"For even if we cannot know the ultimate consequence of our actions or inactions, we must nonetheless behave as if they do have ultimate consequences. No little thing in our lives is without meaning; never mind that we can never know it ourselves. I did what I did, my duty, in order to free the slaves. I did it to change history. It is finally that simple. My immediate motives, of course, at every step of the way were like everyone else's, even Father's-mixed, often confused and selfish, and frequently unknown even to me until many years later. But so long as I was doing my duty, so long as I was acting on the principles that I had learned when a child, then I was bending my life to free the slaves: I was shaping and curving it like a barrel stave that would someday fit with other lives similarly bent, so as to construct a vessel capable of measuring out and transporting into the future the history of our time and place. It would be a history capable of establishing forever the true nature and meaning of the nineteenth century in the United States of America, and thus would my tiny life raise a storm that would alter the face of the planet. Father's God-fearing, typological vision of the events that surrounded us then was not so different from mine. My vision may have been secular and his Biblical, but neither was materialistic. They were both, perhaps, versions of Mr. Emerson's grand, over-arching, transcendental vision, just not so clearly or poetically expressed. At least in my case. In Father's, I'm not so sure, for the Bible is nothing if not clear and poetical."
Cloudsplitter is written from the perspective of Owen Brown, one of John Brown's sons who was with him during the Kansas War and the raid on Harper's Ferry. Owen Brown is now an old man, reflecting back on his life through a series of letters he is writing to a woman who is working on a biography of his father. The book covers a large time span, from the 1830s up to 1859. Russell Banks writing is very good, he does a great job of recreating the time period. The characters speak in the vernacular of their time and Banks is very skilled at recreating the setting, which is crucial to understanding how the Brown family lived, how the Underground Railroad operated and how John Brown's guerilla war tactics succeeded for so long. Another impressive part of this book is how Banks is able to keep the story so personal and fully flesh out the family dynamics without getting lost in the larger than life persona of John Brown. The writing is romantic but direct, at times melodramatic and at times unflinching in its depictions of death and violence.
The structure of the novel is episodic, working through Owen Brown's memories in roughly chronological order, with the major themes of the novel re-emerging throughout. I felt a deep understanding and connection to the character of Owen Brown. He is a boy stuck in the shadow of his morally righteous and authoritative father, who frustrates him and restricts him but who he cannot abandon. Owen struggles with finding meaning in his life and often feels alienated, angry and lonely. He does not have the religious convictions of his father and so is often lost on what the correct action is. He acts as a great foil to the self-assured John Brown.
The book is over 750 pages long but it justifies its length. Beyond the philosophical discussions it is simply a great story in an incredibly interesting and volatile period of history. Smuggling slaves away from bounty hunters, working with Frederick Douglass, Harriet Tubman and Ralph Waldo Emerson, taking on drunken militias in Kansas, there is a lot here. A standout episode for me was Owen and Father Brown's trip to England in 1848. The day to day life of maintaining a large family and farm isolated in the Adirondack mountains was fascinating to me as well. The level of manual labour needed from all members of the family puts us to shame.
The central question I kept asking myself while reading Cloudsplitter was: How did John Brown know that his beliefs were right and true? How did he know his actions were following the right path? I think the opening quote I transcribed is as close to an answer as I will get, that of course you cannot really know, but you must act as though your life has larger consequences, and knowing this act according to your principles to shape your vision onto the world. When written out this sounds obvious and straightforward. When seen in practice it is awe-inspiring.
From a Marxist perspective it is interesting to see what pushed John Brown towards violence when others would not. Two major events seem to be responsible for this. First, was Brown's disastrous trip to England where he sold his sheep's wool at a loss, causing him to declare bankruptcy in 1849. Second was the passing of the Fugitive Slave Act by Congress in 1850. Brown's bankruptcy finally freed him from his pursuit of financial success and left him with nothing left to lose. His material conditions needed to deteriorate to a level where he felt completely alienated from society and was forced to focus his full attention on ending slavery. The Fugitive Slave Act required free states to capture and return escaped slaves to the slaveholders, and made it a crime to assist them in any way. This forced Northeners to either support slavery or revolt against the U.S. government. It forced Brown and many others to take the next step and break the law rather than be complicit in slavery. Once this line was crossed it became clear that other laws could be broken if they were also unjust.
I firmly believe that John Brown was not crazy and that his actions were justified. He had absolute belief in God, and so his path was clear to him. He had to oppose slavery at every point in his life. He never compromised his beliefs no matter how difficult it made his and his family's lives. At the same time he did not act maliciously to those who did not follow his strict moral compass, except for those facilitating slavery, and held himself to the highest standard. With hindsight it is easy to look at John Brown and say: "Well of course he was so confident and determined in his beliefs because slavery is so obviously evil. I would have done everything to end slavery too." I don't think many of us would. I don't know if I would. This is made clear in the book with countless examples. Most white people in the North were "against" slavery, but they did not want to think or interact with it. White people in general turned against John Brown for making them uncomfortable and causing trouble, even when they supported his beliefs. Many of the famous abolitionists toured around and gave grand speeches but they would never risk their lives or status to fight against slavery. That is the actual requirement for making real change: being willing to die for your beliefs. That is what makes John Brown so admirable.