Most people have heard of Emmeline Pankhurst and her campaign for women's suffrage up to 1914. In this book she gives us her view of it and the reasons for the growing militancy in the WSPU she founded. She wanted representation on the same terms as men in national elections, which is only fair.
The UK electoral franchise before the Great War was very unfair. Only a minority of wealthier men could vote. The Liberal Party, when in power, introduced three Representation of the People Acts, which increased the number of men eligible to vote and extended the franchise across the social spectrum. They wanted representation for all men, without wealth or householder qualification, which is only fair.
The fourth Act gave all adult males (over 21) the right to vote and also extended this right to women over thirty who were registered as resident, married to a resident or a graduate in a university constituency, but it was not passed until 1918. We have David Lloyd George and Millicent Garrett Fawcett to thank for that enormous extension of enfranchisement in the UK. Even after all the deaths in the war and the influenza epidemic, the removal of (most) plural voting and the limitations on women voters, the Act tripled the electorate.
In the unfair electoral situation existing before 1918 the WSPU (from 1903), other women's suffrage groups and the Liberal Party were all working for fairness (as were the Labour Parties). Emmeline Pankhurst opposed universal suffrage because she thought it would never happen. (I would like to think she was not ideologically opposed, but the only Parliamentary candidates she was prepared to endorse were all opposed to it.) She wanted a Women's Suffrage Bill put before Parliament.
Many Liberal MPs supported women's suffrage, but were opposed to the WSPU's plans for limited enfranchisement as giving more votes to wealthy women at the expense of working class men. Attempts were made before the war to couple together demands for increased male enfranchisement and women's enfranchisement, but they all failed and the two groups ended up opposing each other. Neither got their bills through Parliament.
As a believer in democracy, I find disenfranchisement on grounds of wealth or social status iniquitous. As a believer in women's rights, I would have been as frustrated as the women who joined the WSPU at their lack of parliamentary representation. I would not have wanted to choose between them.
A small case study as example:
At the time of the 1918 'Coupon' Election my grandparents were a serving soldier, a pupil-teacher living with her parents in a farm cottage, a very junior merchant seaman and a nursemaid, later nanny. The 1918 Act gave the first three the right to vote in principle, although only the soldier was old enough to do so. The nanny lived in her employer's houses and had to wait until the Representation of the People (Equal Franchise) Act in 1928.
If an Asquith Universal Male Suffrage Bill without any provision for women had become law, my grandfathers would have gained the right to vote when they were 21 in 1917 and 1924, my grandmothers would not.
If Mrs Pankhurst's supporters had introduced a Women's Suffrage Bill on the same basis as male suffrage and it had become law, my grandfathers might have gained the right to vote when they became householders in 1946 and 1929 (I say might because neither of them ever owned their homes), my grandmothers would not. My sailor grandfather was not at sea during the 1930s until he joined the RAF (Air Sea Rescue) during the Second World War, but if he had been my grandmother could have been registered as the householder instead of him and voted in local elections. Under Mrs Pankhurst's bill (but not Mr Asquith's) she could also have voted in national ones, so the last grandparent to be enfranchised under the legislation as actually passed would have been the first.
What did Mrs Pankhurst and the valiant women of the WSPU achieve?
Some historians have sidelined her and even said she delayed women's suffrage, many women feel she got them the vote. She estimated that her proposals would have enfranchised about 500,000 women; Mrs Fawcett's compromise proposal in the 1918 Act enfranchised over 8 million women, along with an addition 6 million men. The 1928 Act, introduced by a Labour government and enacted by a Conservative one, had almost universal support.
There is no escaping the fact that working with the Government enfranchised approximately sixteen to seventeen times as many women as burning down their houses (even if the suffragette campaign had succeeded). Mrs Pankhurst and the WSPU campaign certainly weakened the Liberal government and probably delayed universal male suffrage. They did, however, keep the cause of women's suffrage in the newspapers, which was one of her aims. Some newspapers reported favourably, some unfavourably and some reported gleefully on anything which harmed the Liberal government, but they kept reporting. Lloyd George was in favour of women's suffrage and introduced it as quickly as he possibly could. Keir Hardie, the leader of the emergent Labour Party, was also in favour. WSPU militants attacked both of them, which was either a very poor choice of targets or due to their support for the working-classes of both sexes.
Force-feeding and the Cat and Mouse release and re-arrest measures were discredited after WWI. They were not used on later hunger strikers in prison demanding political status and several were allowed to die. I hesitate to call this a positive achievement, but it did have publicity value.
Edit: I have since read more about the history of the women's suffrage movement and the events that were organised as part of that campaign. Several of the most successful ones mentioned in this book were organised by the NUWSS, not the WSPU. I would have to check the text carefully to see if Mrs Pankhurst explicitly claims otherwise, but she certainly gives the impression that all these women were her supporters.