I want to start talking about this book by saying that we are not in one of Agatha Christie's mystery novels, where the most obvious suspect is usually innocent. In life, as in history, the most obvious suspect is not necessarily innocent, simply because that would seem too easy. Someone who clearly has the motive and the means to commit a crime may be the murderer.
The book revolves around the tragic fate of the two princes, the sons of Edward IV and Elizabeth Woodville. After the death of King Edward IV, the eldest of the princes, Edward, aged 12, was to become the new king of England. As he was too young to rule, his uncle, Richard, the Duke of Gloucester, had to become the regent and protector until the young king came of age. However, the two young princes were declared illegitimate (a wholly specious claim) and therefore unfit for the crown. As a result, their uncle became King Richard III, a controversial monarch who ruled for only about two years.
The unsolved case of the disappearance of the two boys remains one of those mysteries about which modern historians disagree.
You might think that this novel seeks to answer whether or not Richard III was guilty of the hideous crime of murdering the two boys. But no. The author believes that she knows the right answer, and she spends the entire book trying to convince the reader to agree with her version.
One of her main arguments is, guess what, a portrait of Richard. But let's not get ahead of ourselves.
Josephine Tey claims that Richard was innocent and fell victim to a perfidious libel сoncocted during the reign of Henry VII, the first Tudor king. Using fictional characters, she argues that Richard had no interest in murdering his nephews and that killing them would have been a grave mistake on his part. And our Richard, according to the book, was too smart to make such a mistake. As if clever and cautious politicians could never commit blunders. There are numerous examples of such mistakes throughout history.
The account in this book is dressed up as a police investigation into a crime that happened more than 500 years ago. Given the overly ambitious task, it is probably not surprising that the presented version of the events contains lots of contradictions and historical inaccuracies.
For example, the author portrays Richard as a man who was at times naive and too kind to deal vigorously with his enemies and detractors. His naivety cost him dearly, ultimately leading to his death at the Battle of Bosworth in 1485. At the same time, as I said, she depicts Richard as a man who could not make a grave mistake... simply because he could not.
What makes Tey so certain of his innocence? Well, in his portrait Richard looks too honest, "over-conscientious" and has "the face of a saint."
This portrait sets a benchmark for evaluating almost everything Richard could or could not do. Should we judge someone by their supposed appearance? Really?
Are we to be convinced by this (to put it mildly) unscientific (so to speak) argument? Not even to mention the question of the portrait's authenticity.
This 'portrait story' that kept coming up was probably the biggest issue I had with this novel, but far from the only one.
An example of the contradictions in the book is the question of legitimacy. The author argues that the boys in the Tower were not a threat to Richard because they were illegitimate. Period. She ignores the obvious fact that Edward was declared King before he was deposed and that people began to swear allegiance to him. But Tey goes on to claim that Richard could have declared his illegitimate offspring to be heir to the throne after the death of his legitimate son, had he made such a decision. But, of course, he was too conscientious to do so. I see in these two statements an obvious contradiction and a challenge to common sense.
To paraphrase the line in the novel, it seems that the oddities have eaten away at the very foundations of the discussed theory.
Claims that Richard is the victim of slander and hostile historians are not new to the modern reader. Some historians defend Richard and look to counter his black legend, which is helpful overall. There is little doubt that many of the negative characteristics attributed to Richard are false or brazenly exaggerated. We know that he has been accused of things that he most likely never did. It is equally true that the Tudor dynasty was interested in tarnishing the reputation of Richard, whom they succeeded. Tudor historians wanted to please the reigning dynasty.
Thomas More's account of the princes' murder is certainly controversial. Although some believe that More's version of the murder is credible, it is hard to verify. He may have relied on rumors. As this book reminds us, More was only about five when Richard declared himself king.
But none of this means that Richard could not and did not order the murder of his brother's children.
To make a long story short, the version presented is not a careful (re)examination of history, but an example of revisionism gone too far.
The idea of deciphering one's personality based on a portrait seems risible. We cannot say what Richard's intentions were. We must comment on his actions. He may have been impeccably loyal to his brother, King Edward IV, as some sources suggest. This does not mean that Richard extended this loyalty to his nephews, whom he may have regarded as the sons of Elizabeth Woodville. There was no love lost between Richard and the Woodvilles.
The fact is that he deposed his nephew, the boy King Edward, and sent him and his younger brother to the Tower. After that, no one saw the two princes in public. Another fact is that Richard, now King Richard III, had the motive to murder his nephews, and, as the supreme ruler of the country, he had the means to accomplish this evil intention.
This novel reminds me of some scholars who, conveniently or naively, forget that all those historical figures, whose lives they study, had no clear understanding of what the future would hold for them. Richard did not know that his only legitimate son and heir was about to die. He may have been thinking about securing the crown for his son when he decided the fate of the two boys in the Tower. Henry Tudor did not know that he would soon win the battle and be crowned King Henry VII. They were living in the present moment and could not foresee the future.
The author overlooks the fact that the boys, even declared illegitimate, threatened Richard's reign and the prospects of his young son, who was still alive at the time. Richard may have seen it as a political necessity to get rid of the boys at all costs. He may have decided to act decisively to prevent the continuation of bloodshed in the kingdom. The desire to restore peace is said to have been one of the main reasons why he agreed to ascend the throne.
The context of the violent atmosphere of bloody civil conflict in which Richard and others lived is undoubtedly important.
Richard's calculations backfired, but such reasoning, as cruel as it might be, was in line with the times and the political climate.
Richard must have understood the ethics, sensibilities, and subtleties of his time and age far better than any modern scholar. He sensed the danger that the mere existence of the boys posed to his reign and his descendants. Richard was not stupid. Edward and Elizabeth's children were declared illegitimate? Well, they could have been restored to legitimacy, as formally happened during the reign of Henry VII.
Those were the days when the chasm between legitimate and illegitimate royal blood was not insurmountable. Henry VII proves that.
If you had the patience to read this (unnecessarily) long review up to this point, you might think that I am convinced that Richard is guilty of murdering his minor nephews. The answer is no, I am not. I think he was, and still is, the most plausible candidate.
True, the evidence against Richard is circumstantial. But could it be otherwise? Even if we had the confession written in Richard's hand, it could still be argued that the king was forced to write it, or that the evidence was forged, or that we misunderstood his words. The same applies to Henry Tudor or to any other powerful actor that can be suspected.
Richard had the motive and he had the means. He was the one who had the most to gain from the boys' disappearance. He was in charge when the boys were most likely killed. Although the book argues that the boys outlived Richard, this possibility seems unlikely. Why on earth would so many influential nobles support Henry Tudor's shaky claim to the throne if the boys could still be alive? Yet who knows, even that cannot be completely ruled out.
To conclude my ramblings, what exactly happened to the princes in the Tower we will probably never know. Even a confession that survived the centuries would not be enough to close the case decisively. Richard may have ordered his nephews to be killed. He may not have murdered them, but they most likely disappeared on his watch, again pointing the finger of responsibility at Richard.
The princes may even have miraculously survived, albeit that is very unlikely.