I greatly enjoyed this collection of John Gray's essays, published in the New Statesman between 1999 and 2003.
Gray, as usual, is full or novel and out-of-the-box takes on a melangerie of issues, from cryogenics, the Matrix movies, Iraq, the cult of celebrity, animal rights, and the European far-right.
The first section, 'The Illusion of Progress', is perhaps the most thought-provoking, but also the most repetitive. This is a largely why I've given this book a 3 star rating and not a 5. A lot of the essays here seemed to be riffing on the same few points: progress in science and technology will not necessarily produce progress in human reason; modern understandings of history are an offshoot of eschatological Christian beliefs; anthropocentrism and scientific humanism stem from the Christian idea that humans were made in the image of God, and have fed the belief that humans can transcend nature and shape the future; humans will fail to find an equilibrium with their environment due to Malthusian forces of 'old history'.
Part Two, 'War, Terrorism and Iraq' is devastating to read in hindsight. Gray correctly predicted that the US-led coalition's efforts to install a western-style democracy and free-market on Iraq would unravel the country's ethnic divisions, much like in the Balkans, creating a power vacuum that would give rise to the forces of Islamic fundamentalism. He also, quite rightly, perceived that the US would struggle to tolerate a long-term occupation, and would be especially ill-equipped to fight a sustained counterinsurgency campaign.
Gray is terrific here. He provides a blistering critique against Fukuyama and the 'End of History' thesis, aptly naming the first essay of this section '9/11: History Resumes'.
He also gives a powerful critique of what he calls the 'messianic' and 'utopian' American neo-conservative agenda, which he sees as just another 'secular religion'. Attempts to rebuild the world in America's image through the creation of a universal free-market and the transmutation of democracy worldwide in Gray's view well ill-advised, not taking into account the inherent instability and anarchy of many parts of the world - and the preference for security over freedom in such societies, or differing cultural norms and values.
He suggests that the universalist tendencies of neo-conservatism stem from Christian universalist impulses, which later morphed into secular humanism, Positivism, belief in science and progress, and finally into the liberal internationalism, finding its muscular edge in neo-conservativism. He draws direct parallels between the Bush and the French Jacobins, both of which hoped to spread democracy by fiat, both of which were willing to use violence for such ends.
I greatly enjoyed his satirical essay, 'Torture: A Modest Proposal', which pokes fun at the reinstitution of torture by liberal democracies in the wake of 9/11, despite ostensibly promoting liberal values in Iraq and Afghanistan.