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Oxford History of Modern Europe
Rumania 1866-1947
From the mid-nineteenth century until the Second World War, the energies of Rumanian political and intellectual élites were absorbed by the building of their nation. In this comprehensive and scholarly study Keith Hitchins traces these complex processes and explores how Rumania's leaders attempted to transform the ideology of modern nationhood into strong political, economic, and social institutions and to find ways of preserving independence in an international political and economic order dominated by the great powers.
As the new Rumania took shape, the threads of historical continuity remained strikingly evident: in government a strong administrative centralization prevailed, despite the maturing of parliamentary institutions and the diversity of political expression; the national economy remained beholden to agriculture, despite the steady growth of industry; and in cultural life traditional values persisted, despite the adoption of modern forms. In foreign relations the most pressing aim was to untie all Rumanians in a single state and to defend its sovereignty within an uncertain international order. In all of these endeavours, the measure of achievement was the West. After the Second World War, when the Communist Party came to power, this historical continuity was broken. The earlier experiment in nation-building gave way to a new ideology, and Rumania now turned to the Soviet political and economic model.
As the new Rumania took shape, the threads of historical continuity remained strikingly evident: in government a strong administrative centralization prevailed, despite the maturing of parliamentary institutions and the diversity of political expression; the national economy remained beholden to agriculture, despite the steady growth of industry; and in cultural life traditional values persisted, despite the adoption of modern forms. In foreign relations the most pressing aim was to untie all Rumanians in a single state and to defend its sovereignty within an uncertain international order. In all of these endeavours, the measure of achievement was the West. After the Second World War, when the Communist Party came to power, this historical continuity was broken. The earlier experiment in nation-building gave way to a new ideology, and Rumania now turned to the Soviet political and economic model.
- GenresHistoryRomaniaNonfiction
592 pages, Hardcover
First published January 1, 1994
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427 people want to read
About the author
Keith Hitchins
35 books19 followersAn expert in the history of Romania, Keith Arnold Hitchins was professor of Eastern European history at the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign. Hitchins earned a BA from Union College, he earned a Ph.D. in history from Harvard University in 1964 under the direction of Robert Lee Wolff. Before taking up his position at the University of Illinois, Hitchins taught at Wake Forest University and Rice University.
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Displaying 1 - 16 of 16 reviews
July 3, 2022
Personal consider ca scrierile lui Hitchins trebuie sa se afle in biblioteca fiecarui pasionat de istorie, fara a neglija totusi textele celorlalte somitati istorice autohtone, referindu-ma aici, bineinteles, la Neagu Djuvara, Lucian Boia, Ioan Aurel-Pop samd.
Keith Hitchins este un autor de origine americana, venit in Romania la inceputul anilor '60 in vederea unui schimb de experienta cultural. Long story short, ajunge sa publice mai multe texte care aveau ca fundament vesnica problema iredentista si implicit, miscarea nationala romaneasca din Transilvania, iar in ultima parte a activitatii sale publica cele doua volume despre istoria Romaniei din perioadele 1774-1866, respectiv 1866-1947.
Am gasit cartea intamplator in Carturesti, ironic, intr-o zi in care plecasem de la ceva ore :)). M-a atras in primul rand perioada istorica pe care o abordeaza autorul, cat si autorul in sine, care fiind de nationalitate straina, era mai putin predispus la a intoxica textul cu elemente ultranationaliste. Am avut initial cateva tentative de lecturare a cartii care s-au dovedit a fi superflue si asta pentru ca, din experienta pe care am acumulat-o in cei doi ani de cand sunt cititor activ, am inteles ca operele istorice sau filozofice de mari dimensiuni se STUDIAZA, in nici un caz nu se citesc asa cum citim un roman sau o nuvela. Asa ca am inceput sa studiez textul pe capitole. Intr-adevar, exista si defecte in textul lui Hitchins. Spre exemplu, exista capitole in care sunt relatate informatii si detalii meschine si poate uneori nu foarte relevante pentru cel care doreste sa aprofundeze dar fara sa acumuleze totusi informatii care de regula intereseaza doar pe istorici. O astfel de problema, personal am regasit-o in primele capitole, in special in "Independenta", unde mi se pare ca putem regasi o prea insistenta axare pe formarea celor doua partide politice din perioada domniei regelui Carol I, precum si pe rotatia acestora la guvernare (perioada 1866-1871 a reprezentat o degringolada totala pentru Administratia de Stat, intrucat niciun guvern nu se afla la putere mai mult de un an, fiind imediat inlocuit de opozitie. Or, daca nu cunoastem cat mai precis personalitatile politice din fruntea guvernelor din acea vreme, este destul de greu de dedus din text). Intr-adevar, pe o parte, acest exces de informatie poate face textul putin cam indigest, pe cealalta parte, prolixitatea autorului poate fi partial justificata de acel haos despre care vorbeam mai devreme, haos care nu ofera intru totul libertatea de a fi succint fara a omite totodata unele informatii care se dovedesc totusi poate relevante mai tarziu in carte.
Cu toate astea, textul in sine, supus studiului perseverent, poate fi o excelenta sursa de informatii omise de programa scolara. In cazul meu, opera istoricului american a constiuit fundamentul documentarii in scopul realizarii unui proiect scolar despre perioada monarhiei in Romania, proiect care s-a dovedit a fi un adevarat succes. Pentru a usura putin munca celor care doresc sa studieze cartea in speta, am ales cateva capitole din care cititorul poate extrage cele mai relevante informatii si mai exact: "Modele de dezvoltare", "Domnia regelui Carol I, 1881-1914", "Societate si economie", "Romantism si realitate", "Primul Razboi Mondial", "Societate si economie, 1919-1940", "Viata politica, 1919-1940", "Politica externa, 1919-1940", "Al Doilea Razboi Mondial" si "Tranzitia, 1944-1947". Totusi, pentru a intelege cat mai bine evenimentele si perioada respectiva, cartea trebuie citita si STUDIATA integral :).
Las si un interviu foarte interesant cu Keith Hitchins realizat de TVR: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MD14t...
Keith Hitchins este un autor de origine americana, venit in Romania la inceputul anilor '60 in vederea unui schimb de experienta cultural. Long story short, ajunge sa publice mai multe texte care aveau ca fundament vesnica problema iredentista si implicit, miscarea nationala romaneasca din Transilvania, iar in ultima parte a activitatii sale publica cele doua volume despre istoria Romaniei din perioadele 1774-1866, respectiv 1866-1947.
Am gasit cartea intamplator in Carturesti, ironic, intr-o zi in care plecasem de la ceva ore :)). M-a atras in primul rand perioada istorica pe care o abordeaza autorul, cat si autorul in sine, care fiind de nationalitate straina, era mai putin predispus la a intoxica textul cu elemente ultranationaliste. Am avut initial cateva tentative de lecturare a cartii care s-au dovedit a fi superflue si asta pentru ca, din experienta pe care am acumulat-o in cei doi ani de cand sunt cititor activ, am inteles ca operele istorice sau filozofice de mari dimensiuni se STUDIAZA, in nici un caz nu se citesc asa cum citim un roman sau o nuvela. Asa ca am inceput sa studiez textul pe capitole. Intr-adevar, exista si defecte in textul lui Hitchins. Spre exemplu, exista capitole in care sunt relatate informatii si detalii meschine si poate uneori nu foarte relevante pentru cel care doreste sa aprofundeze dar fara sa acumuleze totusi informatii care de regula intereseaza doar pe istorici. O astfel de problema, personal am regasit-o in primele capitole, in special in "Independenta", unde mi se pare ca putem regasi o prea insistenta axare pe formarea celor doua partide politice din perioada domniei regelui Carol I, precum si pe rotatia acestora la guvernare (perioada 1866-1871 a reprezentat o degringolada totala pentru Administratia de Stat, intrucat niciun guvern nu se afla la putere mai mult de un an, fiind imediat inlocuit de opozitie. Or, daca nu cunoastem cat mai precis personalitatile politice din fruntea guvernelor din acea vreme, este destul de greu de dedus din text). Intr-adevar, pe o parte, acest exces de informatie poate face textul putin cam indigest, pe cealalta parte, prolixitatea autorului poate fi partial justificata de acel haos despre care vorbeam mai devreme, haos care nu ofera intru totul libertatea de a fi succint fara a omite totodata unele informatii care se dovedesc totusi poate relevante mai tarziu in carte.
Cu toate astea, textul in sine, supus studiului perseverent, poate fi o excelenta sursa de informatii omise de programa scolara. In cazul meu, opera istoricului american a constiuit fundamentul documentarii in scopul realizarii unui proiect scolar despre perioada monarhiei in Romania, proiect care s-a dovedit a fi un adevarat succes. Pentru a usura putin munca celor care doresc sa studieze cartea in speta, am ales cateva capitole din care cititorul poate extrage cele mai relevante informatii si mai exact: "Modele de dezvoltare", "Domnia regelui Carol I, 1881-1914", "Societate si economie", "Romantism si realitate", "Primul Razboi Mondial", "Societate si economie, 1919-1940", "Viata politica, 1919-1940", "Politica externa, 1919-1940", "Al Doilea Razboi Mondial" si "Tranzitia, 1944-1947". Totusi, pentru a intelege cat mai bine evenimentele si perioada respectiva, cartea trebuie citita si STUDIATA integral :).
Las si un interviu foarte interesant cu Keith Hitchins realizat de TVR: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MD14t...
November 21, 2013
After the all around nationalistic oriented history (both under the national communism of Nicolae Ceausescu and after his downfall) this book is a good reality check though unlike Hungarian sponsored histories which are explicitly anti-Romanian, this one is written by a fellow traveler so to speak, so it has to be taken with its own grain of salt
This being said, the only surprise is that there are no real surprises - at least from the 1914 or so period on which is the one I always was mostly interested in as the late 19th century political scene has been done to perfection by Caragiale and like with the sausages metaphor, nation building's end result is much prettier than the way it was done (and that's true for Romania as is for the USA for that matter) - especially if beyond standard stuff, one delves into memoirs, polemics about the role of this or that person in this or that event...
The main point that defined Romania's modern history - the intersection of Latin temperament, Balkanic mores and very difficult geopolitical location (like Poland between the Germanic and the Slav empires, Romania was where the tectonic plates of empires - here Ottoman/Muslim, Orthodox Slav and Catholic German, cultures and civilizations met for a long time) - is made very well and repeatedly throughout the book
Overall an excellent English language presentation of the title written in an accessible and reasonably flowing style and highly recommended
This being said, the only surprise is that there are no real surprises - at least from the 1914 or so period on which is the one I always was mostly interested in as the late 19th century political scene has been done to perfection by Caragiale and like with the sausages metaphor, nation building's end result is much prettier than the way it was done (and that's true for Romania as is for the USA for that matter) - especially if beyond standard stuff, one delves into memoirs, polemics about the role of this or that person in this or that event...
The main point that defined Romania's modern history - the intersection of Latin temperament, Balkanic mores and very difficult geopolitical location (like Poland between the Germanic and the Slav empires, Romania was where the tectonic plates of empires - here Ottoman/Muslim, Orthodox Slav and Catholic German, cultures and civilizations met for a long time) - is made very well and repeatedly throughout the book
Overall an excellent English language presentation of the title written in an accessible and reasonably flowing style and highly recommended
January 12, 2021
Istoricul si profesorul american Keith Arnold Hitchins face un adevarat tur de forta infatisandu-ne istoria pe care credem ca o stim de cand ne-am nascut.
O istorie a romanilor si a Romaniei, in peste 1000 de pagini.
Aproape doua secole, de la fanarioti la comunisti.
Fara partinire, fara excese, cu date si argumente de limpezimea cristalului.
Absolut fascinante sunt capitolele dedicate literaturii, filosofiei si vietii culturale.
O lucrare monument care ar trebui sa fie prezenta in toate programele scolare.
Ar fi un prim pas hotarat spre adevar.
O istorie a romanilor si a Romaniei, in peste 1000 de pagini.
Aproape doua secole, de la fanarioti la comunisti.
Fara partinire, fara excese, cu date si argumente de limpezimea cristalului.
Absolut fascinante sunt capitolele dedicate literaturii, filosofiei si vietii culturale.
O lucrare monument care ar trebui sa fie prezenta in toate programele scolare.
Ar fi un prim pas hotarat spre adevar.
April 2, 2023
Evident parte a epocii moderne, perioada acoperită de această (cu adevărat) lucrare științifică este și incidental perioada monarhică a României. Sub conducerea a patru regi dinastici, proaspăt înființata națiune a României își câștigă independența, se deschide spre occident și o mult așteptată și necesară industrializare, își realizează probabil cel mai important obiectiv istoric (Marea Unire a Principatelor), participă la ambele conflagrații mondiale și se pierde sub neagra Cortină de Fier la începutul lui 1948 pentru următorii 42 de ani.
Istoric american, profesor universitar, și cu un doctorat de la Harvard, Keith Hitchins și-a concentrat munca pe studiul istoriei României în special, și al Europei de est și al Balcanilor în general. În aproape 700 de pagini acoperă 81 de ani de istorie complexă, cu suișuri și multe coborâșuri, tratând printre altele "luptele" din arena politică românească, competițiile dintre industrie și agricultură, precum și (o plăcută surpriză) principalele curente literare care au marcat țara înainte și după Primul Război Mondial. Excelentă în detalii, extrem de lucidă în afirmații și judecăți, cu o interpretare logică și la rece a faptelor, sprijinită de o bibliografie impresionantă (pe care autorul, ca o marcă a profesionalismului său, ne-o prezintă sub formă de eseu), opera nu este totuși ușor de citit, căzând mai mult în partea academică/universitară a literaturii de specialitate. Probabil doar cei extrem de interesați de subiect și/sau studenții la istorie vor citi și aprecia opera de față, stilul uscat, gen ex cathedra, fiind exact la nivelul definiției din dicționar în aceste pagini. Cu toate acestea, rămâne o resursă esențială, imparțială, extrem de bine scrisă și cu o valoare (aproape) inestimabilă.
Istoric american, profesor universitar, și cu un doctorat de la Harvard, Keith Hitchins și-a concentrat munca pe studiul istoriei României în special, și al Europei de est și al Balcanilor în general. În aproape 700 de pagini acoperă 81 de ani de istorie complexă, cu suișuri și multe coborâșuri, tratând printre altele "luptele" din arena politică românească, competițiile dintre industrie și agricultură, precum și (o plăcută surpriză) principalele curente literare care au marcat țara înainte și după Primul Război Mondial. Excelentă în detalii, extrem de lucidă în afirmații și judecăți, cu o interpretare logică și la rece a faptelor, sprijinită de o bibliografie impresionantă (pe care autorul, ca o marcă a profesionalismului său, ne-o prezintă sub formă de eseu), opera nu este totuși ușor de citit, căzând mai mult în partea academică/universitară a literaturii de specialitate. Probabil doar cei extrem de interesați de subiect și/sau studenții la istorie vor citi și aprecia opera de față, stilul uscat, gen ex cathedra, fiind exact la nivelul definiției din dicționar în aceste pagini. Cu toate acestea, rămâne o resursă esențială, imparțială, extrem de bine scrisă și cu o valoare (aproape) inestimabilă.
January 6, 2013
Keith Hitchins's volume in the Oxford History of Modern Europe series provides a masterful account of Rumanian history from its gradual independence in the mid-19th century to the Soviet-directed takeover by the Communist Party after World War II. Drawing heavily upon a vast secondary-source literature, he walks the reader through the emergence and development of Rumania in a modern state. While his narrative encompasses the country's social and economic development, politics is Hitchins's main focus, particularly in his concentration on the political manifestation of Rumanian nationalism and on the debates over what sort of nation Rumania should become. Though some readers might find these passages tedious, they offer a fascinating glimpse of a newly founded nation coming to terms with its course in the modern era, a topic that offers broader insights into Western history during this period. This is essential reading for any student of Rumanian history, and one that will reward anyone seeking to learn about the pervasive impact of Western political trends outside of the standard Western European-centric focus.
November 10, 2022
Evoluția României modeme s-a desfășurat de-a lungul a circa două veacuri, între a doua jumătate a secolului al XVIII-lea și sfîrșitul celui de-al Doilea Război Mondial. în cadrul acestui proces se pot distinge două etape, fiecare dintre ele avînd propriile sale caracteristici. Prima a fost o etapă de tranziție, românii din principatele Moldova și Țara Românească îndepărtîndu-se de tradițiile patriarhale ale Sud-Estului bizantino-ortodox către dinamicele inovații ale Occidentului. În cea de-a doua etapă, curentul schimbărilor ce începuseră să se manifeste s-a cristalizat și a luat naștere România modernă, în adevăratul înțeles al cuvîntului. Data hotărîtoare de separare a celor două etape — în măsura în care un singur an poate reprezenta o asemenea graniță — este anul 1866.
May 17, 2015
I strongly recommend this book because it's about Romanian history viewed through an external point of view without any passion. The structure is extremely good because it covers all key aspects: political, economical, cultural and foreign affairs.
May 25, 2020
A tour de force!
October 21, 2019
Easy to read and with key ideas to remember.
January 28, 2020
A non-biased view on Romania's modern history. Also provides a lot of information on the social, economic and cultural context.
May 23, 2025
Having completed Keith Hitchins' second volume on Romanian history, I found this work to be both highly informative and engaging. As someone with prior knowledge of 20th-century Romanian history, the book successfully reinforced familiar perspectives while providing valuable scholarly insights into this transformative period.
One of Hitchins' most commendable achievements is his inclusion of left-wing political movements in Romanian history—a perspective often overlooked by contemporary historians. This comprehensive approach provides a more balanced view of the political landscape during this crucial period. Additionally, like Dennis Deletant, Hitchins astutely highlights Marshal Antonescu's pro-British sympathies, offering nuanced insight into Romania's complex wartime diplomacy.
The book excels particularly in its treatment of Romanian literary history. Hitchins presents an excellent overview of the period's cultural achievements, discussing prominent figures such as Lucian Blaga, Camil Petrescu, Tudor Arghezi, and Mircea Eliade, among other notable intellectuals who shaped Romanian cultural identity during this era.
Despite its many strengths, the work has notable shortcomings that somewhat diminish its impact. Hitchins provides only a cursory overview of military history, focusing primarily on Romania's wartime actions to explain diplomatic developments rather than offering detailed military analysis. This approach leaves readers seeking comprehensive coverage of Romania's military involvement somewhat unsatisfied.
More concerning is the book's superficial treatment of controversial historical periods. Hitchins fails to adequately address the totalitarian nature of Antonescu's regime and provides only a brief survey of antisemitic crimes without clearly attributing responsibility to key perpetrators such as the Iron Guard, Ion Antonescu, or Mihai Antonescu. The omission of Romania's occupation period in Odessa represents another significant gap in coverage.
While Hitchins' work succeeds as an accessible and well-researched survey of Romanian development from 1866 to 1947, its reluctance to engage deeply with the darker chapters of this period represents a missed opportunity for more complete historical understanding. Despite these limitations, the book remains valuable for its balanced political perspective and excellent cultural analysis, making it a worthwhile read for those seeking to understand Romania's journey toward modernity.
Nevertheless, I believe it is a solid 5/5 book
One of Hitchins' most commendable achievements is his inclusion of left-wing political movements in Romanian history—a perspective often overlooked by contemporary historians. This comprehensive approach provides a more balanced view of the political landscape during this crucial period. Additionally, like Dennis Deletant, Hitchins astutely highlights Marshal Antonescu's pro-British sympathies, offering nuanced insight into Romania's complex wartime diplomacy.
The book excels particularly in its treatment of Romanian literary history. Hitchins presents an excellent overview of the period's cultural achievements, discussing prominent figures such as Lucian Blaga, Camil Petrescu, Tudor Arghezi, and Mircea Eliade, among other notable intellectuals who shaped Romanian cultural identity during this era.
Despite its many strengths, the work has notable shortcomings that somewhat diminish its impact. Hitchins provides only a cursory overview of military history, focusing primarily on Romania's wartime actions to explain diplomatic developments rather than offering detailed military analysis. This approach leaves readers seeking comprehensive coverage of Romania's military involvement somewhat unsatisfied.
More concerning is the book's superficial treatment of controversial historical periods. Hitchins fails to adequately address the totalitarian nature of Antonescu's regime and provides only a brief survey of antisemitic crimes without clearly attributing responsibility to key perpetrators such as the Iron Guard, Ion Antonescu, or Mihai Antonescu. The omission of Romania's occupation period in Odessa represents another significant gap in coverage.
While Hitchins' work succeeds as an accessible and well-researched survey of Romanian development from 1866 to 1947, its reluctance to engage deeply with the darker chapters of this period represents a missed opportunity for more complete historical understanding. Despite these limitations, the book remains valuable for its balanced political perspective and excellent cultural analysis, making it a worthwhile read for those seeking to understand Romania's journey toward modernity.
Nevertheless, I believe it is a solid 5/5 book
July 8, 2022
Very enjoyable. Learned a lot about a country that I knew very little about.
July 27, 2025
Este bună pentru a vedea o perspectivă amplă și obiectivă despre istoria României din perioada antebelică, interbelică și puțin din postbelică.
May 19, 2025
Meticulously researched and thoughtful analysis of Romania’s political, social, and cultural landscape during a turbulent period of its history. The book examines the rise of the Romanian state, the effects of World War I, the interwar period, and the country’s transition into the Soviet sphere of influence after WWII. His exploration of Romania’s political evolution, including the interplay between monarchy, fascism, and communism, is highly analytical. Hitchins weaves complex political, economic, and historical threads into a coherent narrative, offering a nuanced understanding of Romania’s position within Europe and its internal challenges. The critical depth is evident throughout the book, though some may argue that it could benefit from a deeper exploration of local political ideologies.
While it is primarily a historical analysis, Hitchins does offer insight into the lives of ordinary Romanians, especially during the interwar and WWII periods. The impact of these historical events on the populace, including the rise of authoritarianism and the brutal effects of war, is not overlooked. However, the emotional and human aspect of history is not as pronounced as in works that focus more on individual stories or those that emphasize social history. Hitchins tends to stay within the bounds of political and institutional history, so his work might not evoke the same empathetic resonance as other historical writings that focus more on personal narratives.
Hitchins’ writing is scholarly, clear, and accessible, which is remarkable for a work of such historical depth. His narrative style maintains a scholarly tone without sacrificing readability, which makes it a valuable resource for both academic and general readers. It is well-structured, offering a coherent timeline of Romania's history, and Hitchins succeeds in balancing detail with clarity. While not as stylistically rich as a literary work, it excels as a well-crafted academic history.
Overall, Rumania 1866-1947 is a comprehensive and insightful work for anyone interested in Romanian history or Eastern European studies. It’s a thorough, well-argued analysis, though it leans more towards political and institutional history than a focus on social or emotional aspects. It stands out for its scholarly rigor and clarity.
While it is primarily a historical analysis, Hitchins does offer insight into the lives of ordinary Romanians, especially during the interwar and WWII periods. The impact of these historical events on the populace, including the rise of authoritarianism and the brutal effects of war, is not overlooked. However, the emotional and human aspect of history is not as pronounced as in works that focus more on individual stories or those that emphasize social history. Hitchins tends to stay within the bounds of political and institutional history, so his work might not evoke the same empathetic resonance as other historical writings that focus more on personal narratives.
Hitchins’ writing is scholarly, clear, and accessible, which is remarkable for a work of such historical depth. His narrative style maintains a scholarly tone without sacrificing readability, which makes it a valuable resource for both academic and general readers. It is well-structured, offering a coherent timeline of Romania's history, and Hitchins succeeds in balancing detail with clarity. While not as stylistically rich as a literary work, it excels as a well-crafted academic history.
Overall, Rumania 1866-1947 is a comprehensive and insightful work for anyone interested in Romanian history or Eastern European studies. It’s a thorough, well-argued analysis, though it leans more towards political and institutional history than a focus on social or emotional aspects. It stands out for its scholarly rigor and clarity.
February 6, 2024
Cartea este o mediocritate comerciala asa cum este necesar sa fie orice carte comerciala.
Romania a avut mereu o singur clasa sociala, asta e singurul adevar istoric al acestei provincii otomane : bugetarii... Nu stiti de unde vine spaga? cautati in dex
havaiet
A. Ruth Benedict si Virgil Nemoianu, voi folosi doua citate din autorii amintiti pentru a demonstra cum autorul trece cu vederea, suspect, chiar multe date din interbelic :
conform Ruth Benedict : Birocraţii sunt clasa mijlocie în România, de ex. clasa ei mobilă din punct de vedere economic.
Virgil Nemoianu : Dupa 1920 PNL s-a birocratizat.
In traducere libera o data cu alipirea noilor provincii liberalii bratientisti si mafia lor a trecut la furtul generalizat al banului public pe seama noilor provincii ( nu exista Uniunea Europeana atunci ca azi ) .
nb - Alexandru Vilara.
Romania a avut mereu o singur clasa sociala, asta e singurul adevar istoric al acestei provincii otomane : bugetarii... Nu stiti de unde vine spaga? cautati in dex
havaiet
A. Ruth Benedict si Virgil Nemoianu, voi folosi doua citate din autorii amintiti pentru a demonstra cum autorul trece cu vederea, suspect, chiar multe date din interbelic :
conform Ruth Benedict : Birocraţii sunt clasa mijlocie în România, de ex. clasa ei mobilă din punct de vedere economic.
Virgil Nemoianu : Dupa 1920 PNL s-a birocratizat.
In traducere libera o data cu alipirea noilor provincii liberalii bratientisti si mafia lor a trecut la furtul generalizat al banului public pe seama noilor provincii ( nu exista Uniunea Europeana atunci ca azi ) .
nb - Alexandru Vilara.
Displaying 1 - 16 of 16 reviews