A World Made New is an informative book on what went on behind the scenes during the crafting of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights. The wording of the Preamble and articles are hassled over by delegates from numerous nations, and A World Made New allows its readers to see every bit of maneuvering and chicanery along the way.
The book functions as a history of the birth of the United Nations, telling the tale of an organization founded to bring something good out of the Second World War's ashes.
While Eleanor Roosevelt's name is (for good reason, as she was the initial chairman of the Human Rights Commission) in the title, the book essentially has five heroes whose actions are integral to the U.N.'s founding: Eleanor Roosevelt, Charles Malik, Rene Cassin, P.C. Chang, and John Humphrey. Each of these individuals are fleshed out well by the author. Elements of their personalities still come through well in the nonfiction format.
Lebanon's Charles Malik plays a major role in shepherding the Declaration through committees, trying to narrow the divide between Western nations and those in the Soviet bloc and developing world. Author Mary Ann Glendon makes the young philosophy professor out to be an intellectual who bridges a lot of the gaps between differing viewpoints and has a devotion to the cause of human rights. Malik is a Christian, and as such has torn feelings as the Middle East begins to experience major upheavals in the late 1940s. The difficult circumstances surrounding the re-initiation of Israel into the family of nations, along with the increasing tensions between the U.S. and Russia in the post World War Two years, makes the job of bridge-building delegates like Malik incredibly difficult. He eventually rises to the HRC chairmanship after Roosevelt steps down.
Rene Cassin of France comes out to the no less dedicated, but his lawyerly, argumentative side comes out on occasion during the process of putting together the U.N.'s declaration. He was ultimately responsible for much of the Universal Declaration's final wording.
The initial recording of the articles was done by John Humphrey, a brilliant Canadian also trained in the law. He appears in A World Made New as a dedicated public servant with a lawyer's eye for making sure the early institutions established by the United Nations stood on as firm of a legal footing as possible.
P.C. Chang brought a different perspective to the Human Rights Committee's Declaration drafting. Like those from the Soviet Union, the delegate from China attached a lot of importance to the economic/social portions of the draft. This proved to be a big divide between the West and China as well as the Soviet satellite states: while the Western countries liked to talk up democracy, the latter liked to talk up the role of government in providing social security for all citizens. Eleanor Roosevelt eventually allowed the inclusion of these types of rights in the final draft, but was careful to point out that the U.S. did not think they implied "an obligation on governments to assure the enjoyment of these rights by direct governmental action." America and a handful of other countries wanted to see aid to the sick, needy, and infirm handled more by private means. Chang pushed what he called "two-mindedness," by which he meant the delegates should attempt to see things from one another's perspective. The book makes him out to be dedicated to finding a common ground between the more individualistic and collectivist outlooks.
A division between the delegates is whether the United Nations should focus more on a declaration of principles or a binding framework of international law its outset. The author seems to indicate that it was a better move to go with a statement of nonbinding principles first, as these often can shame nations into behaving better than claims of international statutes. This is, in fact, exactly what the commission ends up doing.
The book takes place against the backdrop of anticommunism on the part of the U.S. and expansionism/assertiveness on the part of the Soviet Union. Glendon does nice work on showing how these factors made the United States in general and Eleanor Roosevelt in particular reticent to commit one of the world's two superpowers to a U.N. with strong enforcement mechanisms. Concepts like a World Court, embraced by many European nations, would be controversial and remain so in the United States. The challenges of forming a document that would satisfy diverse countries (religiously, racially, philosophically) are well-documented, and Glendon shows how the early U.N. founders did their best to synthesize different ideas into a framework of undeniable truths of human nature which will always be worthy of protection.
The manner in which the U.S. and U.S.S.R. were both willing to pick and choose which human rights they would accuse the other of violating provided an early warning sign of the risk of having the term human rights being too poorly defined. Issues such as these provided a sad undertone to A World Made New, demonstrating how creating a useful international organization to settle disagreements among countries would always remain a work in progress.
This is an important book for the documentation it provides of the U.N.'s birth pangs. The insightful look at how much went into creating a Declaration that over fifty countries could sign off on underscores just how much effort would be required to make sure the United Nations remained relevant in a world of scores of different perspectives and beliefs.
-Andrew Canfield Denver, Colorado