I met Stephen Sondheim in the mid-1970s. He was in Boston with a production of A Little Night Music. Sondheim happened to come into the place where I was then working. I heard his name and asked, "Are you the Stephen Sondheim?" He said that he was. As I recall over fifty years later, that was our entire conversation. Damn!
I think that Sunday in the Park with George might have been the only musical that I ever saw on Broadway during its first appearance there. Mandy Patinkin, the original male lead, had already left the show when I saw it; he had been replaced by Robert Westenberg, who had previously played the part of the Soldier. Bernadette Peters was still playing the leading female role. I have since seen it performed in a student production at the New England Conservatory. As I read this book, I watched the Great Performances recording of the original Broadway production on YouTube.
James Lapine, author of this book, had written the book for this show, that is, the spoken dialogue of the play. He also directed the play.
Sunday in the Park with George is about, as one of the songs states, "the art of making art." There are two acts. The first is a fictionalized story about the French pointillist painter Georges Seurat. (Seurat's first name is given the anglicized spelling and pronunciation "George" throughout most of the play.) Seurat is working on his second major painting, the one for which he is now best known, "A Sunday Afternoon on the Island of La Grande Jatte." The painting shows a number of people, most of them well dressed, sitting or strolling near the shore of a wooded island in the Seine. Throughout the first act, George sketches the scene, returning to his studio to turn the sketches into a very large painting. George draws many passersby, but he also has one model, his lover, Dot. Dot, tired of George paying attention to his art rather than to her, leaves him and marries a baker, Louis, even though she knows that she is pregnant with George's child; Louis knows this, but agrees to marry Dot anyway. After the baby is born, Dot, Louis, and their new daughter leave to go to America. George finishes his painting.
The second act begins at an American art museum, the one in which the "La Grande Jatte" painting now hangs. A different young man named George "has been commissioned by this museum to create an art piece commemorating Georges Seurat's painting..." He will be using a machine called a Chromolume, the seventh such variety of this type of machine, which uses, appropriately, color and lights. He has brought his ninety-eight year old grandmother, Marie, who takes part in the presentation. Marie is Dot's daughter, the child born in France and brought to America, who was told by her late mother that Marie's biological father was Seurat. After some initial difficulty with this Chromolume, George proceeds with the "art piece"; a part of which is shown in the play. After this, George meets with people at the museum - officials, critics, other artists, potential sponsors, and his ex-wife, who is still friendly with both George and Marie. In the last scene of the play, at the invitation of the government, George has brought the Chromolume to the now built-up island of La Grande Jatte. Marie has died and George feels that he is just repeating works of art that he has already made. Dot appears to him, thinking that he is her George, this young man's great-grandfather. She tells him that he must move on.
The actors from the first act assume different personae is Act Two. The two Georges are played by the same actor and the elderly grandmother is played by the actress who also plays Dot.
The last section of this book is the text of the play, including all the songs. This is both humorous and moving, itself a work of art. It is important to remember that merely reading lyrics is a very different thing from hearing the music and singing.
The larger part of the book tells of how that work of art came to be, how many artists and technicians, from many different fields, combined to turn the idea of a play inspired by the painting into a piece of musical theater, Sunday in the Park with George.
Some of this material is presented as Lapine's memories of what took place. The rest of it consists of interviews conducted by Lapine with many of those who had been involved in that first production. Some of the actors only took part in a pre-Broadway period at Playwrights Horizons; these included some people now quite famous, such as Christine Baranski, Kelsey Grammer, Mary Elizabeth Mastrantonio, and Carmen Mathews. The actors in the first Broadway production included Dana Ivey (five time Tony Award nominee), Charles Kimbrough (Jim Dial on the television show Murphy Brown), and Brent Spiner (Data in Star Trek: The Next Generation).
Sondheim was already famous when planning for this play began. Lapine was much younger, but had become known for having written some relatively successful plays and directing the musical play March of the Falsettos. The two men were introduced and discussed potential projects. They decided on a musical play incorporating elements of the painting "A Sunday Afternoon on the Island of La Grande Jatte." ("La Grande Jatte," the internet tells me, means something like "the big bowl" or "the big crater." I don't know why the island was given that name.) They began to write the first act, with Sondheim working on the title song. A space was rented and other people began to be involved.
A musical director and a casting director join the group and actors are interviewed and hired. The set designer, Tony Straiges, comes on board; the set is extraordinarily important for this play. Costume designers too become part of the group.
The "musical team" is recruited, including a musical director and an orchestrator. Lapine is now working with the actors, running "workshops" in which the performers take part in games and exercises. Some of them enjoy this; others emphatically do not. Lapine makes it clear that he and some of the actors often did not work together harmoniously. One of the actors with a large part (Remak Ramsay, whom I have seen on stage and enjoyed) walked out without notice, sending Sondheim a message that "said something to the effect of, 'Why are you working with this guy, James Lapine? He doesn't know what he's doing. I quit.'" Rehearsals went on, even though much of the show, including most of the second act, was still unfinished.
Issues arise and are dealt with. The Chromolume has to be designed, at considerable expense.
Various people involved were tense, feeling either that what they were doing was not good enough, or the opposite - that their work was not sufficiently appreciated. Mandy Patinkin announced that he was leaving but was persuaded to stay. (Patinkin received and - reluctantly - turned down an offer to appear with Dustin Hoffman in Death of a Salesman.) Lapine admits that he himself was sometimes short-tempered; "when I finally just accepted the fact that everyone didn't like me and moved on," he states, "the better I got at my job." Bernadette Peters, who had been performing since childhood, almost always remained calmly professional.
The costume designers had to work out a problem which would seem to me to be easily done but was actually quite difficult; Dot has to step out of a heavy dress, almost magically, and then return to it. The dress must stand by itself when she is not wearing it. How hard can that be? Very, I now know - but they did it.
And as for the music - Sondheim kept working, but some of the songs used in the second act were still not finished. I quite honestly am not sure exactly what an orchestrator does, but that work went on. Michael Starobin, who was the orchestrator, says things like, "I knew I would want strings... The use of a harp seemed like it might be called for." I had always assumed that the composer - Sondheim, in this case - would at least take part in such decisions.
There is no dancing in the show but there was a choreographer, a "movement person to help with the Broadway staging."
Producers raised money. Even though the show was unfinished, they put on performances in front of audiences. And the show prepared to move to Broadway.
The show opened on May 2, 1984. It got generally good reviews. It received ten nominations for Tony Awards. Three actors from the show were nominated - Mandy Patinkin, Bernadette Peters,
and Dana Ivey. Sondheim, Lapine, and the costume designers, the set designer, and the lighting designer were all nominated. It won for the set design and the lighting, but lost in every other category, mostly to La Cage aux Folles. Jerry Herman, who wrote the score for Cage, gave a famous acceptance speech which was widely regarded as a denigration of Sondheim's work.
Sunday in the Park with George subsequently received the Pulitzer Prize for Drama; at that time, it was only the sixth musical in fifty-seven years to win the award.
Putting It Together: How Stephen Sondheim and I Created Sunday in the Park with George is an excellent book. I know that similar books have been written regarding the creation of other works of art. I have only read a few of those, but I am convinced that this one is indeed, as the song "Putting It Together" says, "the state of the art." Lapine tried to include thoughts from most of the people involved in this production who were still living when the book was published in 2021. Sadly, Stephen Sondheim died on November 26, 2021.
I do not think that a book of this type can have too much illustrative material. This has pretty much everything that a reader might want. There are costume designs, sections of the musical score, copies of pages of notes made during the period that all this work took place, copies of the exemplary poster advertising the show, reproductions of Seurat's paintings, and literally dozens of photographs. One of the photographs is of the artist Georges Seurat, painter of "A Sunday Afternoon on the Island of La Grande Jatte," who died at the age of thirty-one.
I always assumed that putting together and performing a musical play must be a formidable task. Clearly I was right, but I had no idea just how much goes into this, how many people contribute work and talent and, if the audience is lucky, genius. Lapine makes that clear. He makes the reader care not only about the show that is performed but also about all the people who bit by bit...piece by piece...dot by dot create a work of art.
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I want to add some comments not regarding the book but about the play itself. Offering my opinions about a Pulitzer Prize-winning play may be presumptuous, but there are observations that I would like to make.
Starting with a very few somewhat negative comments, I would have suggested three major changes:
First, giving Seurat's model and lover the name "Dot" seems to me to be a silly, childish joke. Seurat is renowned as an exponent of pointillism, a type of art in which the paint is not applied in strokes but in small dots of color; the point is that the human eye perceives those dots as a whole, mixing the colors in the eye and the brain rather than on the canvas. Naming a major character in the play after a silly pun seems to me to diminish her importance.
The beginning of the second act has the people in the painting, now hanging in an American museum, complaining that they are hot and their "lives" are monotonous. This is meant to be humorous, and it succeeds at that. But, to my mind, this is barely a part of the play, totally at odds with the rest of the material. This Pirandello-ish joking seems to me to interrupt the flow of the play, sacrificing continuity for comedy.
Perhaps the most famous song in the play is "Finishing the Hat," certainly the most moving song that Seurat is given. He explains that he knows that he sees life as if through a window, losing Dot and their baby because he is consumed by his desire to make works of art. Before reading the book and watching the play once more, I remembered incorrectly that this was sung in George's studio as he worked on a hat in the painting. In fact, the song is a follow-up to a conversation that George has had with Dot, in which George says that he can not go to the Follies with her as they had planned because he had to finish painting a hat. It would make sense for George to be directing the thoughts in this song to Dot or, possibly, to his friend and fellow-artist Jules or just musing to himself. But that is not the situation really used in the play as the setting for the song. George is not painting in his studio, he is outdoors sketching, and he is speaking to a dog. It works - the song is wonderful - but I think that it would have worked even better if it had indeed been sung in Seurat's studio as he painted.
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I have never understood the play's reputation as being difficult to understand or hard to follow. Yes, the second act is set in a different time and place from the first act, but I think that the transition is clear. The two Georges both have problems relating to their art; the problems are, admittedly, quite different, and perhaps members of the audience were confused by that, but I think that both situations are well delineated.
I know that many people think that the first act is far more interesting than Act Two, both in terms of drama and of the songs. Act One has the great costumes and some wonderful music. The song "Sunday" that concludes the first act is one of the moments that I remembered really well even years after seeing the show. As I mentioned above, the song "Finishing the Hat" is also excellent.
Act One also has some things that I don't like. I find the very caricatured American couple less amusing than I am sure was intended. Likewise, the inanimate soldier is an interesting concept, but I don't think that it works well.
The second act also has some wonderful things. The "Putting It Together" number is genuinely clever and funny. The reprise of "Sunday" works well. The character of Marie, the ninety-eight year old grandmother, is consistently fine.
And the most moving songs are in Act Two. "Children and Art" is, simply, terrific. In addition to the end of Act One, what has always stayed firm and strong in my memory is Marie looking at the painting and seeing what she believes are multiple versions of her mother:
"Isn't she beautiful?
There she is -
There she is, there she is, there she is -
Mama is everywhere,
He must have loved her so much..."
And then the two songs that come late in Act Two. "Lesson #8," in which George reads from Dot's old grammar book and thinks of his recently deceased grandmother:
"'Marie has the ball of Charles...'
'Good for Marie...'
'Charles misses his ball...'
George misses Marie...
George misses a lot...
George is alone."
And this goes on to show George's loneliness and his despair.
And then a phantom appearance by Dot. Late in Act One, Dot sings:
"I have to move on."
Now she brings hope to George, whom she mistakenly believes is her George:
"Move on.
Stop worrying where you're going -
Move on.
If you can know where you're going,
You've gone.
Just keep moving on.
I chose, and my world was shaken -
So what?
The choice may have been mistaken,
The choosing was not.
You have to move on..."
And then the lovely ending in which George realizes that he has "so many possibilities..."
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A very fine ending to a marvelous musical play.