نظریه انتقادی

Very Short Introductions #263

by Stephen Eric Bronner, پرویز علوی (Translator)

Critical Theory emerged in the 1920s from the work of the Frankfurt School, the circle of German-Jewish academics who sought to diagnose-and, if at all possible, cure-the ills of society, particularly fascism and capitalism. In this book, Stephen Eric Bronner provides sketches of leading representatives of the critical tradition (such as George Lukács and Ernst Bloch, Theodor Adorno and Walter Benjamin, Herbert Marcuse and Jurgen Habermas) as well as many of its seminal texts and empirical investigations. This Very Short Introduction sheds light on the cluster of concepts and themes that set critical theory apart from its more traditional philosophical competitors. Bronner explains and discusses concepts such as method and agency, alienation and reification, the culture industry and repressive tolerance, non-identity and utopia. He argues for the introduction of new categories and perspectives for illuminating the obstacles to progressive change and focusing upon hidden transformative possibilities. Only a critique of critical theory can render it salient for a new age. That is precisely what this very short introduction provides.

Genres: Philosophy, Nonfiction, Theory, Politics, History, Sociology, Criticism

184 pages, Paperback

First published March 18, 2011

About the author

Stephen Eric Bronner is an American political scientist and philosopher, Board of Governors Professor of Political Science at Rutgers University in New Brunswick, New Jersey, United States, and is the Director of Global Relations for the Center for the Study of Genocide and Human Rights.

Reviews

[Johannes Bertus · Rating 2 out of 5]

This might be a good book on some level, but as an introduction it fails completely. I wish the editor of the series would remind authors of the difference between academic and popular writing - avoid esoteric jargon, explain references to lesser known thinkers, etc. This book assumes far too much prior knowledge to qualify as an introduction.

[Leona · Rating 1 out of 5]

A good book for people informed enough not to need it.

[Turbulent_Architect · Rating 2 out of 5]

Not a terrible book but not a good one either. Bronner's overview of the key concepts, figures of the Frankfurt School is competent enough, as is his discussion of its Kantian, Hegelian, and Marxist influences. I also appreciated his defense of Enlightenment against Adorno and Horkheimer's irrationalism. At the same time, though, this really doesn't work as a general introduction. The structure is all over the place, there are numerous factual errors, and the writing is painfully abstruse. Best start somewhere else if you're interested in Critical Theory (or better yet, find a different interest).

[Andrew Ringsmuth · Rating 2 out of 5]

Would you like to learn about an intellectual field so full of verbose waffle and flourishing vagaries that you can see whatever meaning you like in it? Would you like to suffer through page after page of untestable claims about the nature of the world and marvel at the gargantuan self indulgence of their authors? Yes?! Then this may well be the book for you! To be fair, the author seems to have done a good job of summarising the history of these bizarre cognitive contortions; he’s just the messenger. But why exactly these messages deserve to be propagated, I’ll never understand.

‘You can’t polish a turd.’ ~ Australian proverb.

[Abner Rosenweig · Rating 1 out of 5]

Teaching requires the ability to empathize with the student, to remember what it was like to be a beginner, and to explain from a clear yet unpatronizing perspective.

Bronner seems incapable of seeing things from the perspective of a novice. He writes as if he's speaking to an audience who is already well-versed in critical theory, assuming a great deal of technical expertise -- hardly appropriate for an introductory text!

Bronner also wastes a great deal of space on tangents, interjecting personal editorials into the text (e.g. his criticism of Lukacs Dialectic of the Enlightenment [61] or his musing on the idea of Utopia [75]). There are so many opinions here that they come to dominate the book.

Bronner betrays the reader, betrays the mission of the book, in his infusions of jargon and opinions. He lures the reader in with the false idea of an introduction merely so he can assert his ego and stain the voices of the canonical authors with his own tawdry views.

The book's real title should be "My Personal Review of the Major Works of Critical Theory".

Very disappointing.

[Will · Rating 1 out of 5]

The book should be rewritten. I'm generally interested in philosophy and sociology, but I find the presentation in this book very unclear. The author jumps around from figure to figure, making brief comments on each. He almost assumes we are already familiar with their ideas when we're not, as this is an introductory book. I was thoroughly confused and couldn't continue with the book after one-third of it.

[Amine · Rating 3 out of 5]

I sympathize with the criticism this book received in terms of not doing much to hold the reader's hand. I certainly would not recommend this as an introduction to anyone who does not have at least some familiarization with the ideas already.
However, I also sympathize with the author, i cannot imagine an easy way to construct a "very short" introduction to critical theory to someone completely uninitiated in theory, social, or cultural ideas like the ones discussed here, or in the historical context between the bolshevik revolution and the 1960's.
As to me, I think this read was very interesting, I learned a thing or two about critical theory and the figures most central to it. I have not had a chance to get such a spanning image of the ideas of the Frankfurt school and their evolution through time before. I also cannot help but appreciate how this book showcases the stark differences between figures often lumped together casually.
All in all, I find this an interesting even if lacking introduction to critical theory.

[Stephen Bedard · Rating 4 out of 5]

I hear many people speaking of critical theory but with very little explanation (or understanding) of what it is. For some, it is enough to know that it is linked to Marxism. I found this introduction to critical theory to be helpful to at least situate the discussion for me. More reading is needed but this is a good first start.

[Skye · Rating 2 out of 5]

Incomprehensibly organized. Useful only perhaps as a source for a reading list of the Frankfurt School. The writing was so contrived, there were some sentences I was sure were grammatically incorrect. Overall an unsuccessful book if intended to be a true introduction.

[Allyson · Rating 1 out of 5]

Absolutely boring. And when it wasn't boring, I didn't understand any of it. A very short introduction for experts is more like it.

[Sarah · Rating 2 out of 5]

Not great as an introduction, assumes you already know a lot about the topic and uses a lot of jargon.

[Amr helmy · Rating 2 out of 5]

لست أدري على التحقيق أين يكمن الخطأ أو مم انبعث ذلك العسر في القراءة ...صدئ عقلي أم اضطراب الترجمة أم وعورة الأفكار المتضمنة في الكتاب وجدتها علي أم استغلاق الفلسفة وما يتصل بها على ذهني الكليل ...أنا لا أحب العلمويين والوضعيين ...ربما لا أحقق مذهبهم وأكتنه حقائقه لكني أبغض من رأيت منهم وقدر لي التعامل معه ولاسيما في بلادنا البائسة حيث يستنسر البغاث ويستطيل الخلق على بعضهم بحصائد عقول كدت وتعبت في بلاد بعيدة بعيدة عنا ...ثم انتهى إلينا ذلك ..لا لنصل ما ابتدأوه أو نستشعر الغيرة فنغتلي لندفع بأنفسنا في تلك الميادين .....بل لنختار أهون السبل وأشدها انحطاطا ..كي نتباغى ونتحاسد ونقتتل ونزيد الهوى الفاغرة أفواهها فيما بيننا اتساعا وكأننا لم نكتف بما لدينا من حظوظ الفتن وإرث الخلافات حتى نزيدها ضراما بما اجتلبناه ...المهم وانطلاقا من تلك الكراهية القائمة شرعت في الميل إلى تلك المذاهب القائمة على الطرف الآخر ..اهتممت حينا بالوجودية ..وحططت رحالي مؤخرا عند مدرسة فرانكفورت ...ثيودور أدورنو وماركوزه وهوركهايمر وبنيامين هؤلاء الرهط الثائرين ...المنادين بتحرير الإنسان من التنميط والاغتراب والتشيؤ ..حيث تنحط قيمة الإنسان ليصير سلعة في سوق السلع القاسية الكالحة حيث لا رحمة ولا صوت يعلو على صوت المال ...انضم لهؤلاء الرهط إرنست بلوخ ..في الحقيقة هؤلاء الألمان قوم يستحقون الدراسة بشكل مستفيض ...نزعاتهم لغزو أوروبا من داخلها ..فلاسفتهم وشعراؤهم ومجابهاتهم لسائر الفلسفة الأوروبية حسب ما انتهى إليه علمي ..تقييد كانط للعقل ..نقد النظرية النقدية للرأسمالية وصناعة الثقافة ..الرومانسيون الألمان ..شيلر وهامان ..الفرنسيون مزعجون ومتعجرفون ...الألمان برأيي أرق حاشية وأقرب لنا ..أعود لإرنست بلوخ ..له كتاب من ثلاث مجلدات اسمه "مبدأ الأمل" ....لم أطلع على الكتاب لكن أن تقتطع في ذلك الوقت الرهيب من القرن الفائت حيث كل شئ يبعث على التشاؤم والخوف والقلق من وقتك لتكتب تلك الصفحات عن الأمل ..فهذا قدر ولا شك عظيم من الجهاد والنضال على هذه الأرض والتي تغري حوادثها بالكف والإقلاع عن كل عمل ......"ليس بالخبز وحده يحيا الإنسان ولاسيما إذا لم يكن لديه ثمنه " قالها إرنست ولكن ما معناها ؟ ....أليس فيما حولنا من قسوة وبؤس وجشع وفقر ما يعضد تلك الحكمة ..أليس في تلك الظروف القاسية التي تحوطنا من كل جهة ما يدفعنا بعيدا عن التراب ..كيف ينحطون إلى التراب ويتكالبون عليه وهناك فيما بيننا من لا يكاد يجد قوت يومه...ثم هم أحياء ..ولربما كانوا أشد منا حياة !! ..أفضل فصول الكتاب برأيي ..فصل المعمل اليوتوبي ...اليوتوبيا ..الجنة الموعودة ..الخلاص ..الكمال ..لا يمكن أن تكون على الأرض ..لكنها بالطبع هناك قائمة تستحثنا لنبلغها وندأب إليها ..لكننا أبدا لا نبلغها ونموت وفي حلوقنا ظمأ إليها ..لكنا نحن المسلمين نبلغها فيما أوقن وأتمنى هناك ...عند مليك مقتدر...لكننا لا نُحرمها تماما فما تزال هناك لحظات يوتويوبية تمر بنا ..ثم تنقضي سريعا فلا نتلبث عندها إلا بعد مفارقتها ...مررت بلحظة كتلك مذ بضعة أيام ..دعوت الله بعدها ..كثيرا ..أن يمنحني من جنته تلك أياما وأياما وأياما ...وألا يحرمني أيامها هنا ..ولا دوامها هناك ...
لم يرقها ما يقدم عليه بعضهم من التصريح علنا وبين جموع حاشدة بما يضطرب بالصدور من حب ورغبة في الارتباط ..ترى في ذلك ابتذالا ...وددت لو أخبرتها بما يراه الألمان من رأي ..."التنميط" ...قاتل الذاتية وفرادة التجارب البشرية ..ليس هناك من بأس في أن يغتلي الحب بصدر أحدهم فلا يكاد يجد متنفسا إلا من خلال بوحه على الملأ ..لكن سرعان ما تتشكل عناصر المأساة الهزلية ..حين يصير ذلك عادة متبعة وتقليدا مستنا ..حينها يفقد كل بريق له وكل حسن ..إذ فقد الباعث الحقيقي عليه..
ما أرقها وأحلاها ....وأحبها وتحبني !!..آه ..كيف وصلت إلى هنا ..لماذا يقودني كل حديث نحوها ..بدا لي مؤخرا أن كل أحاديثي تنعطف نحوها مهما كانت درجة بعدها عنها ..النظرية النقدية ..الفلسفة ..ثم لا ألبث حتى أجد نفسي أتحدث عنها وعن رقتها
هناك الكثير مما يمكن الحديث عنه في الكتاب ..التضامن والمقاومة والحرية تلك الأسس التي حاولت إبرازها والدفاع عنها مدرسة فرانكفورت ...السعادة الزائفة والوعي المخدر والحاجات الزائفة ..ابتلاع المنظمات والبيروقراطية لكل رغبة ثورية ...وأمور أخرى كثيرة
ولكن كيف أمضي أيامي من دونك وأنت سري المكنون ؟؟

[Laila . · Rating 3 out of 5]

كتاب النظرية النقدية مليء بالمصطلحات لا يمكن فهمه تماما لمن ليس ملم في العلوم الاجتماعيه والانسانيه وهذا المصطلح يشير الى تقيم ونقد فكري وثقافي وسياسي للمجتمع .
الكتاب يشمل دراسات وتحليل وتقييم لأبحاث ومقالات علماء في الشؤؤون السياسية والاجتماعية والاقتصادية
يرى هيجل ان الوعي هو محرك التاريخ ، كذلك النقد يحرك التاريخ ويعمل على التغيير ، وهناك وعي سعيد وهو وعي القطيع ووعي شقي وهو الذي يدعم التقدم ، إن الظروف الاجتماعية الجديدة تنتج أفكارا ووعيا جديدا للتطبيق الراديكالي مما تضع مشكلات جديدة في طريقها ، و عند عجز المجتمعات المنغلقة عن التعامل مع الشعور بالذنب وايجاد حلول جذرية للمشاكل الناشئة وتقصيرها بتطبيق القيم السائدة ، ينتج عن ذلك قيما قمعية .
تشكلت النظريه النقديه في بوتقه الفكر الماركسي الا ان اتباعها رفضوا الحتميه الاقتصاديه ، اهتمت بالاغتراب والتشيؤ ؛ يمثل الاغتراب بالاثار النفسيه واستغلال العمال وتقسيم العمل ، اما التشيؤ فهو الكيفيه التي يعمل بها الاشخاص فعليا باعتبارهم اشياء وآلات ، واستغلال طبقات اجتماعية بواسطة طبقات او دول ، وتحويل الحياة الى حياة ميكانيكية بالكامل ، فبما أن الطبقة العاملة او البروليتاريا واقعة تحت شرك الرأس مالية ، فإن الشقاء يقزّم وعيها للحد الادنى .
ترى مدرسه فرانكفورت ان صناعه الثقافه ظلمت التجربه الجماليه و الاعمال الفنيه لا تعامل تعامل مختلفا عن السلع الاخرى من خلال صناعه الثقافه التي تعمل على زياده الارباح الى الحد الاقصى
تعتبر صناعه الثقافه فرعا من انتاج السلع الذي يمكن ان يثبت انه نفسه ينتقد الانتاج الصناعي ، وهناك ثقافة النخبة وثقافة شعبية التي تعمل على تنظيم المجتمع وتوجيهها لما يتلاءم مع متطلباتها .

ترجع الاهمية الاجتماعية والسياسية لعصر التنوير ان اتباعه في مقدمه من يحاربون ممارسة السلطه التعسفيه من قبل مؤسسات لا تخضع للمساءله الا انهم كذلك قد ساهموا في تحول المجتمع المدني من خلال هجومهم على الاشكال الاساسيه من القسوه والتعصب الديني والاميه والخرافه وكراهيه الغرباء .
كتاب بسيط يعطي نظرة شاملة ، باختصار عن النقد للفلسفة الاجتماعية والسياسية والاقتصادية .

[Simona B]

I agree with the reviews that say the book is definitely not written for a beginner -- as one would indeed expect from a Very Short Introduction. The organization lacks any rationale that I can discern, or rather, the different themes advertised by the chapter titles seem to make sense, but the actual distribution of information among the chapters baffles me, being quite repetitive and often jumping from one idea to the next following a rationale that, while certainly clear to the author, remains obscure to the reader. I also agree with one review saying that Bronner is at his best when he offers his criticism on certain missteps of critical theory and its theorists (I'm thinking especially of their view of the Enlightenment). Being engaged in a sort of critique of critique in my own work, I particularly appreciated chapters 9 and 10, which expand on how critical theory can better adapt itself to contemporaneity -- a type of reflection which I didn't expect in this short book but which is, even in its necessary partiality, very welcome.

[Ben Hourigan · Rating 2 out of 5]

Not what I was hoping for, which was a plain-language guide to critical theory. Once near-nonsense terms like “the ontology of false conditions” are introduced, Bronner happily relies on them for the rest of the book. It’s a shame, because plenty of interesting ideas came out of the Frankfurt School, but incomprehensible writing style is often a major flaw. Critical theory deserves a guide that clearly communicates what it has to offer, but this is not it.

[Muhamed · Rating 4 out of 5]

The author does a great job of introducing critical theory and its key figures. He provides abundant quotes - something quite rare in the VSI series - and this makes the contact with the thinkers of the group more concrete. I am not sure what to make of the author's own opinions at the very end of the book, but imho he did a good job of presenting ideas even when he disagreed with them. Overall, one of the best books in VSI series.

[Devon · Rating 3 out of 5]

Helpful in providing context to a class on critical theory, but without the knowledge from that class this book would be incomprehensible as an introduction. The author frequently neglects to define specialized terms and the reader is left to infer what they mean.

[Jason Schulman · Rating 5 out of 5]

Bronner packs a great deal of information on the Frankfurt School and its antecedents in a very few pages. Dense stuff, but very much worth the effort

[Siavash Mazdapour · Rating 3 out of 5]

متن مقدماتی‌ای نبود!

[Erica · Rating 2 out of 5]

An interesting summary of some key ideas within Critical Theory but also assumes the reader has a working knowledge of concepts such as ontology—which has taken me approx. 18 months of doctoral study to (mostly) understand—so ultimately fails at its stated task of being 'introductory'. I would suggest for any future editions that the author consider the power dynamics he is perpetuating through the gatekeeping of knowledge.

[☾⋆｡ A °✩.⟡ · Rating 4 out of 5]

Much more argumentative than I expected it to be (and far more than it needed to be…) but good!

[Josh · Rating 3 out of 5]

I found this to be an odd mix between a history of the Frankfurt school, and the author’s own interpretation of the present and future direction critical theory should take. Thus it was a little difficult to tell where he was critiquing his own heritage, and where he was merely describing historical developments.

[Illiterate · Rating 1 out of 5]

Bronner focuses on political theory - alienation, fascism, utopia. His own dull politics intrude far too often.

[Gnuehc Ecnerwal · Rating 3 out of 5]

(Second Edition)
This book provides a thumbnail summary of the very wide scope that the ambitious Frankfurt School tried to conquer with their critical analysis. Needless to say, it is lacking in details. It does an adequate job in covering the key figures and their contributions to the movement. The author went beyond retracing the interactions between the ideas that came out of the Frankfurt School and the greater political and cultural environments that they reached, he chose to add some of his own critique and evaluation, which I felt is not harmful but unnecessary. It is not an easy book to read if you don't already have a few of the puzzles pieces, e.g., background knowledge of the socio-historical development in Europe, some basic familiarity with Marxism, etc. This book essentially helped to connect this piece of the Frankfurt School critical theory with the other concurrent developments in philosophy, art/culture, and geopolitics. as well as how it is linked to prior and subsequent socio-politico conditions.

On a side note, despite the impressive brain power that gravitated towards the Frankfurt School, especially in its inner circle, this bunch of blokes must have been a grinding bore to be around. I wouldn't want to be in a dinner party with Adorno, stuck in an elevator with Benjamin, go fishing with Marcuse. The only exception would be Fromm, he's alright with me. Perhaps that why he distanced himself from the Frankfurt School in later years.

[Daniel Cunningham · Rating 3 out of 5]

I'm going to second what a number of other reviewers have written, namely that for the uninitiated the lack of definitions or introductions of a number of terms is confusing, to say the least. It is odd because the author notes early on that excessive jargon and a certain amount of obscurantism was built into the writing of the critical theorists more or less on purpose. Having pointed that out he, or his editors, leave out the extra signposts and definitions that would combat this.

That said, I liked this introduction. I think I find Bronner's flavor of Crit much more... sane... than I was prepared for having had less than... enlightened... encounters with a handful of people who loudly declare themselves a practitioner of this or that critical theory. And to be honest, on Bronner's take, I'm something like a crit-theorist-lite. So maybe his is a minority take? I don't know.

With another 10 or 15 pages (overall) devoted to terminology, this would have been 4 stars for me.

[David Berry · Rating 1 out of 5]

I read Peter Singer's outstanding introduction to Hegel from the same series. This book is two leagues down. It superficially treats the intellectual concerns of the Frankfurt School and turns glib in its contemporary politics.

[عامر شافع · Rating 1 out of 5]

مجرد سرد لتاريخ النظرية النقدية
الكتاب لم يعجبني ، فهوا سيء في طرحه للافكار ، ربما السبب في الترجمة لكن لا ارشح هذا فمؤسسة هنداوي معروف عنها الدقة في الطرح.
لم يتكلم عن النظرية النقدية بل اكتفى بالجانب التاريخي.

[l · Rating 2 out of 5]

books like this are why my engagement with theory over the last six years of university has been incredibly piecemeal.

[Yngve · Rating 3 out of 5]

Lettlest, men småtørr. Helt grei oppsummering med noen litt malplasserte betraktninger om veien videre for feltet helt på slutten.

[Павел Качнов · Rating 4 out of 5]

Just finished working through a book on the Frankfurt School / Critical Theory, and it was quite the ride.

The language is dense—clearly written for people already steeped in philosophy. I’ve got a university degree, and I still struggled to keep on track. I actually ended up using ChatGPT to rewrite sections into educated layman terms just to stay afloat. That turned out to be a blessing, because it let me unpack the arguments instead of drowning in jargon.

What struck me most was how engaging the material was once it clicked. I originally stumbled into this whole tradition through a random meme on Facebook (paradoxical, considering how much they attack mass culture). That curiosity spiraled into a deep dive on themes like:

How Enlightenment rationality turned into domination.

The “culture industry” pacifying us instead of liberating us.

Marcuse’s utopian visions and their echoes in the 60s/70s counterculture.

Adorno’s total hatred of jazz and pop culture (elitist but fascinating).

Habermas trying to salvage a more constructive path through the idea of the public sphere. To me it comes across as naive after first generation philosophers of this school, though that may be because I haven’t immersed myself in his works.

The book kept me pedaling because it constantly reframed things I thought I understood: freedom, progress, tolerance, even art. I didn’t always agree, but the experience of being pulled into their framework was stimulating.

If I have a critique: the authors sometimes forget the purpose of VSI (Very Short Introductions)—to introduce. The text assumes you already know your Hegel and Marx, which makes it harder for a genuinely curious outsider to follow.

All in all, though, I liked the experience. It felt like discovering a hidden tradition that still shapes how we think about culture, politics, and resistance today.

In all honesty, this isn’t a book I’d hand to someone without a background in philosophy or at least some familiarity with Marxist language. If your interest is casual, a podcast like Philosophise This! will serve you better.