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An Historical Relation of the Island Ceylon, in the East-Indies

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An account by John Knox, the English sea captain in the service of the British East India Company. Knox and his father were driven ashore on Ceylon, now Sri Lanka in a storm in 1659 while on their way home from Fort St. George (now Madras). They were captured in the name of the King of Kandy near Mooduthora (Mutur), Trincomalee. Knox eventually escaped with one companion after nineteen years of captivity. This book is one of the earliest and most detailed European accounts of life on Ceylon.

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First published January 1, 1681

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Profile Image for Sandy.
566 reviews24 followers
August 15, 2023
"This booke was wrote by mee Robert Knox (the sonn of Robert Knox who died one the island of Zelone) when I was about 39 years of age. I was taken one prisoner of one Zeylon, 4th April, 1660. I was born one Tower hill in London, 8th February 1641. My age when taken was 19 years: 1 month & 27 days. Continewed prisoner are 19 years 6 month 14 days So that I was a prisoner thare 4 month and 17 days longer then I had lived in the world bfore, & one the 18th October 1679 God set mee free from that captivity, being then with Hollanders at Arepa fort to whome be all Glory & Prayse. Robert Knox, 1996 in London

So, Mr Knox wrote about the Island of Lanka where he was kept as a 'privileged' captive by KIng Rajasinghe II. I read the translation by Mr.David Karunarathna (Eda Heladiwa) couple of times (when I was a young lass) but this is my first attempt of reading the original text. Trust me, it was hard. 17th century English, written by a person who took a quill after 20 years plus the level of his literacy made it a rough journey. To be honest, my brain simply wiped off whatever I got from the translation.

This text cost me a few bottles of wine and a lot of reading hours. This book has the reputation of being the only written source of information of the Island nation of Lanka in the 17th century. Undoubtedly a very precise narrative. It's packed with information of the Island of Lanka from its landscape to the inhabitants. A valuable source indeed. I'm 100% sure Koxx sincerely believed he wrote The truth, the whole truth, and nothing but the truth (laced with his God complex).

Lets start from Part IV, the easiest cos it's 95% of his escape. This gives a good insight of the landscape of the country. Must say, it's commendable how he escaped the King. Totally courageous and daring. Plus one for Robert.

The first three parts were hard to read; considering the language, the poor and unrecognized translation of Sinhala to English and the (un)biased narrative. I do appreciate the observation of Knox, as he claims but there are lot of questions around the whole thing.

Knox was an Englishman in the Asia. Obviously he felt privileged. Taken by "barbarians" as he says, must've been hard. Being the religious fanatic he was, must've helped very little. I'm sue 85% of what he wrote was what he observed but the rest, doubtful. I have no special love for Rajasinghe II and the Nayakkar Clan that followed but what Knox says about the King being a Tyrant is way less compared to the tyranny of mighty British Monarch. Knox says the Kandyan king was cruel cos he impaled and trampled victims while Robert's kings burnt the bowels of victims while they were alive.

The accusing and disgusting tone when he speaks about the people is so eminent and unavoidable. Islanders were simply called, Barbarians, Heathens and Enemies. I'm sure the Islanders lied, whored and betrayed but lets face it, The British court was full of ladies in waiting who were dumped there by the parents for no other reason than ambition; bedding the king that is. There was no court in the world that was full of cut throats than the British court. For heaven's sake, King Charles II, was such a shameless hedonist.. and he was the king at the time Robert set sail. And in Robert's eyes, Rajasingha was a cruel tyrant who ruled a nation of heathen barbarians.

Another far fetched catch in this book is the beliefs of the Islanders. Robert himself was a total and a complete religious buff. He saw nothing and heard nothing but god. What he wrote about Islanders beliefs sounded like hocus pocus. I don't think he understood jack about that part. He has mixed up Buddhist beliefs, Hindu gods, beliefs of Veddhas and all others in one pot. The part on religion was a total mumbo jumbo.

I have a hard time believing a word he wrote based on how he conducted himself after he returned his precious mother land. After all, a man who was held a captive for 20 years going into slave trade raises a brow or two.

Still, Robert produced a remarkable writing despite all the flaws. The filtering is upt the reader. This remains as the best narrative of Island of Lanka in 17th century. Apart from all the issues, I'm glad it exists. It adds to history. What We take from it is up to the reader.

Book #34 of 2023.
Profile Image for Prasad Polwatte.
Author 5 books14 followers
October 22, 2022
An Historical Relation of the Island Ceylon by Robert Knox (1681)
පරිවර්තනය - නොක්ස් දුටු ලක්දිව - ප්‍රේමචන්ද්‍ර අල්විස් (2009)

රොබට් නොක්ස් සිය පියා සහ තවත් නැවියන් 16 සමඟ ඉන්දියාවේ සිට එංගලන්තය බලා යාමේදී ඔවුන්ගේ නැව කුනාටුවකට හසුවී 1659 නොවැම්බර් 19 වන දා ලංකාවේ කොට්ටියාර් වරායට ගොඩබස්වන ලදී.
එවකට ලක්දිව පාලනය කල 2 වන ශ්‍රීවික්‍රම රාජසිංහ රජු ඔවුන් ගමන් බිමන් සීමාකරන ලද සිරකරුවන් ලෙසට රඳවාගත්තේය. එවිට නොක්ස් ගේ වයස 19 කි. 1679 ඔක්තෝබර් 18 ඔහු තම මිතුරා ස්ටීවන් රට්ලන්ඩ් සමඟ මන්නාරමේ පිහිටි ලන්දේසි බලකොටුවට පැනගොස් තම මවුබිම වන එංගලන්තයට නැවත යනවිට ඔහුගේ වයස 38 විය. ඔහුට අනුව වසර දහනවය හමාරක් කඳුකර මිත්‍යාදෘෂ්ඨික යන් අතර අඛණ්ඩව සිපිරි ජිවිතයක් ගතකර ඇත. මෙම කාලය තුලදී ඔහුගේ පියා රෝගාතුරව මියගිය අතර අනිකුත් පිරිස දිවයිනේ භාෂාවද, වැසියන්ගේ සිරිත් විරිත් වලට අනුකුලව ජිවත්වුහ. ඔවුන්ගේ යැපීමට රාජ්‍ය නියෝගය පරිදි ප්‍රදේශ වැසියන් ආහාර පාන ඉඳුම් හිටුම් සැපයිය යුතුවිය. ඔවුන් තම ජිවනෝපාය සඳහා සතුන් ඇතිකිරීම, වෙළඳාම, හිස්වැසුම් විවීම කළහ. නොක්ස් සහ ස්ටීවන් රට්ලන්ඩ් හැරුණකොට අනෙක් නැවියන් සිංහල කාන්තාවන් හා විවාහ වුහ. නොක්ස් ලක්දිව හැර යන කාලයේදී ඔවුනට දාව සිටි දරුවන් ගණන 18 ක් විය.

එම කාලයේ දිවයිනේ හතරින් එකක් පමණ මුහුදු බද ප්‍රදේශයේ පාලනය ලන්දේසි නතුකර සිටි අතර අනෙක් ප්‍රදේශවල සිංහලයින් විසුහ. ලන්දේසින් පාලනය කල උතුරු ප්‍රදේශයත් කන්ද උඩරට දේශසීමාව වන කිරිඳි ඔය එපිට බිම් කොටස (අනුරාධපුර නගරය ඇතුළුව) කොයිලාර් වන්නියා නමැති කුමරුගේ පාලනය වූ වෙනත් භාෂාවක් කතා කරන මලබාර් වරු ජිවත් විය.
නොක්ස් ට අනුව සිංහලයා හට යහපත් ගති පැවතුම් ඇත්තේය, ඔවුන් සොරකම ප්‍රතික්ෂේප කරයි, සත්‍ය වාදීන්ය, මස් මාංශ ආහාරයෙත් සුරා පානයේත් පමණ දන්නෝය. කඳුකරයේ වැසියනට වඩා පහත බිම්වල වසන වැසියන් කාරුණිකය, අන්‍යයන් හට උපකාර කිරීමට කැමැත්තෝය. සිංහලයන්ගේ බස හරවත්ය, මටසිලුටුය, අලංකාරය.

රටේ ස්වභාවික තත්වයනට අනුකුලව ක්‍රියාත්මක වන වෙළෙඳ ක්‍රමයක් ඇත. එක පලාතක නොවැවෙන දේ වෙනත් පලාතකින් පහසුවෙන් ලබාගත හැකි බැවින් ස්වයං පෝෂිත ජිවන ක්‍රමයක් ඇත.
ලංකික කාන්තාවන් මිත්‍ර සමාගමකදී බුලත් සපමින් සතුටු සාමිචියේ යෙදෙති. දිගු කාලයක් බුලත් සැපීම නිසා නොක්ස් හටද බුලත් සැපීම ඇබ්බැහි වී තිබුණි.

පරම්පරාව සහ ලේ නෑකම පදනම් කරගෙන විවිධ කුල ගෝත්‍ර හා වංශ මෙහි ජනයා අතර පවතී. උසස් කුලවල පිරිස පහත කුල වල පිරිස සමඟ එකට ආහාර නොගනිති. අන්තර් විවාහ වලට නොඑළඹේ. අඩුකුලේ කාන්තාවන් උඩුකය නිරුවත්ව තබාගත යුතුය. කුල ක්‍රමයට දුප්පත් පොහොසත් භේදයක් නැත.
බහුතරය තමන් විසින් තම නිවෙස් ඉදිකර ගනිති. සාමාන්‍ය නිවසක ඇත්තේ කාමර 1 හෝ 2 කි. ගෙදර බිත්ති මැටියෙන් සහ වහල අතු සෙවිලි වලින් නිමවේ. ප්‍රභූවරුන් හට උළු සෙවිලි කර හුණු බදාම කපරාරු කරඇති බිත්ති සහිත අලංකාර මන්දිර ඉදිකිරීමට අවසර ඇත.

ලාංකිකයෝ අවුරුදු 80 පමණ නිරෝගිව ජීවත්වේ, මහලු වියේදී පවා ඔවුන් සවිබල ඇත්තෝය. සියලු දෙනාටම වෙදකම ගැන අවබෝධයක් ඇත. තම අසනීප වලට අවශ්‍ය බෙහෙත් ගෙමිදුලෙන් හෝ අවට වනයෙන් ලබාගත හැක. නොක්ස් ගේ ඇසෙහි කටුවක් ඇනීමෙන් සිදුවූ තුවාලය උලකෙන්ද කොළ,ගොදවර්ල්ල කොළ අඹරා තනකිරි සමඟ මුසුකර ගැල්වීමෙන් සුවවිය.

රටේ මුළු භුමිය රජුට අයිතිය. රජු ගේ පාලනයට අයත් නොවනුයේ විහාර ගම, දේවාල ගම, සහ රදලයන් හට සහ රාජ්‍ය සේවකයන් හට පවරන ලද ඉඩම්ය. බහුතර ඉඩම් බුක්ති විඳීමේ දී රජු හට බදු ගෙවිය යුතුය.
රජුගේ මුවින් කවර ප්‍රකාශයක් නිකුත් වුවත් එය අනුලන්ගනිය නීතියක් වන්නේය. 1664 රජු නුවර පෙරහැර විදි සංචාරයට ඉඩ නොදුන්නේය. එයින් කලකිරුන ජනතාව රජුට එරෙහිව කැරලි ගසා 14 වියෙහි කුමරා රජ කිරීමට උත්සාහ දැරුහ. නමුත් කුමරා වගකීම ගැනීමට බියවිය. රජු පසුබැස ගියමුත් නැවත සංවිධානය වී දින 5 ඇතුලත කැරැල්ල මර්ධනය කළේය. පසුව පෙරහැර කිරීමට ඉඩ සැලසිය.

ප්‍රථමයෙන් පෘතුගිසින් සමඟත් පසුව ලන්දේසින් සමඟත් කල දීර්ඝ සටන් වලින් සිංහලයා රන කලාවේ අද්දැකීම් ලබාගත්හ. ලංකාවේ වෙරළ තිරය වසර කිහිපයක් පෘතුගීසින් පාලනය කළහ. වරින් වර ඔවුන් රටේ අභ්‍යන්තරයටද, කන්ද උදරටටද ප්‍රහාර එල්ලකළහ. නුවර නගරය, පන්සල් ගිනිබත් කළහ. සිංහල රජු ලන්දේසීන්ගේ ආධාර සහිතව පෘතුගීසින් පරාජය කර රටින් පිටුවල් කරන ලදී. පසුව ලන්දේසින් පරාජය කිරීමටද ඔවුන්ගේ බලකොටු පැහැරගැනීමට සිංහලයන් සමත් විය. වනගත කඳුකරය නුහුරු වීමත්, සිංහලයන්ගේ යුධ උපක්‍රම අවභෝධ කරගත නොහැකිවීමත් නිසා ලන්දේසින් සිංහල රජු සමඟ සාමය ගොඩනඟා ගැනීමට උත්සාහ කළහ.

විදේශික සිරකරුවකු ලෙසට වසර 20 ගතකර නොක්ස් ලංකාව ගැන ලබා සිටි දැනුම ශ්‍රී ලංකාවේ ඉපිද වසර 50-60 ජීවත්වූ අයෙකුට වුවත් ලබාගත නොහැක.
Profile Image for Nanda Wanninayaka.
91 reviews23 followers
August 22, 2014
Robert Knox wrote an excellent account of Ceylon (now Sri Lanka.) He was an English trader and sailor. He was captured and taken prisoner by the troops of the then Ceylonese King Râjasimha II in 1659. He wrote the book An Historical Relation of the Island Ceylon together With somewhat Concerning Severall Remarkable passages of my life that hath hapned [sic] since my Deliverance out of Captivity in 1681. I bought an M. D. Gunasena version of the book on the recommendation of my English teacher Mr. Mahendra Illangasinghe.

Knox describes how he was captured, how he spent 19 years in captivity in the Kandyan kingdom and how he escaped in 1679.

This book is considered as one of the most important contemporary accounts of the Ceylonese life in 17th century. This could be the next most important book referred by historians after Mahawamsa. Mahawamsa being written by the Sri Lankan Buddhist monks, could be biased for Sri Lanka whereas Knox was an outsider and had no strings attached to the country hence his observations could be more honest and true. But the hatred he had towards the country for the reason of being a captive might have marred the balanced view of the book though.

He finally escaped with one companion in 1679 and reached Arippu, a Dutch settlement on the north-west coast of the island, from where he was able eventually to return to England in 1680.

The book was written during the voyage back to England. It came to the attention of Knox’s employers, the directors of the British East India Company, who recommended its publication.

The book describes the fauna and flora of the island, its culture, the royal family, lives of citizens, Buddhism, agriculture, economy, etc. In addition to the verbal explanations, the pictures drawn by an unidentified artist, though not perfect, explain the society during the Kandyan era.

While most of Sri Lankans gracefully quote from Knox’s book that the Ceylonese had been very honest, just and religious people what is mostly written in the book shows otherwise. According to Knox the islanders had been (and maybe even now) great liars, opportunists, adulterers, robbers, whores, prostitutes, children killers and practitioners of incest. Knox has some sympathy only on the low-landers of the island, not the conceited highlanders. One can understand it with the today’s context. Colombo people are said to be more ruthless while the rural people still have virtues with them.

The book made Knox internationally famous and was a major influence on the works of Daniel Defoe; Robinson Crusoe and the later Captain Singleton both draw on the experiences of Knox.

Since Knox being was an uneducated youth, there are a lot of spelling and grammar mistakes in the book.

You can read the whole book online at this link. http://www.gutenberg.org/files/14346/...
Profile Image for Revanth Ukkalam.
Author 1 book31 followers
May 22, 2024
This is one of the tenderest colonial accounts I read of the East/South world and this has much to do with the date: Europe was not yet certain of its imminent superiority across the seas it seems like. England much less so in this teardrop-shaped island of Ceylon. Accounts like these are to be read always for the seeming arbitrariness of the rallied details. How did Knox decide that it was important to talk of the leading lady of a Ceylonese household to shush the members of the family while cooking rice? Or what of the odd 'precision' (?) of the details of the posture a woman takes while mourning a death in the family? Better, the author is an underdog and we love to cheer for such men; a substantial portion of the book involves the escape the author made from the Kandy of Rajasimha II. Quite thrilling. I for one was enthralled with the usage of Malabar to refer to the Northern kingdom of Jaffna.
Profile Image for Medhini.
4 reviews
November 10, 2016
One of my all time favorites! I read the sinhalese translation of this book when i was young, and i keep re-reading it now, whenever i miss srilanka.
Although you can get a clear picture of the lifestyle, the nature of the people, food, the governance and what not, I feel like some things are exaggerated to a certain extent.
Keep on mind that this is an autobiography so he describes stuff how he saw them or how he thought about them, and everything based on his day to day life and what he encountered in Srilanka. Having said that , I cant ignore the fact that he has done his fair amount of research for the book, so it's a somewhat reliable source to find information about a certain era of the country, but don't rely completely on this book.
Profile Image for Grace.
363 reviews11 followers
February 28, 2025
What an amazing book! When Daniel Defoe read An Historical Relation of Ceylon he was inspired to write Robinson Crusoe! (He used another sailor's story as well). Robert Knox’s testimony to the faithfulness of God in his captivity is astounding. He miraculously encounters a Bible when he least expects it and says that because of that gift, his faith remained strong during his 19 years of captivity. The text of this book is not the easiest because of the differences in spelling today, but it is worth the work. Much of the book is information about the country of Ceylon in the 1600's (modern day Sri Lanka). Even today it is read in schools in Sri Lanka because of its historical value.
Profile Image for Husna Thassim.
183 reviews
March 16, 2020
One of the books I enjoyed so much in school! Loved reading the historical facts of early ceylon! Loved it so much brought a copy with me to the UK!
Profile Image for Kaushalya.
259 reviews
May 30, 2009
I love it. I saw the reprint which is like the original facsimile - complete with map and the sketches - and had to buy it. I keep reading little patches of it from various pages. It's a must read for anyone interested in the history of the country.
Profile Image for Gayathra.
2 reviews
April 17, 2012
Highly recommend this book for anyone who's interested in Sri Lankan history in the 16th century.
1 review
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December 22, 2015
good book
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