Why is the Tang Dynasty supposed to be the golden age of Chinese History? If you expect to have the answer to that question from this book, I am sorry to disappoint you but you won’t. In fact he, perhaps unintentionally, argues against the adjective when briefly discussing the Song Dynasty that would replace (after a few decades of chaos and smaller states/warlords) the Tang Dynasty. The Song had more trade, a more advanced monetary system than the Tang (which did have lending both by merchants and Taoist/Buddhist monasteries), more and bigger cities, more individual freedom, better medical knowledge, more technological and economic innovation, less corruption in the examination system, more merit based government and while not as militaristic as the Tang, I fail to see this as a damming factor. Charles Benn underlines how the Song never even attempted to recapture lost Tang regions in outer Mongolia, Tibet and xingjiang but I don’t see how this makes the Tang better than the Song. The Tang were a dynasty that relied on it’s connections to Turkic nomadic peoples and the silk road that was facilitated by Buddhism as a common factor. The song were a southern dynasty in line with a trend that even Charles Benn has to mention in this book, namely that Chinese population was drifting south-east wards, which facilitated a greater integration in the maritime south east Asian commercial world.
The only factor of the Song that does objectively made life worse for part of the population, was footbinding which became a sign of wealth and status. But Charles Benn description of Tang China has countless slave like status concubines whose lives weren’t exactly a symbol of feminine welfare either …. Speaking of women, Empress Wu, the full blown Chinese empress who ruled China late 7th early 8th century is of three persons to feature prominently in this book, alongside the emperor Xuanzong the socalled Illustrious august (early half 8th century) and the rebellious and rival dynasty founder military governor An Lushan ( second half 8th century). As with the claim of Tang China as the golden Age, Charles Benn chooses to uncritically parrot commonplace connotation. Thus Empress Wu is presented as a vile tyrant, emperor Xuanzong as the ideal ruler and An Lushan as the cause of the eventual downfall of the Tang Dynasty. The problem I have with it, is that once more he unintentionally argues against his own case.
Empress Wu is presented as a bad ruler who executed many to ensure her rule and she serves as the antagonist for emperor Xuanzong who after a chaotic period of succession after empress Wu’ death took over and then ruled decades as the good emperor. Lets face it, this isn’t an objective analysis, this is parroting classic misogynistic Confucian scholarship that has always dismissed women; without doubt strengthened by the empress favoring of Buddhism over Confucianism and Taoism, both of whom competed with Buddhism for imperial favor. To back this up, apparently as Charles Benn testifies, only under empress Wu was the corruption in the examination system dealt with via use of anonymous tests and it was her appointment of generals which led to successful campaings in korea and her choice of officials which endured under the tumultuous succession period. All of this Charles Benn lists but in the same breath repeats empty assertion that Empress Wu was a terrible ruler, while I do not discredit the claim of executions, it is not like other emperors even in the Tang were such benevolent rulers that refrained from this tool of governance. I find it suspicious to blame her undermining rule of law when you also discuss how commonplace bribes were and how erratic punishments in the Tang as a whole.
Emperor Xuanzong then is presented as the good ruler and again Charles Benn is a master in unintentionally arguing against his own client when he casually tells how the emperor had built a whole mini palace near some hot springs he favored, had a whole stable of dancing horses and spent at least a decade of his rule in obsession of beautiful women. Is this supposed to be the austere and diligent ruler as Charles Benn wants us to believe? I find it curious that his “good years” seems to overlap with the presence of the officials appointed by empress Wu Zeitan but apparently this was purely a coincidence? but hey I guess we have to stick to tradition when talking about this ruler?
To be fair, this book is not a political history of Tang China, this is everyday life in Tang Dynasty. If you are a fan of anecdotes then this book is bound to please. An almost endless litany of little stories linked to the subject of the chapter is presented to the reader, food, clothing, travel, funerals, hairstyle, fascination/revulsion for Turkic culture, religion, festivals and so on. To me it was a bit much. I like an occasional anecdote but Charles Benn overdoes it for my taste and once again misses an opportunity to tell the reader why this was supposed to be a golden time; surely most if not everything should be better then before or after right? But we Halas never really get that contemplation. We do get quite a few interesting drawings and illustrations, something I can always appreciate.
One aspect which really surprised me though was ghost stories. I knew ghosts are a part of east Asian cultures but I never knew how many ghost stories must have circulated if so many have survived to this day. These ghost stories tell us not only about concepts of afterlife, spirituality and filial piety, but are an interesting window on a wide range of subjects. Ghosts in privy’s complaining about the smell, hungry ghosts in taverns and at feasts, mad ghosts clinging to their old beds, disturbing ghosts causing disease; I never really appreciated what an interesting source material these ghost stories could be. What other narrative literary source could there be to learn about privy’s of 8th century urban China? Through the medium (pun intended) of these ghosts one can learn apparently about a whole slew of subjects indirectly addressed in these.
In the end what really will stick by (besides the ghost stories as source material) is what exactly inspired the Heian Japanese. They modeled their imperial system and court/noble life on Tang China. Like Tang China it revolved around the rituals and daily life in the palace capital where the emperor resided. It combined a high degree of state control of those living in the capital, while outsourcing affairs in the rest of the state to local semi autonomy’s military sub dynasties and exiled Princes/mandarins. It placed enormous focus on the social mores and moral of those near the court (for examples the severe and strict 27 month mourning for deceased parents) while beyond the capital the quality of rule was erratic. One could have genuine concerned and able rulers in one province and cruel or slothful governors in the next. Travel was slow and dangerous thus even more restricting the attention of the court to the capital. While This became even more extreme in Japan than it had been in China, where occasional rulers such as empress Wu showed a keen active interest in ruling beyond the court and capital, it is striking how similar their fates were. In both cases revolts by rural military governors critically weakened the imperial system which let to the burning of the splendid court and strictly organized capital. No Wonder then that the Sung dynasty did not feel inclined to once more invest in military governors to rule most of their empire if you ask me, golden age? I tend to disagree…..