Alexander Pushkin is praised for both his fantasies and his use of social realism in stories. Even that hardly captures the astounding range of his writings. In this volume alone we have a story set around a Cossack rebellion, a supernatural tale about gambling, a story of injustice and banditry, a sympathetic portrayal of a black man at Peter the Great’s court, and a final tale of seduction by a member of the upper classes.
Let us begin. The Captain’s Daughter is the story set around a Cossack rebellion. Our youthful, inexperienced (and often doltish) hero is sent by his parents to a remote military outpost in Orenburg. It seems like there is little to do there but fight a duel with an obnoxious comrade, fall in love, and have amiable discussions with the likeable superior officers there.
This hardly prepares us for what will happen next. An insurgency is led by a poor man, Pugachev. The fort is over-run, and many of those likeable characters that we have seen are promptly executed or killed by this would-be Czar.
Our narrating hero Pyotr Andreyich Grinyov only survives because he once showed kindness to Pugachev in his less successful days. An adventure follows in which Grinyov is able to rescue his sweetheart, Masha. However Grinyov’s close relationship with the enemy leads to him being put on trial, and he only narrowly escapes execution.
The story is conventional and romantic, but certainly not dull. Pushkin shows some progressive tendencies when he deplores the use of torture, though his views were fairly common at that time in Russia. There is still a colonialist belief that Russia is entitled to occupy the territories of neighbours however. It has the distinction of being Pushkin’s only completed novel.
The Queen of Spades is one of Pushkin’s most famous short stories, a fascinatingly ambiguous tale of avarice. A soldier and congenital gambler, Hermann learns of an old countess who possesses a supernatural ability for winning at cards. She is able to play three cards that always win.
The soldier decides to woo her long-suffering ward, but this is a ruse to get into the house. Once there, he does not visit the hapless Lizavyeta but instead seeks out the countess. He wishes to find out the three cards, but his violent threats cause the old woman to die of fright.
However it is not over then. Her ghost returns to give Hermann the three winning cards on condition that he marries her ward. What happens next is unclear. Hermann is winning a good deal of money based on those three cards, but suddenly he sees that he has played the Queen of Spades, and not the winning card as he thought. The Queen appears to have the face of the Countess. Hermann flees, a ruined man, and ends up in the madhouse.
What happened here? Did Hermann misread the card, or was it magically changed? Has his gambling mania led to insanity, or is he really being punished? If so, why? The dead countess promised him luck. Was she deceiving him, or does she doubt his willingness to marry Lizavyeta?
Does Hermann choose to lose unconsciously, because he is a gambling addict, and a total win would end his gambling forever? Or did he choose to lose out of guilt? Perhaps the Queen of Spades reminded him of the Countess, and affected his judgement? Who knows? Pushkin leaves the matter open for the reader to choose their own interpretation.
This collection of stories is sometimes tantalising and frustrating, because it includes two unfinished works. The first of these is Dubrovsky, which is about a young nobleman who is cheated out of his inheritance by the aristocrat, Kirila Petrovitch Troekurov, after Troekurov falls out with Dubrovsky’s father.
As a result, Dubrovsky becomes a bandit who attacks the wealthy, particularly those who played about in Troekurov’s swindle. To complicate matters, Dubrovsky falls in love with Troekurov’s daughter, Marya.
Marya’s father decides to marry her to an elderly aristocrat. We are led to imagine that somehow Dubrovsky will appear at the last minute to prevent the marriage, but this never happens, and the story ends with a footnote saying Dubrovsky disappeared, presumably leaving Russia.
This is another romantic novel with no particular serious message. The ending is disappointing, and I do wonder where Pushkin would have chosen to take it if he had completed the book.
The same is true of Peter the Great’s Negro, one of the most intriguing of all unfinished works. The negro is Ibrahim, once a powerful Moor who was rescued from captivity by the Czar, and stands in great favour with him.
Ibrahim has a French mistress (she is married), but he decides to leave her and return to Russia. Later he learns that she has found another lover, but this is never confirmed. So Ibrahim agrees to marry another young noblewoman, but she is terrified of his appearance.
That’s all of the story we have, though there is reason to believe that his new wife was going to be unfaithful to him. Just where would Pushkin have taken this? We will never know.
What makes the work interesting is that Pushkin describes Ibrahim with total sympathy and even empathy, and there is no exoticism in his treatment of the Moor. It is the other characters who treat him as an exotic outsider, but Pushkin is happy to enter into Ibrahim’s skin, and show him as someone no different from us except by birth.
This is because the character is based on Pushkin’s maternal great-grandfather, Abram Petrovich Gannibal, a black African who was brought to Russia during the reign of Peter the Great. Pushkin is paying tribute to a family member. The book could have been an insightful one that challenged prejudice, but instead all we have is a fragment.
The last story in this collection is The Station-Master. The narrator describes with tolerance this much-maligned profession, and describes his experiences with an anonymous station-master. The titular character is an amiable man until his daughter Dunia is stolen from him by a hussar.
Is she abducted, or does she go of her own free will? Either way she seems happier in her new lifestyle. Meanwhile the station-master takes to drink and dies, and she visits his grave. Unlike the Prodigal Son (the station is adorned with pictures of this Biblical story), this prodigal daughter will not return during his lifetime.
The story is about class issues. The young hussar feels it is acceptable to take the station-master’s daughter because he is higher-ranking, and she is glad to have the chance to live in comfort.
The contrast in their lifestyles could not be greater. The station-master may be disturbed at any hour of the day to provide his service whereas Minskii (the hussar) never receives anybody before eleven. He is able to throw money at the poor station-master as if that makes everything right. The wealthy can freely exploit the poor and then discard them when it suits them.
This is a decent collection of stories and worth a read. I just wish Pushkin had been able to complete them all.