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Personal Impressions: Expanded Edition

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This remarkable collection contains Isaiah Berlin's appreciations of seventeen people of unusual distinction in the intellectual or political world, sometimes both. The names of many of them are familiar: Winston Churchill, Franklin D. Roosevelt, Chaim Weizmann, Albert Einstein, and others. With the exception of Roosevelt, he met them all and knew many of them well. For this expanded edition, four new portraits have been added, including those of Virginia Woolf and Edmund Wilson. This volume also contains a vivid and moving account of Berlin's meetings in Russia with Boris Pasternak and Anna Akhmatova in 1945 and 1956. Perhaps the most fascinating of these "personal impressions" is found in the epilogue, where Berlin describes the three strands in his own personality: Russian, English, and Jewish.

328 pages, Paperback

First published January 1, 1980

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About the author

Isaiah Berlin

189 books757 followers
Sir Isaiah Berlin was a philosopher and historian of ideas, regarded as one of the leading liberal thinkers of the twentieth century. He excelled as an essayist, lecturer and conversationalist; and as a brilliant speaker who delivered, rapidly and spontaneously, richly allusive and coherently structured material, whether for a lecture series at Oxford University or as a broadcaster on the BBC Third Programme, usually without a script. Many of his essays and lectures were later collected in book form.

Born in Riga, now capital of Latvia, then part of the Russian Empire, he was the first person of Jewish descent to be elected to a prize fellowship at All Souls College, Oxford. From 1957 to 1967, he was Chichele Professor of Social and Political Theory at the University of Oxford. He was president of the Aristotelian Society from 1963 to 1964. In 1966, he helped to found Wolfson College, Oxford, and became its first President. He was knighted in 1957, and was awarded the Order of Merit in 1971. He was President of the British Academy from 1974 to 1978. He also received the 1979 Jerusalem Prize for his writings on individual freedom. Berlin's work on liberal theory has had a lasting influence.

Berlin is best known for his essay Two Concepts of Liberty, delivered in 1958 as his inaugural lecture as Chichele Professor of Social and Political Theory at Oxford. He defined negative liberty as the absence of constraints on, or interference with, agents' possible action. Greater "negative freedom" meant fewer restrictions on possible action. Berlin associated positive liberty with the idea of self-mastery, or the capacity to determine oneself, to be in control of one's destiny. While Berlin granted that both concepts of liberty represent valid human ideals, as a matter of history the positive concept of liberty has proven particularly susceptible to political abuse.

Berlin contended that under the influence of Jean-Jacques Rousseau, Immanuel Kant and G. W. F. Hegel (all committed to the positive concept of liberty), European political thinkers often equated liberty with forms of political discipline or constraint. This became politically dangerous when notions of positive liberty were, in the nineteenth century, used to defend nationalism, self-determination and the Communist idea of collective rational control over human destiny. Berlin argued that, following this line of thought, demands for freedom paradoxically become demands for forms of collective control and discipline – those deemed necessary for the "self-mastery" or self-determination of nations, classes, democratic communities, and even humanity as a whole. There is thus an elective affinity, for Berlin, between positive liberty and political totalitarianism.

Conversely, negative liberty represents a different, perhaps safer, understanding of the concept of liberty. Its proponents (such as Jeremy Bentham and John Stuart Mill) insisted that constraint and discipline were the antithesis of liberty and so were (and are) less prone to confusing liberty and constraint in the manner of the philosophical harbingers of modern totalitarianism. It is this concept of Negative Liberty that Isaiah Berlin supported. It dominated heavily his early chapters in his third lecture.

This negative liberty is central to the claim for toleration due to incommensurability. This concept is mirrored in the work of Joseph Raz.

Berlin's espousal of negative liberty, his hatred of totalitarianism and his experience of Russia in the revolution and through his contact with the poet Anna Akhmatova made him an enemy of the Soviet Union and he was one of the leading public intellectuals in the ideological battle against Communism during the Cold War.

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Displaying 1 - 13 of 13 reviews
Profile Image for Φώτης Καραμπεσίνης.
418 reviews212 followers
January 20, 2020
Ιδιαίτερο ενδιαφέρον παρουσιάζει ο αυθεντικός θαυμασμός του σπουδαίου αυτού διανοητή για τις μεγάλες ιστορικές προσωπικότητες.
Profile Image for Domenico Fina.
286 reviews89 followers
December 5, 2017
Isaiah Berlin andò in Russia nel 1945, aveva 36 anni. Incontrò Boris Pasternak e Anna Achmatova e si soffermarono a parlare della loro difficile situazione di vita, ciò che è memorabile di quelle conversazioni sono le furibonde, interminabili messe a fuoco sulla letteratura russa. Berlin lo racconta nel volume Impressioni personali (1980).

Pasternak amava Tostoj e Cechov, Anna Achmatova amava Dostoevskij e non sopportava gli altri due. Per Anna Achmatova Cechov non sapeva niente della vita e della morte, tutto era grigio nella sua opera, cose simili le aveva sostenute anni prima Yeats e lei riprende la stessa critica. Per Pasternak si sbagliava di grosso, Cechov era l'unico autore russo che non faceva prediche, persino Turgenev affermava che il tempo è un grande guaritore, "Cechov è la nostra risposta a Flaubert".
Su Tolstoj e in particolare su Anna Karenina Anna Achmatova era furibonda: "La moralità di Tolstoj è espressione diretta della sua vita privata. Quando il suo matrimonio era felice, scrisse Guerra e pace, che celebra la vita familiare. Quando cominciò a odiare Sof'ja Andreevna senza però voler affrontare il divorzio, perché il divorzio è condannato dalla società, scrisse Anna Karenina e punì la protagonista che aveva osato lasciare Karenin. Quando arrivò alla vecchiaia e smise di concupire le contadinelle con la violenza di un tempo, scrisse La sonata a Kreutzer e mise al bando il sesso". Può darsi che in questo giudizio esagerasse, scrive Berlin, in quanto Anna Achmatova si rifaceva alle letture dei saggi e dei diari di Tolstoj, più al predicatore che non al romanziere. Più tardi sarà sottolineato da Kundera che si può finire sotto un treno se la vita ci sor-prende. Pensare in un modo e agire in un altro. Anna Karenina per Achmatova "è stata suicidata" da Tolstoj quando suo marito aveva accordato il divorzio e poteva finalmente vivere con Vronskij, si uccide quando finalmente poteva essere felice perché Tolstoj intendeva evidenziare la pressione della società sul singolo. Kundera aggiungerà che un romanzo ha la sua logica al suo interno, così come la vita. Nessuno saprà mai quali fossero le intenzioni di Tolstoj, si potrebbe perfino ipotizzare che le abbia inventate (cioè trovate, rinvenute) strada scrivendo.
"Tra i contemporanei Kafka è il più profondo e veritiero", sosteneva Anna Achmatova e ammetteva che Marina Cvetaeva era "poetessa migliore di lei". Pasternak non aveva letto Kafka. Erano d'accordo solo su Puskin: "Puskin capiva tutto".
Profile Image for Mārtiņš Vaivars.
80 reviews22 followers
January 27, 2019
Lielākā daļa grāmatas ir ļoti komplimentāri dažādu Oksfordas akadēmiķu un viesu apraksti, kurus droši var izlaist. Varbūt ir patīkami 20. gadsimta vidū padzīvoties pa Oksfordas koledžu piepīpētajām istabām, bet atradu tur maz vērtīgu ideju. Arī vairāki ļoti īsi dažādu slavenību (Einšteina, Džona Meinarda Keinsa u.c.) apraksti, kas man likās ļoti virspusēji. Piemēram, Džons Meinards Keinss pēc visiem citiem aprakstiem ir neticami gudrs, enerģisks, emocionāli sarežģīts tēls, kas Berlina īsajā aprakstā gandrīz kļūst par viendimensionālu karikatūru.

Divu lietu dēļ tomēr ir vērts tikt pie šīs grāmatas. Pirmkārt, pašās beigās atrodamais izcilais Berlina apraksts par viņa laiku Padomju Savienībā Staļina laikā un viņa brīnišķīgajām tikšanās reizēm ar Pasternaku un Annu Ahmatovu.

Otrkārt, lasot Berlina interesantos aprakstus par Veismanu un citiem cionisma līderiem, kā arī ebreju kopienu Oksfordā, var ļoti skaidri sajust ebreju identitātes un cionisma nozīmi Jesajas Berlina dzīvē. Citos viņa darbos ar to gandrīz vispār nebiju saskāries. Šajā grāmatā tas ir ļoti, ļoti jūtams.
Profile Image for Peter.
294 reviews5 followers
February 26, 2018
A series of personal impressions of "important" and "unimportant" people he met in his career as an Oxford prof. Obviously a very bright fellow speaking many languages. For me the most moving portraits were those of Pasternak and Akhmatova. He met them both in Russia shortly after the war( he was working for the British Foreign Service). Some of the essays are boring especially if you have not heard of the people . But others are gripping. Berlin was a Zionist so there is much of historical interest leading up to the founding of Israel.
790 reviews
August 1, 2024
Although it did take me several years to finish this book, every single essay that I read was interesting and the words flowed so freely from the optimistic analysis of Isaiah Berlin. Particularly I liked his essays on Winston Churchill, Virginia Woolf and the Russian writers. His reference to Diderot in the Winston Churchill essay gave a snapshot overview of Diderot's time.
Profile Image for Lucky.
133 reviews6 followers
June 29, 2021
“我之所以批评启蒙运动的教义,谴责它缺乏对各个种族和文化的成员之间感情纽带的同情,指责其唯心、空洞而教条的国际主义,就我自身而言,是出于对于我自己犹太出身以及对共同忍受苦难(完全不同于追求国家荣誉)的犹太同胞的手足情谊——几乎是本能般的意识;也是出于一种友爱感,这种友爱感也许在贫困和遭受社会压迫的大众之中最真实,特别是在我的祖先,那些贫穷但受过教育、有社会凝聚力的东欧犹太人之中。这种友爱感,在我度过一生的西方,已经变得稀薄而抽象。”一本本读毕,不仅是伯林一生研究与书写的对象,连同他自己的形象也在慢慢变得清晰。
Profile Image for Maurizio Manco.
Author 7 books129 followers
October 7, 2017
"Si può guardare la vita da molte finestre, e nessuna è necessariamente limpida o opaca, più o meno deformante rispetto a una qualunque delle altre." (p. 19)
166 reviews5 followers
September 22, 2019
Eloquent. Particularly enjoyed the section on Namier (a complicated, inconsistent, buy fascinating person)
Profile Image for WaldenOgre.
722 reviews88 followers
November 17, 2020
此书读完,我才更清楚地发觉,虽然自己在理智上对正直的饱学之士素来都抱有无比的崇敬,但情感上却天然地为那些热情、冲动、幼稚、浪漫、充满生命力和明显缺陷的奇怪人物所吸引。真是股有趣的张力啊。
Profile Image for La Revenante.
34 reviews4 followers
February 6, 2018
06/02/18 Impressioni personali, anche le mie.

Il mio voto è parziale e si limita al capitolo che ho letto, mi riservo di cambiarlo (spero di no) quando riuscirò a leggerlo tutto.
Questo è uno degli scritti più belli che abbia letto tra quelli che mi sono stati "imposti" dall'ambiente universitario. Dovetti infatti tradurre il capitolo dedicato a Boris Pasternak e Anna Achmatova per l'ormai leggendario esame di Lingua Russa III di qualche anno fa.
Berlin racconta le vicende che l'hanno portato a trasferirsi in Unione Sovietica per alcuni anni e i suoi incontri con tante personalità della vita culturale russa del tempo (fino al 1945), soffermandosi particolarmente sul rapporto d'amicizia stretto con Pasternak e la Achmatova, che erano anche amici tra loro.
Purtroppo la memoria è tiranna, non ricordo tutto nei dettagli e non ho il libro sottomano, ma ricordo una prosa limpida e lineare (parlo della versione russa, -anche se la versione originale era in inglese- mentre la traduzione italiana era molto "libera" in alcuni punti), così come mi è rimasto impresso nella memoria il ritratto vividissimo di Boris Pasternak, della sua personalità e delle sue manie, tanto da pensare quasi di averlo conosciuto anch'io di persona. Mi sentii pure in colpa per aver abbandonato Il Dottor Živago dopo poche pagine ogni volta che avevo provato a leggerlo. Mi ero promessa di riprovarci, ancora non l'ho fatto.

Da quel poco che ho letto Isaiah Berlin mi piace come intellettuale, leggerò altri suoi scritti (oltre a terminare questo, ovviamente) per approfondire la mia conoscenza.
Profile Image for Ian Divertie.
210 reviews19 followers
May 10, 2015
Love the writing style of course. Very nice overview of many important individuals of the 20th Century, --- his personal impressions of them.
Profile Image for Bob.
185 reviews5 followers
August 17, 2014
There's something lifeless about it that I can't put my finger on.
Displaying 1 - 13 of 13 reviews

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