"In the 1920s over ten million people stood in the world’s beet and cane fields, most of whom for only part of the year. Nonetheless, sugar involved the work of more than 2 percent of the world population, which translated to 6–8 percent of all the world’s households."
There are few commodities as integral to the development of our modern economy as sugar, and few which have been as associated with the worst forms of human exploitation. From slavery, indenture, prison labour, child labour to some of history's worst factory conditions, not to mention the wholescale invasion and colonisation of lands, the human appetite for sugar has enabled/justified pretty awful things.
It has also led to resistance - from Haiti's slave revolts, to Cuba's revolution and Indonesia's massive communist party - the organising of sugar workers has been at the forefront of how we have developed.
Bosma captures the sweep of sugar well, in a massive account that starts with early cultivation in India, and traces through to the modern day, and the impact of artificial sweeteners and corn syrup. His focus is often upon the industry - key families, empires and imperialists - which I found an often frustrating way to get to the story I was more interested in, that of how the actions of those exploited in it changed our world.
My favourite sections were those dealing with sugar cultivation in Asia, from the early development of gur, to the huge sugar mills in Indonesia, and the more US-entangled sugar fields of the Philippines - including experiments with collective cultivation - and Hawaii. I had little idea of how globally competitive these countries had been, and how shaped by the industry. The development of protectionism largely to 'protect' Northern economies from the inevitably more efficient tropical production was eye opening. It was also depressing to read about how sharecropping effectively is introduced just at the point that mechanisation makes farming less profitable, and the exploitation cycle moves towards overworked factories, which in turn screw the newly liberated farmers on prices. AS someone who has always vaguely regarded artificial sweeteners as unsafe based on something I heard somewhere once, I was chagrined to learn that this is essentially a result of an industry-wide misinformation campaign launched and funded from the 1960s onwards, much like the campaigns funded by the fossil fuel and tobacco industries. Sigh.
Bosma finishes by looking at the global health impacts of cheap, plentiful sugar as well as the creeping environmental concerns. He doesn't really look at the dynamics of commodities here, but his plea to recognise the need for a change is heartfelt and gives weight to the rest of the book.