofessional with awkward wording and a lot of personal opinions thrown it. Such as writing in the opening of chapter seven that the early Pilgrims "were a bunch of weird cultists." Honestly, this odd injection of the author's opinion, abruptness of the claim, and sweeping generalization of a group of people made it impossible for me to take Williams seriously, despite the plethora of information from his research. Also, this book wasn't a strong argument for rum's importance in the American Revolution, therefore it shouldn't have been styled as an academic book. If Williams had marketed the book as a general history about rum, it would have been easier to overlook his forced opinions. So, if Williams was outright like "hey, I'm going to give you a lesson about where rum came from and its history in the United States," his personal views would feel more as a regular guy who knows a lot about the history of rum sharing interesting facts and information with the reader.
Profile Image for Elizabeth Brewington.
16 reviews1 follower
August 23, 2023
Rum: A Social and Sociable History of the Real Spirit of 1776 Brightside Book Review

President, Foreign Press Association, USA, President at Deadline Pundit Inc and the Author of"RUM: A SOCIAL AND SOCIABLE HISTORY OF THE REAL SPIRIT OF 1776". This Historical Rum Memoir takes us on a journey through the history of rum, from its birthplace in seventeenth-century Barbados to its place in modern-day voodoo rites in Haiti. Williams also delves into the political and economic battles over the Havana Club label between the Bacardi family and Fidel Castro. Through vivid storytelling and captivating photographs, Williams brings to life the true "Spirit of 1776". Whether you're a rum enthusiast or a history buff, this book is a must-read.
Profile Image for Robert.
32 reviews1 follower
April 1, 2018
It is a really detailed account of rum and the history of the subject. I found several of the chapters to be a little fluff. But a couple of the chapters were really good and encouraged additional reading, like Barbados and Cuba. This is not a book I decided to keep in my library.
82 reviews11 followers
October 15, 2017
I found this a solidly good read with a particularly good chapter on rums from Cuba. Better than some other rum books I've read, not perfect though.

19 reviews1 follower
August 7, 2018
Ahhhh RUM! What a key ingredient in our History. A fun journey through the liver soaked centuries, leaders, and prohibition's ironic key to Rum smuggling.
Profile Image for Josephus FromPlacitas.
227 reviews35 followers
March 7, 2008
Williams began with a strong introduction describing his Christmases as a child where the aromas of oranges, cigars and his father's holiday rum took on a special meaning for him. Then he goes into a review of rum's history, with glimpses of sugar-based liquors of the ancient world and then a long look at rum produced under that name in the Caribbean from the end of the 16th Century and beyond. Especially notable was rum as the key commodity funding the slave trade, keeping slaves down as they toiled on sugar plantations and paying for more African captives and the ships to haul them.

While the technology development of rum manufacture during colonial days and the available historical information about the rum trade were pretty interesting, the writing lacked the same thrill as I saw in the intro. The patchiness of records and the alienness of people so culturally and historically distant was difficult to overcome.

The prose didn't regain its punch (haw haw haw!) until the final third of the book, when he got to more recognizable historical times from the Revolution up to today. Williams really started drawing me back in when he described his modern-day visit to Barbancourt distillery, one of Haiti's only functioning businesses. And, like any good armchair leftist, I harumphed and grumbled with gusto as the Bacardi family and the US courts committed open theft against the Cuban people. Williams takes extra care to point out that the Bacardi family (who produced some of the most dogmatic political players in DC with regards to Latin America) also inured the world to a terrible, nigh-undrinkable rum that needs to be mixed with Coke so you can't taste it.

The thesis, that the American Revolution had as much to do with control over the molasses-for-rum trade as it had to do with other ideals or products (tea) was engrossing. Note that one of the first acts of the US Congress after Washington became president was to instate a 4-cent tax on molasses (see Gore Vidal's Washington, Adams, Jefferson). Also note that colonists drank like oversalted fish, averaging three pints of rum a week. John Adams, the stuffy moralist, started each morning with a hearty stein of hard cider before doing his presidenting.
64 reviews2 followers
November 25, 2011
A historical view of Rhum from the first recorded reference to the liquor to the present day monopolies and struggles in the industry. All history books should be written in a similar manner to this book for better retention and insight in to history. The short stories and personal accounts captured in the book make the rise, fall and flat line of rum very entertaining and enjoyable. In some instance the book takes many political jabs which are not necessary to the overall expression in rum's history. It was fascinating to read about taxes, tariffs, trade wars and overall human trafficking which is a deep part of the rum legacy. There are several interesting historical tid bits and opinions gleaned from the facts available which made the book hard to put down sometimes. there is a lot of discussion about all the steps needed to make rum, why some countries are better suited for the market of rum, and what truly distinguishes one rum from another in today's market. It is a quick, fun read about history in general and the creation of rum. B
137 reviews5 followers
July 19, 2014
The history was very interesting. It was great the way the author was able to tie in the history of rum with different world events. The first part, up until the American Civil Was was well organized. The rest of the chapters not so much so. It was if he was attempting to give enough story to justify the 'rum facts', but the flow he had in the earlier part of the book was missing.

Another problem I had, which will prove to be a deficit for the future is offhand references to current events, without much detail. One wonders whether future readers will understand the analogies. For example,

"Jenkins' ear was as dubiously sourced a casus belli as Saddam Hussein's weapons of mass destruction, but any excuse will do when war fever grips, as we know to our cost through history."

I did enjoy the book. But it wasn't something I could read casually.
Profile Image for Tom Hamilton.
23 reviews
February 20, 2010
I should have enjoyed this book. It's a topic I love, and I was hoping Williams would present rum's history in an entertaining way. Which is exactly what he attempts to do, but he fails. While there are a few interesting anecdotes that you wouldn't get from a more dry, straight ahead approach, Williams' sentence structure is tortured and exasperating. This is a book that I tried to soldier through, but had to give up on, which is all the more frustrating because of my passion for rum.
Profile Image for Alfonso Castillo.
3 reviews1 follower
December 25, 2013
De verdad disfruté mucho su lectura. Pienso que no es un libro fácil de digerir en el sentido de que la redacción puede volverse pesada de a ratos, sin embargo el contenido histórico recopilado por Ian Williams tiene realmente un valor enorme.

Recomiendo este libro para todos aquellos apasionados con las bebidas espirituosas en general que quieren ampliar sus conocimientos sobre historia y detalles del surgimiento del Ron.
Profile Image for Dale.
128 reviews
November 20, 2009
I couldn't quite finish this. An easy read, but not particularly interesing to me, actually it was somewhat depressing. Alot of history about the origins of rum in the caribbean, it's close dependance on forced labor and island habitat distruction.
Profile Image for Dave Crokaert.
12 reviews
October 15, 2012
Mixed feelings about this book. Some chapters are very informative and entertaining, but about half of this book is too long, while other parts are more important and interesting and could've done with more pages.
Profile Image for Daryl Muranaka.
Author 4 books11 followers
November 27, 2013
A fun history about a fun spirit. The troubled history of rum (not to mention sugar) is a great subject for an enjoyable book that gives a period of history an interesting spin. Plus it reminded me of why I came to rum so late and why I don't touch Bacardi.
184 reviews2 followers
May 4, 2016
Seemed more like a compilation of articles than a book, but still fairly informative. Had a disappointing number of grammatical & editorial mistakes, and Williams has an idiosyncratic writing style that can be confusing at times.
Profile Image for Armond.
2 reviews
July 26, 2008
What a book...fantastic...if you want to learn the real history of the US...this is the book to read.
Profile Image for Danielle.
26 reviews4 followers
April 19, 2013
Pretty interesting, but some of it is quite dry. When a page is full of historical dates, I start to skim.
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