Every product of the American school system knows the basic story of the Lewis and Clark expedition. In 1803, Thomas Jefferson nearly doubled the size of the United States by purchasing the Louisiana Territory from Napoleon. But he did not know what he had bought. Most of the land was not even really controlled by France. What he had basically acquired was the legal right to evict the Native Americans on this territory (they don’t exactly put it that way in school). He needed to figure out who was living there, and what the place was like.
He thus recruited Meriweather Lewis (a fellow Virginian) to put together a team. Lewis, for his part, chose his old army buddy William Clark to co-lead, and the two of them assembled a group of several dozen men. They set off in May of 1804 and did not return until September of 1806, by which time many had assumed they had died. Yet through a combination of luck and leadership, almost every member of the party made it back, with the exception of Charles Floyd, who died only three months into the expedition of acute appendicitis (untreatable at the time). Considering the many dangers they faced during the journey—disease, bears, malnourishment, hazardous terrain, potentially hostile natives—this is a testament to the leadership of these two men.
Any genuine document from the past is liable to produce culture shock. This is certainly true here. Though Lewis and Clark were, in many respects, modern men, their understanding of medicine was hardly different from what was practiced in Ancient Greece or Medieval Europe—consisting of purgatives, laxatives, bleeding, or poultices (basically a warm onion tied to the skin). In short, if anyone fell sick (and they frequently did), the remedy often made it worse. Another shock was the brutality of corporal punishment ordered to be carried out on wayward men—to be whipped and beaten within an inch of their lives. Indeed, whenever these punishments are carried out in the presence of natives, these “savages” (as they are constantly referred to) consistently expressed horror at the white men’s barbarous justice.
As a child, I imagined the explorers making their way through an untouched wilderness. But the truth, as this diary shows, is that they were hardly ever alone. The land was occupied by a dense patchwork of different tribes and ethnic groups, with whom the party were in constant contact. Indeed, if not for the information and resources provided along the way, it is quite possible that they would not have made it back alive. And though Lewis and Clark act, for the most part, rather decently toward the natives they encounter, the tragedy of this voyage is, of course, the many peoples who will soon be displaced, and the many cultures which will soon be damaged or destroyed, as a result of American expansion.
One amusing (or perhaps disturbing) undercurrent is the amount of sexual relations that were going on as they made their way through the country. Both Lewis and Clark repeatedly mention being “offered” women by natives, which they assure us they refused. Nevertheless, by some mysterious circumstance, many of the party came down with venereal diseases—which were incurable at the time. (One man with syphilis is treated with mercury, which does not actually help, and is of course poisonous.) Indeed, with the corporal punishments, strict discipline, ever-present disease, hunger (they were reduced to eating horses and dogs on multiple occasions), nonexistent medical care, harsh conditions, and constant danger, one must imagine that it was pretty miserable to be one of Lewis and Clark’s men.
Though I picked up this book to learn a bit of history, I was pleasantly surprised at how readable this journal is. Both Lewis and Clark are sturdy writers—Lewis, more introspective and scientific, and Clark more reliable, straightforward, and personable (and with a winsome penchant for novel spellings)—and their journey is exciting enough without any literary embellishment. In short, this is a fascinating and rewarding document in many respects—as a scientific record of flora and fauna, as an anthropological record of America’s native peoples, as an topographic record of rivers and mountains, as a historical record of a decisive moment in the country’s history, and simply as a thrilling story.