Enter the fascinating world of a transformative coach and innovator.
Bill Bowerman’s stories could well span several lifetimes, yet he experienced all his thrilling adventures in one.
In this book Bowerman and the Men of Oregon by Kenny Moore you’ll learn about Bowerman’s background, his innovative training methods, and how his dedication to the sport produced a new generation of top athletes. He unleashed a transformation that has reached billions of people worldwide through Nike, a company he co-founded, and the culture of jogging the company now promotes.
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The parable of the mule skinner
When the University of Oregon’s track and field team turned up for the annual welcome dinner at the home of the esteemed and dreaded Bill Bowerman, freshmen in the squad always expected some grand speech that would serve as a guiding principle.
Always, they were treated to Bowerman’s guiding parable:
There’s a stubborn mule that wouldn’t eat or drink. The owner seeks help from a mule skinner. When the skinner arrives, he gets a two-by-four wooden beam and floors the mule with a vicious hit between the ears. Then he strikes again between the eyes. To the owner’s protest, the skinner lays down his guiding philosophy. The crucial first step to good behavior is to get the mule’s attention.
Bill Bowerman would know. Growing up in Fossil, Oregon, he’d been a wild truant who hated authority, slept outside, and fought like he wanted to die. That rebellious streak worsened after his parents, former Oregon Governor Jay Bowerman and teacher Lizzie Hoover divorced. The young Bill also carried the trauma of watching his twin brother lose his life after a freak elevator accident.
Deciding their mother couldn’t handle Bill, his brother Dan arranged for the 14-year-old Bill to meet Ercel Hedrick, Medford school superintendent and certified mule skinner.
Hedrick hit Bill with every expletive he knew, telling the boy what a disgrace he’d been to his mother. Bill Bowerman left that office a changed boy, channeling his penned-up energy into a discipline that would elevate his grades and whatever sports he played.
Now a coach and bona fide mule skinner, Bill Bowerman let every group of athletes understand they would obey his orders or suffer the consequences.
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The making of a coach
One thing Bill Bowerman couldn’t tame was his appetite. Sitting on a table behind the equally eccentric Barbara Young at a dinner party for high school footballers, Bill would take a plate of ribs and baked potatoes from a waitress, place a plate on each knee, and then shoot an inviting smile at another waitress.
Bill ate his three meals before silently offering his hand to Barbara, confessing to his dance partner he’d actually eaten at home before coming to the party. Bill and Barbara would go on to have an on-and-off relationship. When they finally settled, they never parted.
Twice Bill was rejected by Medford High’s football coach Prince Callison for being too light, so Bill continued in the school band as a clarinet player. Then Bill battered a former Medford footballer twice on the same day. The guy had refused to return Bill’s tennis balls. When coach Callison heard Bill had beaten his former player, he let Bill play football.
Bill helped Medford High win the Oregon state championships in 1927 and 1928. Bill also won the basketball title. Bill Bowerman would go on to be an All-American, a distinction awarded to outstanding amateur athletes.
At the University of Oregon, legendary track and field coach Bill Hayward agreed to help Bill with his running so he could improve his speed in football. Bowerman’s football coach had banned his charges from trying out track and field, so Bill didn’t race.
Hayward became a trusted mentor from whom Bowerman learned about injuries, prosthetics, tactics, and the high drama that both believed was crucial to producing elite athletes.
Bowerman’s eclectic education included classes in business, journalism, public speaking, and pre-med. He graduated with a major in PE.
Upon graduation, he taught history and coached football at Medford High. His football record at Medford stands at 59 wins, 13 defeats, and eight ties in nine years. It’s here that he started coaching track and field, helping Medford field a running team for the first time in 15 years. That team won three state championships.
Bowerman left no detail to chance. He carried Medford water to crucial away games. On one of such away games Medford quarterback Bob Newland broke curfew. When Newland sneaked into his room, he found Bill Bowerman lying in his bed!
On a drive home one Sunday Bill and Barbara heard Japan had bombed Pearl Harbor. Bill Bowerman took a U-turn and drove to the nearest barracks, where he was conscripted.
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Bowerman goes to war
As a kid, Bowerman had sustained a scar while playing mumblety-peg with pocket knives. The Army decided it was a significant injury and gave him only menial jobs. Luckily for him, an opening required two of Bowerman’s equally sporting skills. He was assigned to the Tenth Mountain Division as a skier and mule handler.
After a training camp in which Bowerman improved the way mules supplied soldiers by guiding them through shortcuts, he emerged a captain. He was promoted to major before deployment to the Italian Alps in 1944.
Officers were under orders not to drive, but when Bowerman found the wounded Ralph Lafferty, he hailed a jeep, ordered the driver to help place Ralph in the vehicle, and drove hard through rough roads to the safety of surgeons. Ralph Lafferty survived.
Bowerman’s exploits saw him promoted from supplies to commander of the Eighty-Sixth’s First Battalion. Out on recon, his team took a hit, sending their car violently into a ditch. Bowerman led his men out and they ran back to warn their companions.
Bowerman convinced a tank driver to return to the building where they’d been hit. When the Americans fired at the building, the Germans ran out, leaving behind an American colonel who nominated Bowerman for a Silver Star.
When Bowerman heard Germans at a nearby barracks were contemplating surrender, he took along a translator and a few of his men to go negotiate. Held at a Nazi checkpoint, Bowerman ordered the lieutenant in charge to call his general, and was driven to Castel Toblino, where the general was stationed.
A cool and confident Bowerman told the Nazi general it was over. To prevent bloodshed, he proposed, the Germans in that camp had to surrender by 10 a.m. the next day. 4,000 Germans surrendered the following day.
While waiting for their major, Bill Bowerman’s men had traded cigarettes for Lugers, German-made pistols. Bowerman saved a couple of Lugers for his friends back home.
Perhaps to atone for his own sins, Bowerman deliberately lost some of his mules when the war ended. The mules ended up in the hands of Italian peasants. When asked to account for the mules, Bowerman simply said they’d vanished.
The man who’d steeped himself in the bloody endeavors of war wasted no time brooding over it. Bowerman resumed teaching as soon as he landed in America.
Getting on with his life, he ignored repeated calls to travel to Texas, where the Tenth Mountain Regiment was supposed to be disbanded. When two military policemen came to arrest him, Bowerman lectured them about his war efforts and dared them to go ahead. The Army cut his distance and let Bowerman undergo his discharge in Colorado.
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Molding a dynasty
The University of Oregon had only two full scholarships for track and field when Bill Bowerman was appointed head coach in 1948. Bowerman fought till the scholarships were raised to ten, and then he found other creative means to grow his team.
He went about town convincing mill owners to hire his athletes. This helped the athletes fund their education and build resilience. To make sure athletes were showing up for work, Bowerman taped the job roster on his office wall.
Bowerman also went about improving his own track knowledge. The Europeans dominated the sport in the 1940s, so he scrutinized their work for technique: Finnish runners, for example, used interval training, a method that valued rest and recovery as much as it prioritized running.
Bowerman wanted to find the optimum level of alternating work and rest for each individual, customizing workouts for the right mind and body.
Once an athlete’s optimum workout had been diagnosed, they got in trouble if they went against Bowerman’s prescriptions. It didn’t take long for the results to start changing. He wanted his runners to use their heads, manage their energy, and finish strong.
British runner Roger Bannister Bannister ran the world’s first four-minute mile in 1954. Still, soon the Bill Bowerman was churning out four-minute milers at Eugene, Oregon, attracting locals to Hayward Field, their famous track stadium, and making the University of Oregon the school athletes home and abroad wanted to go to.
Eugene also became a favorite host to American Olympics trials, with Bowerman’s penchant for coaxing, shaming, and convincing local businessmen into sponsoring athletic events. He grew the sport by making tickets affordable to kids and low-income families. Eventually, as Bowerman had urged, the Olympic trials started to combine male and female events.
Altogether Bill Bowerman trained 31 Olympians who won eight gold medals between them. Otis Davis won two gold medals at the Rome Olympics in 1960.
At home Bowerman won 22 NCAA championships, but won a lot more off it with his support for the rights and welfare of amateur athletes who, at the time, were banned from profiting off their hard work.
Strict as he was, Bill Bowerman wasn’t beyond a prank or two. He would haze his players to judge their character and sneak in to pee on them in the bathroom. Once he’d judged an athlete to be of steely resolve and character Bowerman would hang around the Oregon bathroom, his scalding hot key hiding underneath his towel, and with a deft move, press the key against the athlete’s thigh.
Once branded, the athlete had earned the right to be counted among Bill Bowerman’s Men of Oregon.
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The Munich terrorist attack
Bill Bowerman was chosen to coach the US Olympic team at the 1972 Olympics in Munich.
Upon arrival, he complained about security at the hotel. This objection brought upon him the ire of the IOC and West German government trying to present a more friendly face after World War II.
On September 5, 1972, eight members of Black September, a Palestinian liberation movement, entered the Israeli quarters of the Olympic Village and held the team hostage.
12 victims ended up dying. Bowerman heard the news of the attack from an Israeli athlete who knocked on his door for refuge. He called the American Consul in Berlin and had his team’s hotel secured.
Bowerman also had to deal with tensions inside his own team as Black athletes led calls for a boycott if the IOC let Apartheid Rhodesia compete. The IOC kicked out Rhodesia.
Whatever contempt Bowerman showed the IOC, he demonstrated the complete opposite as he walked around consoling his athletes, listening to their arguments for or against continuing to compete in Munich and letting everyone know they were justified in the way they felt about the situation.
For Bowerman, the Olympic spirit was man’s antidote to war.
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The rise and rise of Nike
In his quest to improve athletes, Bill Bowerman exploited every little advantage he believed would improve performance.
One impediment that kept nagging at the heels of his athletes was their running shoes. He visited a shoe shop, observed some shoes and asked the shoe seller how shoes were made. Then he learned as much as he could about cobbling and soon was molding his own shoes around shoe lasts he’d created.
He’d take foot measurements from Otis Davis or Kenny Moore and make shoes for them. Some worked, others injured his runners, but it kept getting better. In his quest to make shoe soles with the perfect grip, his eyes fell on Barbara’s waffle iron, into which he poured liquid urethane. This particular experiment ultimately led to Nike’s Waffle line of shoes.
Encouraged in this endeavor was Phil Knight, one of his former trainees. Knight had figured out he could rival Adidas by selling cheaper trainers to athletes and ordinary people, so he traveled to Japan and negotiated a contract with Japanese shoemaker Onitsuka to distribute their Tiger brand.
Bill Bowerman invested $500 dollars into what the partners would call Blue Ribbon Sports. Standards mattered to Bowerman, though, and he went to work improving designs for their Japanese shoemakers.
Soon Onitsuka was trying to find other distributors in the US, essentially putting Blue Ribbon Sports in peril. When Knight learned about talks with potential Tiger distributors, he flew to Japan and found different manufacturers. This time they created their own shoe company. They called it Nike, after the Greek goddess of victory, and made plans to start manufacturing in the US.
Onitsuka sued, but the courts ruled in Nike’s favor. Soon, Bowerman’s designs would be made right at home, under the direction of the Men of Oregon.
The company went public in 1980, going on to become one of the world’s most iconic sporting brands. Bowerman used his newfound wealth to donate to causes, scholarships, buildings at the University of Oregon, and the Steve Prefontaine Foundation to honor his former runner’s legacy.
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The jogging revolution
An active correspondence with the coaches Bill Bowerman respected led to tournaments against some of the best teams abroad. Out on the country one Sunday morning with New Zealand head coach Arthur Lydiard, Bowerman was surprised to see men, women, and children of all ages jogging. Lydiard told Bowerman about the benefits of jogging to ordinary folk and recommended Bowerman, the athletic coach who seldom jogged, to go at his pace. The optimum workout, Lydiard advised, was one in which you could run and still hold a conversation.
Bowerman struggled at first but kept it up for the six weeks he stayed in New Zealand. When he returned home, Barbara said he looked ten years younger. The local newspaper published an article about jogging with a quote from Bowerman calling on everyone to turn out to the University of Oregon’s Hayward Field. The joggers increased to 50, and then over 2000 people showed up. Scared he might kill someone, Bowerman sent them home and organized a team of researchers, doctors, and coaches to lay down jogging principles for different ages and weights.
He was pleased to find different people needed different doses at various stages, just like his athletes, although they all shared the benefits of losing weight and feeling more alert. But unlike his athletes, the laity was urged to have fun and not compete. Proposed workouts were published in a book called Jogging. Upon Barbara’s insistence they made the book inclusive, adding tips specific to women. The book sold one million copies. Jogging had indeed left the tracks and gone on to become every individual’s sport.
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Bill Bowerman was an educator, a coach, an Olympian, a World War II veteran, Nike co-founder, and a pioneer who made jogging accessible. Bowerman died at home in Fossil in 1999, at the age of 88.
Perhaps one of the best tributes he received was back in 1979 at Nike’s annual sales meeting when a montage of poignant moments in his life was played to the soundtrack of “My Way”. All the Men of Oregon cried.
Some must have been surprised to see that their mule skinner cried too.