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Mémorial de la Shoah
Nazi Propaganda for the Arab World: With a New Preface
This groundbreaking history connects Nazi Germany’s Arabic-language propaganda during World War II to anti-Semitism in the Middle East in the decades since.
Jeffrey Herf, a leading scholar in the field, offers the most extensive examination to date of Nazi propaganda activities targeting Arabs and Muslims in the Middle East during World War II and the Holocaust. He draws extensively on previously unused and little-known archival resources, including the shocking transcriptions of the “Axis Broadcasts in Arabic” radio programs, which convey a strongly anti-Semitic message. Herf explores the intellectual, political, and cultural context in which German and European radical anti-Semitism was found to resonate with similar views rooted in a selective appropriation of the traditions of Islam. Pro-Nazi Arab exiles in wartime Berlin, including Haj el-Husseini and Rashid el-Kilani, collaborated with the Nazis in constructing their Middle East propaganda campaign. By integrating the political and military history of the war in the Middle East with the intellectual and cultural dimensions of the propagandistic diffusion of Nazi ideology, Herf offers the most thorough examination to date of this important chapter in the history of World War II. Importantly, he also shows how the anti-Semitism promoted by the Nazi propaganda effort contributed to the anti-Semitism exhibited by adherents of radical forms of Islam in the Middle East today.
Jeffrey Herf, a leading scholar in the field, offers the most extensive examination to date of Nazi propaganda activities targeting Arabs and Muslims in the Middle East during World War II and the Holocaust. He draws extensively on previously unused and little-known archival resources, including the shocking transcriptions of the “Axis Broadcasts in Arabic” radio programs, which convey a strongly anti-Semitic message. Herf explores the intellectual, political, and cultural context in which German and European radical anti-Semitism was found to resonate with similar views rooted in a selective appropriation of the traditions of Islam. Pro-Nazi Arab exiles in wartime Berlin, including Haj el-Husseini and Rashid el-Kilani, collaborated with the Nazis in constructing their Middle East propaganda campaign. By integrating the political and military history of the war in the Middle East with the intellectual and cultural dimensions of the propagandistic diffusion of Nazi ideology, Herf offers the most thorough examination to date of this important chapter in the history of World War II. Importantly, he also shows how the anti-Semitism promoted by the Nazi propaganda effort contributed to the anti-Semitism exhibited by adherents of radical forms of Islam in the Middle East today.
335 pages, Paperback
First published January 1, 2009
12 people are currently reading
290 people want to read
About the author
Jeffrey Herf
22 books19 followersJeffrey Herf is a professor of history at the University of Maryland. His specialty is in 20th-century European intellectual history, especially in Germany. He won the American Historical Association's George Louis Beer Prize in 1998; in September 1996, he was awarded the Fraenkel Prize in Contemporary History by the Institute of Contemporary History and the Wiener Library in London. He has also published political essays in Partisan Review and reviews in the New Republic, as well as in Die Zeit, the Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung and Die Welt, and he has lectured widely in the United States, Europe and Israel. He was a contributing editor to Partisan Review and is a member of the editorial board of Central European History.
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Displaying 1 - 9 of 9 reviews
January 20, 2017
"The propaganda was also disseminated that the Jews were the glue that held together those earmarked as enemies of both Nazi Germany and the Arabs, Britain, the USA and the Communists.
Arab religious leaders referred to Hitler as the reincarnation of Jesus (Isa) predicted in the Koran who would return as a warrior to defeat the enemies of Islam while Shiites in Iraq were told that Hitler was the incantation of the eleventh Iman who would bring victory to Islam.
On 1 March 1944 el-Husseini broadcast from Berlin to Palestine "Arabs rise as one and fight for your sacred rights. Kill the Jews wherever you find them. This pleases God, history and religion""
I was offered this book today. I'm not sure if I have the stomach for it. I'm reading The American Slave Coast: A History of the Slave-Breeding Industry in part about President Jefferson's major part in the founding of that home-grown industry and I'm finding it very upsetting.
Maybe all I need to read is this very-detailed review.
Arab religious leaders referred to Hitler as the reincarnation of Jesus (Isa) predicted in the Koran who would return as a warrior to defeat the enemies of Islam while Shiites in Iraq were told that Hitler was the incantation of the eleventh Iman who would bring victory to Islam.
On 1 March 1944 el-Husseini broadcast from Berlin to Palestine "Arabs rise as one and fight for your sacred rights. Kill the Jews wherever you find them. This pleases God, history and religion""
I was offered this book today. I'm not sure if I have the stomach for it. I'm reading The American Slave Coast: A History of the Slave-Breeding Industry in part about President Jefferson's major part in the founding of that home-grown industry and I'm finding it very upsetting.
Maybe all I need to read is this very-detailed review.
March 6, 2026
A comprehensive and pivotal work detailing the dissemination of propaganda from Nazi Germany into the Middle East and north Africa during the Second World War, and the development that this had on Arab and Islamic anti-Semitism/Anti-Zionism to this very day.
During the Second World War Nazi Germany circulated millions of printed leaflets and broadcast thousands of hours of shortwave radio (all in Arabic) in order to disseminate it's anti-Jewish ideology throughout he Arab world. what this work does is to document the ideas, individuals and institutions behind this initiative. Nazi Germany was at pains to demonstrate to the Muslims that it was anti-Jewish but in no way hostile to other Semitic peoples such as Arabs and Iranians who it professed great admiration and affinity for.
The first Axis broadcasts in Arabic were pioneered by Fascist Italy in it's radio broadcasts on Radio Bari, in 1934. At he same time Hitler, Joachim von Ribbentrop, Heinrich Himmler and officials in the Reich Security Main Office (RSHA) demonstrated a strong determination to make appeals to Arabs and Muslims. Nazi Germany stressed that it was an uncompromising foe of Zionism, which which was to bring much Arab support.
In June 1939 Saudi King Ibn Saud Khalid al-Hud-al Qarqani met with Hitler who assured him of his long standing sympathy for the Arabs and his willingness to offer them 'active assistance',and especially his support for the Arab cause in Palestine and determination to prevent the realization of a Jewish Nation home there.
Fascist Italy broadcast Arabic programmes from 1934 to 1943, Nazi shortwave broadcasts in Arabic commenced in October 1939, and continued until March 1945 on the Nazi German Arab language radio station, the Voice of Free Arabism. The Nazi regime saw extreme anti-Semitism and anti-Zionism as pivotal points of entry into the Arab world. As the author explains " Throughout the war Nazi Arabic radio repeated the charge that World War II was a Jewish war whose purpose in the region was to establish a Jewish State in Palestine that would expand into and dominate the entire Muslim and Arab world. Moreover the broadcasts asserted that the Jews in the mid twentieth century were were attempting to destroy Islam just as their ancestors had been attempting to do for thirteen centuries...An Axis victory would prevent the formation of a Jewish state in Palestine".
The same way Nazi propaganda exploited hundreds of years of Christian anti-Semitism and anti-Semitic canards to create it's venomous propaganda, so Nazi propaganda in the Arab world did the same with the anti-Semitism inherent in Islamic thought. This dissemination was to be a moulding force in the ideas of both anti-Zionist Arab nationalism and Islamist radicalism to this very day, and can be echoed in the propaganda of Islamists today such as Hamas, Islamic Jihad, Hezbollah, the Khamenei-Ahmadinejad Islamist regime in Iran and a plethora of Islamic media.
The same way the Nazis decried and despised the elective affinity between English Puritanism and the Jews, so they took pride in the affinity between National Socialist ideology and what it selected from the traditions of Islam.
Hitler assured Palestinian Arab leader Haj Amin el Husseini that once he had defeated Soviet Russia and moved south from the Caucuses, the 'policy of destruction of the Jewish element' would be extended to Egypt, Palestine, Iraq and Transjordan. In the event of an Axis victory in North Africa Einzatsgruppen SS units were being prepared to be sent to the region to annihilate the Jews of Palestine and elsewhere in North Africa and the Middle East. in collaboration with the Palestine Arabs . This would certainly have happened had the German forces been victorious at El Alamein and overrun Egypt from where they would have invaded the Holy Land. Plans were made between the Mufti and the Nazi leadership for this extension of the final solution and can be illustrated in detail in Nazi Palestine: The Plans for the Extermination of the Jews in Palestine. The Mufti's collaboration with SS officials extended to a close collaboration with Himmler himself and Eichmann. VFA in it's broadcasts to Egypt to greater militancy to prevent Palestine 'becoming a Jewish colony".
Axis backed incitement intensified in 1942 with El Husseini and Yunus Bahri urged Arabs in Egypt and Palestine to "rise, murder the Jew and seize their property".
In October 1942 The Arab Nation from Berlin broadcast in Arabic that the Arabs would refuse any sort of coexistence with the Jews. And as Herf points out ' Refusal of any compromise on the Palestine issue was another logical outcome of the intertwining of political and religious themes in Axis propaganda.
On October 19, 1943, Berlin in Arabic attacked Chaim Weizmann "Perhaps this despicable usurer is hoping that the Arabs of Palestine will leave their country to the Jews. but wait, dirty Jew, Palestine will remain a pure Arab country as it has always been. It is you and your dirty relatives who will be kicked out and this will come about by the grace of Allah". VFA broadcast that Jews hoped to use Palestine to expand and rule over a vast empire from the Tigris in Iraq to as far as Morocco. On November 21, VFA proclaimed 'Since the days of Mohammed the Jews have been hostile to Islam...Hatred of Islam and of the Arabs is the main reason for the desire of the Jews to have Palestine for their own and if they take Palestine they will be in a good position over the other Arab countries".
Nazi propaganda presented Zionism as the in the supposedly ancient Jewish vendetta against Islam.
Thousands of propaganda pamphlets and broadcasts in North Africa 1943 disseminated to Arabs the idea that the Jews kindled World War II, that the Arabs had been enslaved by the Jews of Palestine and that this fate awaited the Arabs of North Africa unless the Axis was victorious.
As evidence of the annihilation of the Jews in Europe filtered to the world in 1943, the Arab Nation and VFA referred to this evidence as lies-an early example of Holocaust Denial, and that the Jews 'would not be able to take Palestine unless the world believes they are worthy of sympathy" Thus the stage was set for the centrality of Holocaust denial in anti-Zionism.
The propaganda was also disseminated that the Jews were the glue that held together those earmarked as enemies of both Nazi Germany and the Arabs, Britain, the USA and the Communists.
Arab religious leaders referred to Hitler as the reincarnation of Jesus (Isa) predicted in the Koran who would return as a warrior to defeat the enemies of Islam while Shiites in Iraq were told that Hitler was the incantation of the eleventh Iman who would bring victory to Islam.
On 1 March 1944 el-Husseini broadcast from Berlin to Palestine "Arabs rise as one and fight for your sacred rights. Kill the Jews wherever you find them. This pleases God, history and religion"
After the defeat of Nazi Germany in 1945, the British declined to let the Mufti and other pro-Nazi Arab leaders be prosecuted as this would lose them much needed Arab support. The Mufti was not brought to trial for incitement and actions at times more inflammatory than those of German officials such as Otto Dietrich, who was brought to trial in Nuremberg.
After the war the Palestine Arab Party which supported the Mufti and was led by his cousin Jamal al-Husseini put pressure on the British to release all the incarcerated Axis leaders and saw the Mufti's wartime activity as a source of pride.
Continuation of the propaganda began by the Axis broadcasts was continued by the Muslim Brotherhood as well as the governments of Syria and Egypt. The fact that Colonel Nasser hired Nazi propagandist Johan Von Leers to hear Egyptian information agencies illustrated his determination to continue to support the ideas and propaganda about Jews and Israel that were rooted in Nazi propaganda and ideology.
A very important work in tracing the history of Islamic propaganda against Israel and Jews and demonstrates to both Islamic and Leftist anti-Zionist propagandists the company and legacy that they share.
Other important works on the Nazi roots of Islamic Jihad and Jew-hatred include Icon of Evil: Hitler's Mufti and the Rise of Radical Islam, The Nazi Connection to Islamic Terrorism: Adolf Hitler and Haj Amin al-Husseini, History Upside Down: The Roots of Palestinian Fascism and the Myth of Israeli AggressionA Lethal Obsession: Anti-Semitism from Antiquity to the Global Jihad and Jihad and Jew-Hatred: Islamism, Nazism and the Roots of 9/11
Merged review:
A comprehensive and pivotal work detailing the dissemination of propaganda from Nazi Germany into the Middle East and north Africa during the Second World War, and the development that this had on Arab and Islamic anti-Semitism/Anti-Zionism to this very day.
During the Second World War Nazi Germany circulated millions of printed leaflets and broadcast thousands of hours of shortwave radio (all in Arabic) in order to disseminate it's anti-Jewish ideology throughout he Arab world. what this work does is to document the ideas, individuals and institutions behind this initiative. Nazi Germany was at pains to demonstrate to the Muslims that it was anti-Jewish but in no way hostile to other Semitic peoples such as Arabs and Iranians who it professed great admiration and affinity for.
The first Axis broadcasts in Arabic were pioneered by Fascist Italy in it's radio broadcasts on Radio Bari, in 1934. At he same time Hitler, Joachim von Ribbentrop, Heinrich Himmler and officials in the Reich Security Main Office (RSHA) demonstrated a strong determination to make appeals to Arabs and Muslims. Nazi Germany stressed that it was an uncompromising foe of Zionism, which which was to bring much Arab support.
In June 1939 Saudi King Ibn Saud Khalid al-Hud-al Qarqani met with Hitler who assured him of his long standing sympathy for the Arabs and his willingness to offer them 'active assistance',and especially his support for the Arab cause in Palestine and determination to prevent the realization of a Jewish Nation home there.
Fascist Italy broadcast Arabic programmes from 1934 to 1943, Nazi shortwave broadcasts in Arabic commenced in October 1939, and continued until March 1945 on the Nazi German Arab language radio station, the Voice of Free Arabism. The Nazi regime saw extreme anti-Semitism and anti-Zionism as pivotal points of entry into the Arab world. As the author explains " Throughout the war Nazi Arabic radio repeated the charge that World War II was a Jewish war whose purpose in the region was to establish a Jewish State in Palestine that would expand into and dominate the entire Muslim and Arab world. Moreover the broadcasts asserted that the Jews in the mid twentieth century were were attempting to destroy Islam just as their ancestors had been attempting to do for thirteen centuries...An Axis victory would prevent the formation of a Jewish state in Palestine".
The same way Nazi propaganda exploited hundreds of years of Christian anti-Semitism and anti-Semitic canards to create it's venomous propaganda, so Nazi propaganda in the Arab world did the same with the anti-Semitism inherent in Islamic thought. This dissemination was to be a moulding force in the ideas of both anti-Zionist Arab nationalism and Islamist radicalism to this very day, and can be echoed in the propaganda of Islamists today such as Hamas, Islamic Jihad, Hezbollah, the Khamenei-Ahmadinejad Islamist regime in Iran and a plethora of Islamic media.
The same way the Nazis decried and despised the elective affinity between English Puritanism and the Jews, so they took pride in the affinity between National Socialist ideology and what it selected from the traditions of Islam.
Hitler assured Palestinian Arab leader Haj Amin el Husseini that once he had defeated Soviet Russia and moved south from the Caucuses, the 'policy of destruction of the Jewish element' would be extended to Egypt, Palestine, Iraq and Transjordan. In the event of an Axis victory in North Africa Einzatsgruppen SS units were being prepared to be sent to the region to annihilate the Jews of Palestine and elsewhere in North Africa and the Middle East. in collaboration with the Palestine Arabs . This would certainly have happened had the German forces been victorious at El Alamein and overrun Egypt from where they would have invaded the Holy Land. Plans were made between the Mufti and the Nazi leadership for this extension of the final solution and can be illustrated in detail in Nazi Palestine: The Plans for the Extermination of the Jews in Palestine. The Mufti's collaboration with SS officials extended to a close collaboration with Himmler himself and Eichmann. VFA in it's broadcasts to Egypt to greater militancy to prevent Palestine 'becoming a Jewish colony".
Axis backed incitement intensified in 1942 with El Husseini and Yunus Bahri urged Arabs in Egypt and Palestine to "rise, murder the Jew and seize their property".
In October 1942 The Arab Nation from Berlin broadcast in Arabic that the Arabs would refuse any sort of coexistence with the Jews. And as Herf points out ' Refusal of any compromise on the Palestine issue was another logical outcome of the intertwining of political and religious themes in Axis propaganda.
On October 19, 1943, Berlin in Arabic attacked Chaim Weizmann "Perhaps this despicable usurer is hoping that the Arabs of Palestine will leave their country to the Jews. but wait, dirty Jew, Palestine will remain a pure Arab country as it has always been. It is you and your dirty relatives who will be kicked out and this will come about by the grace of Allah". VFA broadcast that Jews hoped to use Palestine to expand and rule over a vast empire from the Tigris in Iraq to as far as Morocco. On November 21, VFA proclaimed 'Since the days of Mohammed the Jews have been hostile to Islam...Hatred of Islam and of the Arabs is the main reason for the desire of the Jews to have Palestine for their own and if they take Palestine they will be in a good position over the other Arab countries".
Nazi propaganda presented Zionism as the in the supposedly ancient Jewish vendetta against Islam.
Thousands of propaganda pamphlets and broadcasts in North Africa 1943 disseminated to Arabs the idea that the Jews kindled World War II, that the Arabs had been enslaved by the Jews of Palestine and that this fate awaited the Arabs of North Africa unless the Axis was victorious.
As evidence of the annihilation of the Jews in Europe filtered to the world in 1943, the Arab Nation and VFA referred to this evidence as lies-an early example of Holocaust Denial, and that the Jews 'would not be able to take Palestine unless the world believes they are worthy of sympathy" Thus the stage was set for the centrality of Holocaust denial in anti-Zionism.
The propaganda was also disseminated that the Jews were the glue that held together those earmarked as enemies of both Nazi Germany and the Arabs, Britain, the USA and the Communists.
Arab religious leaders referred to Hitler as the reincarnation of Jesus (Isa) predicted in the Koran who would return as a warrior to defeat the enemies of Islam while Shiites in Iraq were told that Hitler was the incantation of the eleventh Iman who would bring victory to Islam.
On 1 March 1944 el-Husseini broadcast from Berlin to Palestine "Arabs rise as one and fight for your sacred rights. Kill the Jews wherever you find them. This pleases God, history and religion"
After the defeat of Nazi Germany in 1945, the British declined to let the Mufti and other pro-Nazi Arab leaders be prosecuted as this would lose them much needed Arab support. The Mufti was not brought to trial for incitement and actions at times more inflammatory than those of German officials such as Otto Dietrich, who was brought to trial in Nuremberg.
After the war the Palestine Arab Party which supported the Mufti and was led by his cousin Jamal al-Husseini put pressure on the British to release all the incarcerated Axis leaders and saw the Mufti's wartime activity as a source of pride.
Continuation of the propaganda began by the Axis broadcasts was continued by the Muslim Brotherhood as well as the governments of Syria and Egypt. The fact that Colonel Nasser hired Nazi propagandist Johan Von Leers to hear Egyptian information agencies illustrated his determination to continue to support the ideas and propaganda about Jews and Israel that were rooted in Nazi propaganda and ideology.
A very important work in tracing the history of Islamic propaganda against Israel and Jews and demonstrates to both Islamic and Leftist anti-Zionist propagandists the company and legacy that they share.
Other important works on the Nazi roots of Islamic Jihad and Jew-hatred include Icon of Evil: Hitler's Mufti and the Rise of Radical Islam, The Nazi Connection to Islamic Terrorism: Adolf Hitler and Haj Amin al-Husseini, History Upside Down: The Roots of Palestinian Fascism and the Myth of Israeli Aggression A Lethal Obsession: Anti-Semitism from Antiquity to the Global Jihad and Jihad and Jew-Hatred: Islamism, Nazism and the Roots of 9/11
During the Second World War Nazi Germany circulated millions of printed leaflets and broadcast thousands of hours of shortwave radio (all in Arabic) in order to disseminate it's anti-Jewish ideology throughout he Arab world. what this work does is to document the ideas, individuals and institutions behind this initiative. Nazi Germany was at pains to demonstrate to the Muslims that it was anti-Jewish but in no way hostile to other Semitic peoples such as Arabs and Iranians who it professed great admiration and affinity for.
The first Axis broadcasts in Arabic were pioneered by Fascist Italy in it's radio broadcasts on Radio Bari, in 1934. At he same time Hitler, Joachim von Ribbentrop, Heinrich Himmler and officials in the Reich Security Main Office (RSHA) demonstrated a strong determination to make appeals to Arabs and Muslims. Nazi Germany stressed that it was an uncompromising foe of Zionism, which which was to bring much Arab support.
In June 1939 Saudi King Ibn Saud Khalid al-Hud-al Qarqani met with Hitler who assured him of his long standing sympathy for the Arabs and his willingness to offer them 'active assistance',and especially his support for the Arab cause in Palestine and determination to prevent the realization of a Jewish Nation home there.
Fascist Italy broadcast Arabic programmes from 1934 to 1943, Nazi shortwave broadcasts in Arabic commenced in October 1939, and continued until March 1945 on the Nazi German Arab language radio station, the Voice of Free Arabism. The Nazi regime saw extreme anti-Semitism and anti-Zionism as pivotal points of entry into the Arab world. As the author explains " Throughout the war Nazi Arabic radio repeated the charge that World War II was a Jewish war whose purpose in the region was to establish a Jewish State in Palestine that would expand into and dominate the entire Muslim and Arab world. Moreover the broadcasts asserted that the Jews in the mid twentieth century were were attempting to destroy Islam just as their ancestors had been attempting to do for thirteen centuries...An Axis victory would prevent the formation of a Jewish state in Palestine".
The same way Nazi propaganda exploited hundreds of years of Christian anti-Semitism and anti-Semitic canards to create it's venomous propaganda, so Nazi propaganda in the Arab world did the same with the anti-Semitism inherent in Islamic thought. This dissemination was to be a moulding force in the ideas of both anti-Zionist Arab nationalism and Islamist radicalism to this very day, and can be echoed in the propaganda of Islamists today such as Hamas, Islamic Jihad, Hezbollah, the Khamenei-Ahmadinejad Islamist regime in Iran and a plethora of Islamic media.
The same way the Nazis decried and despised the elective affinity between English Puritanism and the Jews, so they took pride in the affinity between National Socialist ideology and what it selected from the traditions of Islam.
Hitler assured Palestinian Arab leader Haj Amin el Husseini that once he had defeated Soviet Russia and moved south from the Caucuses, the 'policy of destruction of the Jewish element' would be extended to Egypt, Palestine, Iraq and Transjordan. In the event of an Axis victory in North Africa Einzatsgruppen SS units were being prepared to be sent to the region to annihilate the Jews of Palestine and elsewhere in North Africa and the Middle East. in collaboration with the Palestine Arabs . This would certainly have happened had the German forces been victorious at El Alamein and overrun Egypt from where they would have invaded the Holy Land. Plans were made between the Mufti and the Nazi leadership for this extension of the final solution and can be illustrated in detail in Nazi Palestine: The Plans for the Extermination of the Jews in Palestine. The Mufti's collaboration with SS officials extended to a close collaboration with Himmler himself and Eichmann. VFA in it's broadcasts to Egypt to greater militancy to prevent Palestine 'becoming a Jewish colony".
Axis backed incitement intensified in 1942 with El Husseini and Yunus Bahri urged Arabs in Egypt and Palestine to "rise, murder the Jew and seize their property".
In October 1942 The Arab Nation from Berlin broadcast in Arabic that the Arabs would refuse any sort of coexistence with the Jews. And as Herf points out ' Refusal of any compromise on the Palestine issue was another logical outcome of the intertwining of political and religious themes in Axis propaganda.
On October 19, 1943, Berlin in Arabic attacked Chaim Weizmann "Perhaps this despicable usurer is hoping that the Arabs of Palestine will leave their country to the Jews. but wait, dirty Jew, Palestine will remain a pure Arab country as it has always been. It is you and your dirty relatives who will be kicked out and this will come about by the grace of Allah". VFA broadcast that Jews hoped to use Palestine to expand and rule over a vast empire from the Tigris in Iraq to as far as Morocco. On November 21, VFA proclaimed 'Since the days of Mohammed the Jews have been hostile to Islam...Hatred of Islam and of the Arabs is the main reason for the desire of the Jews to have Palestine for their own and if they take Palestine they will be in a good position over the other Arab countries".
Nazi propaganda presented Zionism as the in the supposedly ancient Jewish vendetta against Islam.
Thousands of propaganda pamphlets and broadcasts in North Africa 1943 disseminated to Arabs the idea that the Jews kindled World War II, that the Arabs had been enslaved by the Jews of Palestine and that this fate awaited the Arabs of North Africa unless the Axis was victorious.
As evidence of the annihilation of the Jews in Europe filtered to the world in 1943, the Arab Nation and VFA referred to this evidence as lies-an early example of Holocaust Denial, and that the Jews 'would not be able to take Palestine unless the world believes they are worthy of sympathy" Thus the stage was set for the centrality of Holocaust denial in anti-Zionism.
The propaganda was also disseminated that the Jews were the glue that held together those earmarked as enemies of both Nazi Germany and the Arabs, Britain, the USA and the Communists.
Arab religious leaders referred to Hitler as the reincarnation of Jesus (Isa) predicted in the Koran who would return as a warrior to defeat the enemies of Islam while Shiites in Iraq were told that Hitler was the incantation of the eleventh Iman who would bring victory to Islam.
On 1 March 1944 el-Husseini broadcast from Berlin to Palestine "Arabs rise as one and fight for your sacred rights. Kill the Jews wherever you find them. This pleases God, history and religion"
After the defeat of Nazi Germany in 1945, the British declined to let the Mufti and other pro-Nazi Arab leaders be prosecuted as this would lose them much needed Arab support. The Mufti was not brought to trial for incitement and actions at times more inflammatory than those of German officials such as Otto Dietrich, who was brought to trial in Nuremberg.
After the war the Palestine Arab Party which supported the Mufti and was led by his cousin Jamal al-Husseini put pressure on the British to release all the incarcerated Axis leaders and saw the Mufti's wartime activity as a source of pride.
Continuation of the propaganda began by the Axis broadcasts was continued by the Muslim Brotherhood as well as the governments of Syria and Egypt. The fact that Colonel Nasser hired Nazi propagandist Johan Von Leers to hear Egyptian information agencies illustrated his determination to continue to support the ideas and propaganda about Jews and Israel that were rooted in Nazi propaganda and ideology.
A very important work in tracing the history of Islamic propaganda against Israel and Jews and demonstrates to both Islamic and Leftist anti-Zionist propagandists the company and legacy that they share.
Other important works on the Nazi roots of Islamic Jihad and Jew-hatred include Icon of Evil: Hitler's Mufti and the Rise of Radical Islam, The Nazi Connection to Islamic Terrorism: Adolf Hitler and Haj Amin al-Husseini, History Upside Down: The Roots of Palestinian Fascism and the Myth of Israeli AggressionA Lethal Obsession: Anti-Semitism from Antiquity to the Global Jihad and Jihad and Jew-Hatred: Islamism, Nazism and the Roots of 9/11
Merged review:
A comprehensive and pivotal work detailing the dissemination of propaganda from Nazi Germany into the Middle East and north Africa during the Second World War, and the development that this had on Arab and Islamic anti-Semitism/Anti-Zionism to this very day.
During the Second World War Nazi Germany circulated millions of printed leaflets and broadcast thousands of hours of shortwave radio (all in Arabic) in order to disseminate it's anti-Jewish ideology throughout he Arab world. what this work does is to document the ideas, individuals and institutions behind this initiative. Nazi Germany was at pains to demonstrate to the Muslims that it was anti-Jewish but in no way hostile to other Semitic peoples such as Arabs and Iranians who it professed great admiration and affinity for.
The first Axis broadcasts in Arabic were pioneered by Fascist Italy in it's radio broadcasts on Radio Bari, in 1934. At he same time Hitler, Joachim von Ribbentrop, Heinrich Himmler and officials in the Reich Security Main Office (RSHA) demonstrated a strong determination to make appeals to Arabs and Muslims. Nazi Germany stressed that it was an uncompromising foe of Zionism, which which was to bring much Arab support.
In June 1939 Saudi King Ibn Saud Khalid al-Hud-al Qarqani met with Hitler who assured him of his long standing sympathy for the Arabs and his willingness to offer them 'active assistance',and especially his support for the Arab cause in Palestine and determination to prevent the realization of a Jewish Nation home there.
Fascist Italy broadcast Arabic programmes from 1934 to 1943, Nazi shortwave broadcasts in Arabic commenced in October 1939, and continued until March 1945 on the Nazi German Arab language radio station, the Voice of Free Arabism. The Nazi regime saw extreme anti-Semitism and anti-Zionism as pivotal points of entry into the Arab world. As the author explains " Throughout the war Nazi Arabic radio repeated the charge that World War II was a Jewish war whose purpose in the region was to establish a Jewish State in Palestine that would expand into and dominate the entire Muslim and Arab world. Moreover the broadcasts asserted that the Jews in the mid twentieth century were were attempting to destroy Islam just as their ancestors had been attempting to do for thirteen centuries...An Axis victory would prevent the formation of a Jewish state in Palestine".
The same way Nazi propaganda exploited hundreds of years of Christian anti-Semitism and anti-Semitic canards to create it's venomous propaganda, so Nazi propaganda in the Arab world did the same with the anti-Semitism inherent in Islamic thought. This dissemination was to be a moulding force in the ideas of both anti-Zionist Arab nationalism and Islamist radicalism to this very day, and can be echoed in the propaganda of Islamists today such as Hamas, Islamic Jihad, Hezbollah, the Khamenei-Ahmadinejad Islamist regime in Iran and a plethora of Islamic media.
The same way the Nazis decried and despised the elective affinity between English Puritanism and the Jews, so they took pride in the affinity between National Socialist ideology and what it selected from the traditions of Islam.
Hitler assured Palestinian Arab leader Haj Amin el Husseini that once he had defeated Soviet Russia and moved south from the Caucuses, the 'policy of destruction of the Jewish element' would be extended to Egypt, Palestine, Iraq and Transjordan. In the event of an Axis victory in North Africa Einzatsgruppen SS units were being prepared to be sent to the region to annihilate the Jews of Palestine and elsewhere in North Africa and the Middle East. in collaboration with the Palestine Arabs . This would certainly have happened had the German forces been victorious at El Alamein and overrun Egypt from where they would have invaded the Holy Land. Plans were made between the Mufti and the Nazi leadership for this extension of the final solution and can be illustrated in detail in Nazi Palestine: The Plans for the Extermination of the Jews in Palestine. The Mufti's collaboration with SS officials extended to a close collaboration with Himmler himself and Eichmann. VFA in it's broadcasts to Egypt to greater militancy to prevent Palestine 'becoming a Jewish colony".
Axis backed incitement intensified in 1942 with El Husseini and Yunus Bahri urged Arabs in Egypt and Palestine to "rise, murder the Jew and seize their property".
In October 1942 The Arab Nation from Berlin broadcast in Arabic that the Arabs would refuse any sort of coexistence with the Jews. And as Herf points out ' Refusal of any compromise on the Palestine issue was another logical outcome of the intertwining of political and religious themes in Axis propaganda.
On October 19, 1943, Berlin in Arabic attacked Chaim Weizmann "Perhaps this despicable usurer is hoping that the Arabs of Palestine will leave their country to the Jews. but wait, dirty Jew, Palestine will remain a pure Arab country as it has always been. It is you and your dirty relatives who will be kicked out and this will come about by the grace of Allah". VFA broadcast that Jews hoped to use Palestine to expand and rule over a vast empire from the Tigris in Iraq to as far as Morocco. On November 21, VFA proclaimed 'Since the days of Mohammed the Jews have been hostile to Islam...Hatred of Islam and of the Arabs is the main reason for the desire of the Jews to have Palestine for their own and if they take Palestine they will be in a good position over the other Arab countries".
Nazi propaganda presented Zionism as the in the supposedly ancient Jewish vendetta against Islam.
Thousands of propaganda pamphlets and broadcasts in North Africa 1943 disseminated to Arabs the idea that the Jews kindled World War II, that the Arabs had been enslaved by the Jews of Palestine and that this fate awaited the Arabs of North Africa unless the Axis was victorious.
As evidence of the annihilation of the Jews in Europe filtered to the world in 1943, the Arab Nation and VFA referred to this evidence as lies-an early example of Holocaust Denial, and that the Jews 'would not be able to take Palestine unless the world believes they are worthy of sympathy" Thus the stage was set for the centrality of Holocaust denial in anti-Zionism.
The propaganda was also disseminated that the Jews were the glue that held together those earmarked as enemies of both Nazi Germany and the Arabs, Britain, the USA and the Communists.
Arab religious leaders referred to Hitler as the reincarnation of Jesus (Isa) predicted in the Koran who would return as a warrior to defeat the enemies of Islam while Shiites in Iraq were told that Hitler was the incantation of the eleventh Iman who would bring victory to Islam.
On 1 March 1944 el-Husseini broadcast from Berlin to Palestine "Arabs rise as one and fight for your sacred rights. Kill the Jews wherever you find them. This pleases God, history and religion"
After the defeat of Nazi Germany in 1945, the British declined to let the Mufti and other pro-Nazi Arab leaders be prosecuted as this would lose them much needed Arab support. The Mufti was not brought to trial for incitement and actions at times more inflammatory than those of German officials such as Otto Dietrich, who was brought to trial in Nuremberg.
After the war the Palestine Arab Party which supported the Mufti and was led by his cousin Jamal al-Husseini put pressure on the British to release all the incarcerated Axis leaders and saw the Mufti's wartime activity as a source of pride.
Continuation of the propaganda began by the Axis broadcasts was continued by the Muslim Brotherhood as well as the governments of Syria and Egypt. The fact that Colonel Nasser hired Nazi propagandist Johan Von Leers to hear Egyptian information agencies illustrated his determination to continue to support the ideas and propaganda about Jews and Israel that were rooted in Nazi propaganda and ideology.
A very important work in tracing the history of Islamic propaganda against Israel and Jews and demonstrates to both Islamic and Leftist anti-Zionist propagandists the company and legacy that they share.
Other important works on the Nazi roots of Islamic Jihad and Jew-hatred include Icon of Evil: Hitler's Mufti and the Rise of Radical Islam, The Nazi Connection to Islamic Terrorism: Adolf Hitler and Haj Amin al-Husseini, History Upside Down: The Roots of Palestinian Fascism and the Myth of Israeli Aggression A Lethal Obsession: Anti-Semitism from Antiquity to the Global Jihad and Jihad and Jew-Hatred: Islamism, Nazism and the Roots of 9/11
December 28, 2016
This book is basically a collection of Nazi and pro-Axis Arab propaganda in the Middle East. While it drives home its point about Nazi appropriation of anti-Semitic elements entrenched in the religious and cultural traditions of the Arab world, I find it problematic that the author subtly implies that Arab antisemitism somehow justifies or garners sympathy for Zionism. Like Orientalist and Zionist literature, this book seems to ignore that Palestinian Arabs have a voice, that they have the inalienable right to decide what happens to their country.
January 31, 2016
Any clear-eyed comparison of the Axis propaganda produced for Arab Muslims with the rhetoric that continues to be used among this population is deeply discouraging. The element of this story that creates the biggest pit in my stomach is the fact that American officials (among others) decided not to counteract the propaganda in order to avoid reinforcing the Nazi narrative. This strategy, quite clearly, has not worked.
August 21, 2018
The Other War - Nazi Ideas in the Middle East
An outstanding follow up to the author's previous book The Jewish Enemy: Nazi Propaganda during World War II and the Holocaust, Herf makes excellent use of original source material and provides a comprehensive analysis of common patterns of rhetoric used by the Nazis and their Arab collaborators. The most intriguing of these are the transcripts of Arabic language broadcasts directed at the Arab world from Radio Zeesin (Germany) and Radio Bari (Italy), collected by a small team of stenographers and translators started by American attache Alexander Kirk in Cairo between 1939 and March of 1944. According to Herf the Nazis did produce transcripts of German radio broadcasts, but did not bother to do the same with broadcasts in Arabic; the Kirk material which features the notorious Mufti Hajj Amin al Husseini of Jerusalem and Rashid al Kilani who headed the 1941 pro-German Iraqi coup was an amazing and revealing find.
Germany's strategic target of interest was specifically Suez which presented a lifeline for the British for oil, aviation fuel (see pp209), troops and material support from India. Wrt the Arabs Nazi Germany had both assets and liabilities. On one hand they emphasized British colonialism and compared it to a lack of German colonialism in the ME, promising liberation and independence. Germany's colonial history in Africa and the Pacific appeared not to be a concern On the other hand, Germany's ally Italy had black marks in Ethiopia, Eritrea and Libya, as did Vichy France in Syria and North Africa. Another set of problems were the Nazi's racial theories and the term "antisemite" which appeared liberally in Mein Kampf and Nazi propaganda and might appear to include Arabs, Turks and Iranians. To meet this challenge the Nazis issued directives to replace "antisemite" with "anti-Jewish". A third tactic was to emphasize the similarity between National Socialism with Islam, and capitalize on anti-Jewish themes in the Quran and asserting a link between British, Russian and American leadership and nefarious cabals, including making up stories about Roosevelt's supposed Jewish ancestry. A fourth was to emphasize Nazi military success and power, emphasizing The Strong Horse - an approach which worked against them in the last year of the the war when the Nazis began to lose.
The Americans did not have the liability of a colonial history with the Arabs, so these arguments did not work as well against them. Herf reports on British and American military intelligence assessments of the impact and possible responses to these messages. Fearing that responding directly would only further promote Nazi views the Allies made a conscious decision to focus their message on Allied strength and successes and the totalitarian nature of the opposing regime. There was also concern that support for a Jewish Homeland in Palestine might sway Arab attitudes against the Allies. Herf gives as an example a report by George Britt (pp168), an OSI agent stationed in Beirut, who's wrote that opposition to Zionism resonated with a great majority of Arabs and Muslims, primarily for nationalist reasons, but that there was a smaller but "still substantial" group who did so for religious reasons. A report from German political intelligence (pp54) indicated that Arab support for the Allies was lukewarm among the elites and older generation and support for the Axis was stronger in younger army officers and some clerics and students, but that the army itself was insignificant. An interesting side note, one that is quite relevant to current events - a different report from German diplomat Rudolph Rahm (pp68) found the tribal rivalries in Syria and in Lebanon to be so intense that the Nazi message could be considered irrelevant!
Kilani, Younis Bahri (dubbed the Arab Lord Haw-Haw), the Mufti and other announcers were horrifically anti-Semitic, referencing the inherent treachery of the Jews, proclaiming secret Jewish plans to control 3 continents from Jerusalem and expel or exterminate the Arabs peoples. Therefore they concurred with the Nazi's view of a "final solution". ""All over the country the Jews should be watched. Every Jew's name must be written down, together with his address and his business. The Jews must be watched carefully so that they may be wiped out at the earliest opportunity" (VFA broadcast, pp112). "Palestine was part of a Jewish plan to rule the world. If the Jews could establish a Jewish state in Palestine they would "be able to control the three continents: Europe, Asia and Africa. Thus they will be able to rule the whole world and spread Jewish capitalism" (pp196). Arabs! Rise as one and fight for your sacred rights. Kill the Jews wherever you find them. This pleases God, history and religion. This serves your honour. God is with you." (Husseini, 1944-3-1; pp 212). In contrast the messages denouncing the Allies did not call for their murder or genocide rather emphasized "British brutality" and American naivity at being controlled by Jews.
In his conclusion Herf looks at the aftermath of such exhortations on Arab attitudes towards Jews after the war. On November 22, 145 there were co-ordinated anti-Jewish riots conducted by the Muslim Brotherhood in Cario, Alexandria, Suez and Port Said resulting in 12 killed, 250 wounded and organized looting of Jewish homes against Jewish property. (pp239) Hasan al Banna the ideological centre of the MB praised the Mufti and proclaimed him a hero, expressing admiration for his wartime activities which must be regarded in the context of hearing his radio broadcasts calling for the genocide of the Jews. Quoted is King Abdul Azis ibn Saud`s speech at a diplomatic banquet on Oct 30, 1944, reported by American diplomat Nils Lind (pp227): "Our hatred of this sinful and evil race is growing day by day until our one ambition is to slay them all." Herf also remarks on the expulsion and seizure of Jewish property from Arab countries where Jews were deprived of their rights in a fashion similar to the Nuremberg laws. (See alsoLocked Doors: The Seizure of Jewish Property in Arab Countries.)
An interesting follow up to this book would be Sean McMeeken's The Berlin-Baghdad Express which takes a detailed look at German propaganda in the Ottoman world which also sought to exploit Muslim religious sentiment against the allies in WW I, though without the same antisemitism. One does note that for the most part the Arabs did not act on these broadcasts during the war, preferring a cautious neutrality, yet the long term effect has been indisputable. Arab and Muslim antisemitism and antipathy towards any form of Zionism did not occur in a vacuum - the poisoned seed was planted in fertile soil. Often the same myths that were promoted by the Nazi collaborators such as accusations of genocide by Jews against Muslims (holocaust inversion) ), insatiable greed for territory, the treacherous and deceitful nature of the Jews and the innate and eternal enmity between Jew and Arab that can be found in the Quran recurs and informs Arab and Palestinian propaganda to this day, polarizing attitudes, seizing focus and and encouraging conflict. Herf's contribution is to provide a multifaceted window of understanding on the shape of attitudes in the past.
Highly recommended!
Update, Aug 21, 2012
Complementary to this I'd recommend Francis Nicosia's Nazi Germany and the Arab World
An outstanding follow up to the author's previous book The Jewish Enemy: Nazi Propaganda during World War II and the Holocaust, Herf makes excellent use of original source material and provides a comprehensive analysis of common patterns of rhetoric used by the Nazis and their Arab collaborators. The most intriguing of these are the transcripts of Arabic language broadcasts directed at the Arab world from Radio Zeesin (Germany) and Radio Bari (Italy), collected by a small team of stenographers and translators started by American attache Alexander Kirk in Cairo between 1939 and March of 1944. According to Herf the Nazis did produce transcripts of German radio broadcasts, but did not bother to do the same with broadcasts in Arabic; the Kirk material which features the notorious Mufti Hajj Amin al Husseini of Jerusalem and Rashid al Kilani who headed the 1941 pro-German Iraqi coup was an amazing and revealing find.
Germany's strategic target of interest was specifically Suez which presented a lifeline for the British for oil, aviation fuel (see pp209), troops and material support from India. Wrt the Arabs Nazi Germany had both assets and liabilities. On one hand they emphasized British colonialism and compared it to a lack of German colonialism in the ME, promising liberation and independence. Germany's colonial history in Africa and the Pacific appeared not to be a concern On the other hand, Germany's ally Italy had black marks in Ethiopia, Eritrea and Libya, as did Vichy France in Syria and North Africa. Another set of problems were the Nazi's racial theories and the term "antisemite" which appeared liberally in Mein Kampf and Nazi propaganda and might appear to include Arabs, Turks and Iranians. To meet this challenge the Nazis issued directives to replace "antisemite" with "anti-Jewish". A third tactic was to emphasize the similarity between National Socialism with Islam, and capitalize on anti-Jewish themes in the Quran and asserting a link between British, Russian and American leadership and nefarious cabals, including making up stories about Roosevelt's supposed Jewish ancestry. A fourth was to emphasize Nazi military success and power, emphasizing The Strong Horse - an approach which worked against them in the last year of the the war when the Nazis began to lose.
The Americans did not have the liability of a colonial history with the Arabs, so these arguments did not work as well against them. Herf reports on British and American military intelligence assessments of the impact and possible responses to these messages. Fearing that responding directly would only further promote Nazi views the Allies made a conscious decision to focus their message on Allied strength and successes and the totalitarian nature of the opposing regime. There was also concern that support for a Jewish Homeland in Palestine might sway Arab attitudes against the Allies. Herf gives as an example a report by George Britt (pp168), an OSI agent stationed in Beirut, who's wrote that opposition to Zionism resonated with a great majority of Arabs and Muslims, primarily for nationalist reasons, but that there was a smaller but "still substantial" group who did so for religious reasons. A report from German political intelligence (pp54) indicated that Arab support for the Allies was lukewarm among the elites and older generation and support for the Axis was stronger in younger army officers and some clerics and students, but that the army itself was insignificant. An interesting side note, one that is quite relevant to current events - a different report from German diplomat Rudolph Rahm (pp68) found the tribal rivalries in Syria and in Lebanon to be so intense that the Nazi message could be considered irrelevant!
Kilani, Younis Bahri (dubbed the Arab Lord Haw-Haw), the Mufti and other announcers were horrifically anti-Semitic, referencing the inherent treachery of the Jews, proclaiming secret Jewish plans to control 3 continents from Jerusalem and expel or exterminate the Arabs peoples. Therefore they concurred with the Nazi's view of a "final solution". ""All over the country the Jews should be watched. Every Jew's name must be written down, together with his address and his business. The Jews must be watched carefully so that they may be wiped out at the earliest opportunity" (VFA broadcast, pp112). "Palestine was part of a Jewish plan to rule the world. If the Jews could establish a Jewish state in Palestine they would "be able to control the three continents: Europe, Asia and Africa. Thus they will be able to rule the whole world and spread Jewish capitalism" (pp196). Arabs! Rise as one and fight for your sacred rights. Kill the Jews wherever you find them. This pleases God, history and religion. This serves your honour. God is with you." (Husseini, 1944-3-1; pp 212). In contrast the messages denouncing the Allies did not call for their murder or genocide rather emphasized "British brutality" and American naivity at being controlled by Jews.
In his conclusion Herf looks at the aftermath of such exhortations on Arab attitudes towards Jews after the war. On November 22, 145 there were co-ordinated anti-Jewish riots conducted by the Muslim Brotherhood in Cario, Alexandria, Suez and Port Said resulting in 12 killed, 250 wounded and organized looting of Jewish homes against Jewish property. (pp239) Hasan al Banna the ideological centre of the MB praised the Mufti and proclaimed him a hero, expressing admiration for his wartime activities which must be regarded in the context of hearing his radio broadcasts calling for the genocide of the Jews. Quoted is King Abdul Azis ibn Saud`s speech at a diplomatic banquet on Oct 30, 1944, reported by American diplomat Nils Lind (pp227): "Our hatred of this sinful and evil race is growing day by day until our one ambition is to slay them all." Herf also remarks on the expulsion and seizure of Jewish property from Arab countries where Jews were deprived of their rights in a fashion similar to the Nuremberg laws. (See alsoLocked Doors: The Seizure of Jewish Property in Arab Countries.)
An interesting follow up to this book would be Sean McMeeken's The Berlin-Baghdad Express which takes a detailed look at German propaganda in the Ottoman world which also sought to exploit Muslim religious sentiment against the allies in WW I, though without the same antisemitism. One does note that for the most part the Arabs did not act on these broadcasts during the war, preferring a cautious neutrality, yet the long term effect has been indisputable. Arab and Muslim antisemitism and antipathy towards any form of Zionism did not occur in a vacuum - the poisoned seed was planted in fertile soil. Often the same myths that were promoted by the Nazi collaborators such as accusations of genocide by Jews against Muslims (holocaust inversion) ), insatiable greed for territory, the treacherous and deceitful nature of the Jews and the innate and eternal enmity between Jew and Arab that can be found in the Quran recurs and informs Arab and Palestinian propaganda to this day, polarizing attitudes, seizing focus and and encouraging conflict. Herf's contribution is to provide a multifaceted window of understanding on the shape of attitudes in the past.
Highly recommended!
Update, Aug 21, 2012
Complementary to this I'd recommend Francis Nicosia's Nazi Germany and the Arab World
December 23, 2023
I found this book absolutely fascinating. I had never really known about the extent of Nazi Propaganda for the Arab world. It explains so many things to me. I had come across the Jew-Hatred by Arab people several times in my life and I was quite surprised by it. Perhaps I was naive but I had always considered both Arabs and Jews semitic peoples with much in common. Now I know where the Jew-Hatred comes from. In addition I had known that the then Palestinian leader, the Mufti of Jerusalem, was in Berlin during WWII. However I did not know that he was a "fully paid-up member" of the Nazi Party, that he hobnobbed with the most senior characters in the Nazi regime and that he was so full of hatred for the Jews. He obviously knew about the extermination of the Jews in Europe and he would have been very happy if this had taken place in the Middle-East. The evidence given in this book is very solid in this respect. I am very surprised that the Brits let Al Husseini come back to Mandate Palestine after WWII. He had massive influence on the Palestinians if not the whole Arab world at the time and that influence has become part of Palestinian culture over the last 80 years, to their detriment in fact. I have read several attempts to "whitewash" him and indeed his impact. But the evidence goes against this. Any Nazi collaborator of this magnitude is a war criminal. After all "Lord Haw Haw" and Marshall Petain were executed, so by the same reasoning should Al Husseini have been executed.
April 9, 2022
This is an interesting and informative book.However the first point to make is that this is rather repetitive. It prints the transcriptions of the broadcasts verbatim,however these are just hateful variations of the same theme.The second point is that,as the author admits,very few people had shortwave radio,so it is difficult to know how many people were listening.
The whole situation was made worse by the cynical indifference of the allies to the fate of the Jews.All they wanted was the oil.
The whole situation was made worse by the cynical indifference of the allies to the fate of the Jews.All they wanted was the oil.
July 27, 2018
Nazi efforts to propagate Jew-hatred in the Arab world found ready audiences and collaborators. It echoes stll...
January 5, 2025
Une bonne étude historique des méthodes de la propagande nazi dans le monde arabe.
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