A Brief History of Artificial Intelligence: What It Is, Where We Are, and Where We Are Going

by Michael Wooldridge

From Oxford's leading AI researcher comes a fun and accessible tour through the history and future of one of the most cutting edge and misunderstood field in Artificial Intelligence

The somewhat ill-defined long-term aim of AI is to build machines that are conscious, self-aware, and sentient; machines capable of the kind of intelligent autonomous action that currently only people are capable of. As an AI researcher with 25 years of experience, professor Mike Wooldridge has learned to be obsessively cautious about such claims, while still promoting an intense optimism about the future of the field. There have been genuine scientific breakthroughs that have made AI systems possible in the past decade that the founders of the field would have hailed as miraculous. Driverless cars and automated translation tools are just two examples of AI technologies that have become a practical, everyday reality in the past few years, and which will have a huge impact on our world.

While the dream of conscious machines remains, Professor Wooldridge believes, a distant prospect, the floodgates for AI have opened. Wooldridge's A Brief History of Artificial Intelligence is an exciting romp through the history of this groundbreaking field--a one-stop-shop for AI's past, present, and world-changing future.

Genres: Artificial Intelligence, Science, Technology, History, Nonfiction, Audiobook, Computer Science

272 pages, Hardcover

First published January 1, 2021

Reviews

[Emily · Rating 4 out of 5]

This was, as described, a fun and accessible overview of major milestones in the journey towards AI. Woolridge is a pragmatist without much patience for "the terminator narrative," as he describes it; meanwhile, I'm also reading Toby Ord's book "The Precipice" on long-term existential risks to human survival.

"A Brief History of AI" is my baby step 1 into becoming literate on the subject. I'll need about 1000 more baby steps, but this one was sturdy and built with love.

[Brad · Rating 4 out of 5]

Doing my homework for arguing with people online about AI

[Gummih · Rating 3 out of 5]

First of all I should probably declare that I have a degree in CS since that severely impacted how approachable and interesting this book was to me. For others, your mileage may vary.

This book can be split in two, first the history part which is terrific. It does a really good job of detailing all the major theories and developments of AI since the beginning and up to deep learning. This is probably the best book on the history of AI that I’ve read.

The other part of the book is where the author applies his extensive expertise in the field to predict what future developments might entail. This part I did not like as well, often I disagreed with or didn’t understand his reasoning and some of his predictions have already proven false in the short time since this was published.

Almost 4 stars, but I settled on 3.

[Vinayak Hegde · Rating 3 out of 5]

This book serves as an excellent introduction to artificial intelligence, offering a grounded perspective on the field’s evolution, key concepts, and philosophical implications. Written in the pre-large-language-model (LLM) era, it nonetheless remains relevant, especially for readers seeking a foundational understanding of AI beyond the current hype. It blends computer science theory with accessible explanations, making it suitable for both newcomers and curious practitioners. However, it does try to cover a lot of territory across different disciplines such as philosophy, computer science, robotics and other allied subjects so it does lack a bit of depth in some areas.

The book begins with the historical underpinnings of AI, including early milestones such as the Turing Test, Turing machines, and cybernetics. From there, it builds up to broader classifications—distinguishing between strong and weak AI, general and narrow AI, symbolic and neural approaches—framing how different paradigms have shaped AI research over time. One of the standout features is the author’s clear and concise way of walking readers through complex ideas like the rational agent paradigm, Bayesian reasoning, and the difference between knowledge-based systems and behavior-based robotics.

A particularly memorable concept discussed is the Winograd schema, a simple but powerful test for machine comprehension. The book underscores a core challenge in AI: systems often mimic human-like behavior without truly understanding context or possessing real-world knowledge. This leads naturally into thoughtful chapters on perception, expert systems, robotics, and the physical embodiment of intelligence. The section on Rodney Brooks’s subsumption architecture and its impact on robotic design was excellent, showing how simple, layered behaviors can produce intelligent-seeming actions in machines without relying on heavy symbolic reasoning.

The later chapters shift toward more reflective territory, exploring topics like consciousness and whether machines can ever possess it. These discussions are handled with nuance, avoiding sensationalism. The author is notably skeptical of the idea of a "singularity" and argues that more urgent ethical and social issues—such as allocative and representational harms—are often overshadowed by focusing on future implications rather than current possible harms.. The book offers sobering insights into how AI systems can deny resources to certain groups (allocative harm) or reinforce harmful stereotypes (representational harm), emphasizing that responsibility lies not with the software but with its designers and deployers.

Other highlights include a concise explanation of Bayes’s theorem as a framework for managing uncertainty, a useful overview of NP-completeness and SAT solvers, and an account of the deep learning revival in the mid-2000s, which laid the groundwork for today’s AI systems. Importantly, the book ends with a forward-looking note: real progress in AI may require integrating neural learning with symbolic knowledge—bridging the divide between statistical pattern recognition and logical reasoning.

In summary, this is a deeply informative and thought-provoking book that traces the intellectual arc of AI with clarity and balance. It demystifies technical concepts without oversimplifying them and encourages readers to think critically about both the promise and the peril of AI.

[D.L. Morrese · Rating 4 out of 5]

Developing intelligent machines is turning out to be much harder than many people thought it would be. We can get a computer to play a mean game of chess, but it takes no joy in winning, and I doubt it truly understands what a game even is. This short book does a pretty good job of summarizing the successes and failures we've (collectively) had in creating artificial intelligence, so far. It seems to me that the biggest problem is that we don't have a firm grasp of what thinking is. We don't have a solid understanding of the old questions of "consciousness," the nature of the human mind, and all that philosophical stuff that goes with it. Perhaps our efforts to replicate the effect in machines will bring us to a better understanding of own intelligence.

[Mark Broadhead · Rating 4 out of 5]

Starts off with very basic knowledge, but gets more interesting as it progresses.

[Carlota Portugal]

Leitura para tese de mestrado: um livro muito inicial para o estudo da inteligência artificial, mas que percorre toda a sua história, períodos e teorias, desde que começou a surgir como tema de investigação. É um excelente livro para quem ainda não percebe muito do assunto (eu), uma vez que o autor parece ter perfeita consciência de que quem o vai ler só está a molhar o pézinho na água e a analisar a temperatura. Gostei muito e é uma boa base para, agora, mergulhar com mais facilidade no assunto.

[more_books_please · Rating 4 out of 5]

This book has just shed a lot of light on knowledge that I had no idea existed, and for sure my conclusion after reading this book is that AI is a complex concept with a lot of development both in the past, present and with a future full of work to develop the true technology with which we have dreamed.

[Amy Gray Rawlinson · Rating 4 out of 5]

I really enjoyed this book even though parts were over my head

[Kellen Short · Rating 4 out of 5]

This was a fine read. A good overview of Ai but fairly high level, I think some more detail would have been nice but I admittedly got lost and had to re-read several points. I was eager to pick it back up and decided that the difficulty with intelligence is relocating the thing that makes us human - empathy. Feeling like the book reinforced my worldview took me to four stars, we love to see it!

[Rick Howard · Rating 4 out of 5]

- Recommended for tech history fans.
- Recommend Alan Turing fans.
- Recommended if you are confused about all the AI terminology: strong vs weak AI,
- symbolic AI vs neural networks, and Artificial General Intelligence (AGI)
- Recommended for math geeks interested in the NP-Complete problem
- Recommended for Expert System fans
- Recommended for iRobot fans

I love these kinds of books. For somebody like me, they’re catnip. You see, I’m a sequential learner and I can’t understand the current situation of a subject until I know how I got here. The author, Michael Wooldridge, fills that need for me nicely.

Woodbridge is an academic. At the time of this writing, he is the Ashall Professor of the Foundations of Artificial Intelligence at the University of Oxford. He’s written nine books and published almost 500 papers on artificial intelligence starting as far back as 1995. But this isn’t a deep dive technical book. You will not learn how to build neural networks here and I wasn’t looking for that anyway. I was looking for an overview of the field. I greatly appreciated Woodbridge’s writing style. It’s conversational; like sitting next to a charismatic stranger at a dinner party. The audio book was also easy to listen to while I was walking the dogs.

The book is nine chapters


1:  Turing’s Electronic Brains

He begins with the father of artificial intelligence, my computer science hero, Alan Turing. When Turing committed suicide at the age of 41, he had solved not one, not two, but three of the world’s most difficult problems.

He led the efforts at Bletchley Park to break the German encryption system (Enigma) during WWII. He probably helped save some 20 million lives because of it.

He proved mathematically that computers were possible with a thought experiment called The Turing Machine. Today, every computer that has ever existed is a version of his Turing Machine. And, by the way, he proved that the Entscheidungsproblem is unsolvable. Yes, I spelled that correctly: the Entscheidungsproblem; a problem posed by David Hilbert and Wilhelm Ackermann back in 1928 on whether there was an algorithm that, when given any logical formula, can always answer "yes" or "no" as to whether the formula is valid or provable. Turing used his machine to prove there is no algorithm.

Finally, and most germane to this book, Turing devised the definitive test to judge if a machine is intelligent, the Turing Test (Not to be confused with the Turing Machine). Essentially, a machine and a human sit behind a screen. A judge sits in front and asks questions of both. If the judge can’t distinguish the machine from the human, then the machine is intelligent. If you want a way better explanation, check out the 2014 movie, “The Imitation Game” with Benedict Cumbnerbatch playing Turing.

Turing’s 1950 paper, “Computing Machinery and Intelligence: The Imitation Game” fueled research teams for years trying to pass the Turing Test. Unfortunately, many tried to “game” the test. They didn’t try to build an intelligent machine. They tried to fool the judge.

The most famous of these experiments was Joseph Weizenbaum’s program, ELIZA. It was one of the first computer programs to simulate human-like conversation using natural language processing, marking a milestone in human-computer interaction. If you’re interested, Norbert Landsteiner created an online version of it in 2005 (LINK). According to Wooldridge, “[ELIZA] was a serious and influential scientific experiment in its own right—but sadly, it has since become synonymous with superficial approaches to AI generally and the Turing test in particular.”

Wooldridge explains the difference between Weak and Strong AI. Weak AI programs demonstrate capability without any claim that they actually possess consciousness. A subset of those programs are called Narrow AI; programs that can carry out specific tasks. If you want an example, watch the 2025 Superman trailer when Superman’s medical robots say, “No need to thank us sir as we will not appreciate it. We have no consciousness whatsoever; merely automatons here to serve.” That’s WeakAI.

Strong AI has the goal of building programs that really do have understanding (consciousness). The important thing to remember though is that Strong AI research is largely irrelevant to contemporary AI research. When you think of Strong AI, think of the 1984 movie “The Terminator” when Skynet wakes up, becomes self-aware (we call that the singularity in the sci fi biz), and decides to wipe out the human race.

What Weak AI researchers are pursuing are machines that have general-purpose human-level intelligence; the ability to converse in natural language, solve problems, reason, perceive its environment, etc. at the same level as a typical person. This is what everybody refers to as Artificial General Intelligence (AGI). AGI usually isn’t concerned with issues such as consciousness or self-awareness, so AGI is a form of weak AI. In a 2025 podcast, Demis Hassabis (current DeepMind CEO), said that he expects to attain AGI some time in the early 2030s (five years away). He said that DeepMind has definitely passed the middle game and is heading towards the endgame.

According to Wooldridge, there have been two foundational strategies in AI’s development. The first, symbolic AI, seeks to model the mind by using symbols to represent concepts and actions. This approach dominated from the 1950s to the late 1980s and was prized for its clarity but limited by its rigidity.

The second, neural networks, takes inspiration from the brain’s structure, modeling artificial neurons to process information. Neural nets have driven much of the recent progress in the field. Wooldridge emphasizes the stark methodological differences between symbolic AI and neural nets, noting that both have cycled in and out of favor and have even sparked rivalry among researchers.

2:  The Golden Age (1956 to 1974)

Wooldridge chronicles the early optimism and foundational moments of AI, beginning with John McCarthy’s coining of the term “artificial intelligence” in 1955. Key pioneers (McCarthy, Marvin Minsky, Allen Newell, and Herb Simon) established influential AI labs and set the field’s direction. Early AI focused on four main strategies: perception, machine learning, reasoning, and natural language understanding, producing legendary systems like SHRDLU and SHAKEY.

Search emerged as a key AI technique but researchers soon discovered its limitations, especially for search spaces that grow exponentially. This led to understanding the significance of decidability (can be solved by computer) and NP-complete problems.

NP-complete problems are any of a class of computational problems for which no efficient solution algorithm has been found. I was surprised to learn that this idea is a relatively recent mathematical discovery. Stephen Cook published his 1971 paper, “The complexity of theorem-proving procedures,” and identified the basic structure of NP Complete Problems. After, every problem that AI researchers were pursuing (like problem solving, game playing, planning, learning, and reasoning), fell into the NP-complete bucket. This led AI researchers to pursue Bayesian reasoning to get approximate answers and to the development of other heuristics like Satisfiable Problem Solvers (SAT solvers). SAT Solvers ask if there exists at least one combination of variable assignments that makes the entire logical expression evaluate to TRUE.

3:  Knowledge Is Power

Wooldridge explains that John McCarthy established the paradigm of logic-based AI in his seminal 1958 paper “Programs with Common Sense.” An agent expresses its knowledge about the world using logical sentences and decides what to do by deducing which steps will help achieve its goals

By the 1970s, expert systems that use this Common Sense paradigm emerged like
MYCIN, DENDRAL, and R1/XCON. When I was in grad school in the late 1980s, I wrote my own expert system for my thesis. It was awful but it demonstrates the topic was on everybody’s mind (At least on the minds of my thesis advisors). These systems are built on rule-based logic, excell at solving narrow, specialized problems, sometimes even outperform human experts, and even some delivered significant commercial value.

One example is Doug Lenat’s ambitious Cyc project, which aimed to encode all human knowledge. It ultimately revealed the limits of knowledge-based AI and the difficulty of extracting expert knowledge from humans. By the end of the 1970s, progress in the AI field stalled, funding dried up, and the first “AI winter” set in. Skepticism prevailed as AI failed to deliver on its early promises.

4:  Robots and Rationality

Rodney Brooks came to the rescue in the 1990s and 2000s by challenging the traditional, logic-heavy AI paradigm. He argued that intelligence is not just about abstract reasoning but is an emergent property of situated systems. His subsumption architecture supported the commercial Roomba robot vacuum by layering simple behaviors and enabling fast, reactive responses to the environment. For specific tasks, like vacuuming, his method proved effective but it couldn’t scale due to the complexity of managing many behaviors. The AI research field started to move toward agent-based AI making rational, utility-maximizing choices. The field turned toward Bayesian inference to deal with uncertainty.

Wooldridge says that by the mid-1990s, a consensus emerged that agents had to have three characteristics. First, they had to be reactive, attuned to their environment and able to adapt when changes occurred. Second, they had to be proactive in completing the task. Third, agents had to communicate with other agents when required. When I took a Waymo (Self-Driving Taxi) ride in San Francisco this year, the car ran into a traffic jam. A parked delivery truck blocked one lane on the road. The Waymo car in front of the delivery truck told my Waymo car that it was clear to go around, and so we did.

5:  Deep Breakthroughs

In this chapter, Wooldridge details the rise, fall, and resurgence of neural networks. Frank Rosenblatt published the original idea back in 1957, “The Perceptron: A Perceiving and Recognizing Automaton.” This was the first single-layer neural network designed for binary classification tasks. Unfortunately, according to Dr. Kais Dukes, in 1969, Minsky and Papert published a book criticizing the single layer perceptron. Minsky, that same year, had just received the prestigious Turing Award for his contributions to AI so his voice had a lot of weight in the AI community. Even though Minsky and Papert advocate for a multi-layer network (Deep Learning) in the same book, some say that his criticism of the Perceptron contributed to the AI Winter mentioned before.

Neural networks saw renewed interest with the development of the backpropagation algorithm by Geoffrey Hinton, David Rumelhart, and Ronald Williams in 1986. That made it feasible to train multi-layered neural networks. But the approach fell out of favor again because of computational constraints and the lack of large datasets.

Neural nets started its latest resurgence back in 2009 when Dr. Fei-Fei Li brought Imagenet online; a large-scale, well-annotated image database to improve computer vision research (About 14 million images as of 2021). This coincided nicely with cloud computing’s storage capacity and on-demand compute power. There were no more constraints. Neural Networks became a key ingredient to Machine Learning alongside other heuristics like linear regression, decision trees, clustering, and classification.

6: AI Today

Wooldridge highlights several key milestones from the late 2000s to 2018 that illustrate the rapid progress and broad impact of AI. Remember, he wasn’t aware of ChatGPT yet.

In 2009, Google started their Self-Driving Car Project. By December 2016, leaders spun the project out to be an independent subsidiary under Alphabet, Google's parent company. In November 2017, Waymo rolled out their first fully autonomous taxi service in Phoenix, Arizona. Today (2025), they operate in five cities: Phoenix, San Francisco, Los Angeles, Austin and Silicon Valley.

In 2013, Deepmind (A British company) published "Playing Atari with Deep Reinforcement Learning" that described DeepMind's deep Q-network (DQN). It could learn to play several Atari 2600 games directly from raw pixel input, outperforming previous algorithms and even surpassing human experts on some games. Remembering that Wooldridge published the book a year before ChatGPT, he says that this achievement was the milestone that changed everything.

Two years later, DeepMind demonstrated AlphaGo. The system defeated Fan Hui, the reigning European Go champion, marking the first time an AI had beaten a professional Go player. The next year (March 2016), AlphaGo defeated Lee Sedol, one of the world's top Go players, a feat that was considered a decade ahead of its time and watched by over 200 million people globally.

In 2018, Nvidia’s StyleGAN (a generative adversarial network or GAN) enabled the creation of hyper-realistic, entirely fake images of people who do not exist. That same year, DeepMind introduced AlphaFold to accurately predict protein structures; an achievement that revolutionized biology by solving a problem that had stumped scientists for decades.

And just to put icing on the case, in April 2019, the Event Horizon Telescope collaboration unveiled the first-ever image of a black hole, a feat made possible by sophisticated AI algorithms that processed enormous amounts of astronomical data, marking a new era in astrophysics.

7: How We Imagine Things Might Go Wrong

Wooldridge describes how some researchers think AI could go wrong in the future referencing dystopian scenarios like “The Terminator” and the concept of the singularity. He’s a bit skeptical though, noting the immense computational power and data storage requirements required to achieve such an outcome as a self aware Skynet.

He refers to Nick Bostrom’s popular book “Superintelligence” and his meme-worthy “paperclip metaphor” to illustrate the dangers of poorly specified AI goals that lead to unintended and catastrophic consequences. It is a thought experiment where an AI is programmed with the task of maximizing the number of produced paperclips. It relentlessly pursues this goal by appropriating all available resources including those essential to human life. It eventually converts the entire Earth into paperclips.

I’ve always thought that If we’re worried that Skynet, or the Paperclip AI, is going to kill us all, we should just imbue future AIs with Isaac Asimov’s Three Laws of Robotics that he first published in a 1942 short story, "Runaround” and later included in his influential 1950 collection “I, Robot.” He designed the laws to prevent robots from harming humans, ensuring that they would follow human orders, and allow them to protect themselves, but always with human safety as the highest priority. But Wooldridge points out that in many of Asimov’s stories, ethical dilemmas crop up as the robots try to square the circle when it comes to the rules and what’s actually happening in the story. Maybe Asimov’s rules will not be the savior of us after all.

Woodbridge then discusses the classical philosophical questions surrounding the trolley problem; a famous ethical thought experiment that presents a moral dilemma involving a runaway trolley headed toward five people tied up on the tracks. You are standing next to a lever that can divert the trolley onto another track, where it would kill only one person. What do you do? Woodbridge concludes with the idea that if humans can’t handle these questions, why would we expect an AI to figure it out?

Lastly, Woodbridge covers the emergence of ethical AI guidelines. He points to the 2017 Asilomar AI Principles and Google’s 2018 AI Principles as progress towards marking significant efforts to ensure AI development aligns with human values and safety.

8:  How Things Might Actually Go Wrong

Wooldridge then turns to what he thinks might actually go wrong in the short term; not long range doom and gloom planet killer scenarios, more like tactical short term problems that we need to solve. He highlights things most of us already know today, things like some jobs will become obsolete as AGIs become more and more useful. Further, How are we protecting ourselves from algorithmic bias, lack of diversity, and fake news? These problems are big enough without AI. Think about the trouble that might happen when AI Systems exponentially amplify them.

9: Conscious Machines?

In the last chapter, Wooldridge turns his attention to the possibility of creating a Strong AI, like Skynet. It wouldn’t be a planet killer per se but an AI that has crossed the singularity boundary of consciousness. He covers some of the key thoughts from distinguished philosophers (like Daniel Dennett, Thomas Nagel, John Searle, Roger Penrose, David Chalmers, and Robin Dunbar) about the meaning of consciousness. The famous futurist, Ray Kurzweil, who coined the word, singularity, in his 2005 book “The Singularity is Near: When Humans Transcend Biology,” says that machines will achieve it as early as 2045.

But all of that discussion is why Strong AI research is not part of the Weak AI community. Wooldridge’s opinion, and I agree with him, is that It really doesn’t matter when a computer program becomes self aware. From the AI research community’s perspective, it all comes back to the Turing Test. If it walks like a duck and talks like a duck, it’s a duck. If we interact with a system that seems intelligent, then, for all intents and purposes, it is whether it is self aware or not.

In other words, it all comes back to Turing. Of course it does.


My Final Takeaway


I thoroughly enjoyed this book and learned a lot. I will recommend it to people like me who need to understand the entire evolutionary story before we can truly understand the current situation. I especially liked the Alan Turing discussion in Chapter 1. I’m not recommending it for the Canon Hall of Fame. But it is a splendid niche book.

[Nathan Marone]

Lives up to the title. Not an extensive or detailed history of AI development, but seems to hit major points, giving the reader the general contours AI from Touring to now.

Once he finishes with the history part, Woolridge tries to sort through scenarios that might be possible with AI in the future. I appreciated this section because he doesn't get into doomsday predictions or fearmongering. He seems to view AI as a development not unlike the Industrial Revolution or the invention of the internet. It will bring major changes to our world, but that doesn't mean we are about to be overrun with killer robots. Most potential problems are subtle, like how we bias in data sets fed to an AI software might could negatively impact policing or the granting of a home loan.

[Esther Friedlander · Rating 4 out of 5]

Read for class. Pretty good

[Josh McCormack · Rating 5 out of 5]

This was a great, quick, relatively light read into the history and present of AI. It dips into literature, philosophy, science, math, and many other subjects, while at the same time explaining where there has been progress with AI, different types of AI, and what the really tough things to overcome are. This book is a great way to catch up on what AI is and isn't and all that goes into that.

While being rich, it wasn't a dense book. It was a fun read that didn't get some complex that you felt lost. It's amazing how many different subjects all play a part in AI. As a homeschool father I could picture basing an entire year of study off of this book and all of the topics that intersect with it.

I'd highly recommend this book to everyone. Whether you're interested in AI or not, you should prepare yourself for what it can be and what it probably won't be.

[Thanh Nhàn · Rating 5 out of 5]

Cuốn sách "A Brief History of Artificial Intelligence: What It Is, Where We Are, and Where We Are Going" là một tác phẩm nổi bật trong lĩnh vực trí tuệ nhân tạo, được viết bởi tác giả Michael Wooldridge. Cuốn sách này được phát hành vào năm 2021 và đã nhanh chóng trở thành một tài liệu quan trọng cho các chuyên gia và nhà nghiên cứu trong lĩnh vực trí tuệ nhân tạo.

I. Tổng quan về cuốn sách "A Brief History of Artificial Intelligence"

Cuốn sách "A Brief History of Artificial Intelligence" là một bản tóm tắt về lịch sử phát triển của trí tuệ nhân tạo, bao gồm cả các khía cạnh về khoa học, công nghệ và xã hội. Tác giả Michael Wooldridge đã cung cấp cho người đọc một cái nhìn tổng quan về lịch sử của trí tuệ nhân tạo từ khi xuất hiện đầu tiên cho đến hiện tại. Ngoài ra, cuốn sách cũng đưa ra một số nhận định về tương lai của trí tuệ nhân tạo và tầm quan trọng của nó trong tương lai của nhân loại.

II. Nội dung của cuốn sách

Lịch sử phát triển của trí tuệ nhân tạo
Cuốn sách bắt đầu với một lược sử về trí tuệ nhân tạo, bao gồm cả những người tiên phong đã đưa ra những ý tưởng ban đầu về trí tuệ nhân tạo, như Alan Turing và John McCarthy. Cuốn sách cũng giới thiệu những cách tiếp cận khác nhau của trí tuệ nhân tạo trong quá khứ, bao gồm cả cách tiếp cận theo quy luật và cách tiếp cận dựa trên học máy.

Công nghệ và ứng dụng
Cuốn sách đưa ra một cái nhìn tổng quan về những công nghệ mới nhất trong lĩnh vực trí tuệ nhân tạo, bao gồm cả các kỹ thuật học máy, máy học sâu và học tăng cường. Tác giả cũng giải thích những ứng dụng của trí tuệ nhân tạo trong đời sống thực tế, bao gồm cả các ứng dụng trong lĩnh vực y tế, giao thông vận tải và ngành công nghiệp.

Tương lai của trí tuệ nhân tạo
Cuốn sách đưa ra một số nhận định về tương lai của trí tuệ nhân tạo và tầm quan trọng của nó đối với tương lai của nhân loại. Tác giả Michael Wooldridge cũng cung cấp một số khả năng về việc trí tuệ nhân tạo có thể phát triển trong tương lai, bao gồm cả việc tạo ra các trí tuệ nhân tạo tự động hơn và có thể tự học.

Cuốn sách cũng đề cập đến những thách thức và nguy cơ khi sử dụng trí tuệ nhân tạo trong tương lai, bao gồm cả các vấn đề về đạo đức và an ninh. Tác giả đã giải thích cách chúng ta có thể đối phó với những thách thức này và đảm bảo rằng trí tuệ nhân tạo sẽ được sử dụng một cách an toàn và hiệu quả.

III. Nhận xét và đánh giá

Cuốn sách "A Brief History of Artificial Intelligence" là một tài liệu quan trọng trong lĩnh vực trí tuệ nhân tạo. Tác giả đã trình bày một cách rõ ràng và dễ hiểu về lịch sử và phát triển của trí tuệ nhân tạo, cũng như những ứng dụng của nó trong đời sống thực tế.

Ngoài ra, cuốn sách cũng đưa ra một số nhận định về tương lai của trí tuệ nhân tạo và những thách thức mà chúng ta sẽ phải đối mặt. Tác giả đã trình bày các khía cạnh này một cách rõ ràng và cung cấp cho người đọc một cái nhìn tổng quan về tầm quan trọng của trí tuệ nhân tạo trong tương lai.

Tuy nhiên, cuốn sách cũng có một số điểm yếu. Nó có thể quá tập trung vào các khía cạnh kỹ thuật của trí tuệ nhân tạo và ít đề cập đến các khía cạnh xã hội và đạo đức. Ngoài ra, cuốn sách cũng có thể quá chuyên sâu đối với những người không có nền tảng về lĩnh vực trí tuệ nhân tạo.

Tóm lại, "A Brief History of Artificial Intelligence" là một cuốn sách đáng đọc đối với những ai quan tâm đến lĩnh vực trí tuệ nhân tạo và những ứng dụng của nó trong đời sống thực tế. Cuốn sách cung cấp cho người đọc một cái nhìn tổng quan về lịch sử và phát triển của trí tuệ nhân tạo, cũng như những khả năng và thách thức của nó trong tương lai. Tuy nhiên, đối với những người không có nền tảng về lĩnh vực trí tuệ nhân tạo, cuốn sách có thể có nhiều khó khăn trong việc hiểu và tiếp cận.

IV. Định hướng đọc giả

Cuốn sách "A Brief History of Artificial Intelligence" là một tài liệu quan trọng trong lĩnh vực trí tuệ nhân tạo. Nó sẽ hữu ích cho những người quan tâm đến lĩnh vực này, bao gồm cả những người đang học và nghiên cứu về trí tuệ nhân tạo, cũng như những người quan tâm đến ứng dụng của nó trong đời sống thực tế.

Đối với những người mới bắt đầu quan tâm đến trí tuệ nhân tạo, cuốn sách có thể hơi khó tiếp cận. Tuy nhiên, với những người đã có nền tảng về lĩnh vực này, cuốn sách sẽ cung cấp cho họ một cái nhìn tổng quan và chi tiết về lịch sử và phát triển của trí tuệ nhân tạo.

Với những người quan tâm đến ứng dụng của trí tuệ nhân tạo trong đời sống thực tế, cuốn sách cũng cung cấp cho họ một số ví dụ về những ứng dụng của nó, bao gồm cả trong lĩnh vực y tế và kinh doanh.

V. Kết luận

"A Brief History of Artificial Intelligence" là một cuốn sách quan trọng và hữu ích trong lĩnh vực trí tuệ nhân tạo. Tác giả Michael Wooldridge đã trình bày một cách rõ ràng và chi tiết về lịch sử và phát triển của trí tuệ nhân tạo, cũng như những khả năng và thách thức của nó trong tương lai.

Cuốn sách sẽ hữu ích cho những người quan tâm đến lĩnh vực trí tuệ nhân tạo và những ứng dụng của nó trong đời sống thực tế. Tuy nhiên, đối với những người mới bắt đầu quan tâm đến lĩnh vực này, cuốn sách có thể hơi khó tiếp cận. Tóm lại, "A Brief History of Artificial Intelligence" là một cuốn sách đáng đọc đối với những ai muốn tìm hiểu về lịch sử và phát triển của trí tuệ nhân tạo, cũng như những ứng dụng của nó trong đời sống thực tế.

Ngoài ra, đây cũng là một cuốn sách rất phù hợp cho những người đang học và nghiên cứu về trí tuệ nhân tạo, bởi nó cung cấp cho họ một cái nhìn tổng quan và chi tiết về lĩnh vực này.

Tuy nhiên, như đã đề cập ở trên, đối với những người mới bắt đầu quan tâm đến trí tuệ nhân tạo, cuốn sách có thể hơi khó tiếp cận. Để hiểu rõ hơn về nội dung của cuốn sách, đọc giả có thể cần phải có kiến thức cơ bản về trí tuệ nhân tạo.

Nếu bạn là một nhà nghiên cứu hoặc nhân viên trong lĩnh vực công nghệ thông tin, hoặc chỉ đơn giản là muốn tìm hiểu về trí tuệ nhân tạo và những ứng dụng của nó, thì cuốn sách này sẽ cung cấp cho bạn một tầm nhìn sâu sắc và rõ ràng về lĩnh vực này.

Trong tổng quan, "A Brief History of Artificial Intelligence" là một cuốn sách rất đáng đọc và hữu ích cho những ai quan tâm đến trí tuệ nhân tạo và những ứng dụng của nó trong đời sống thực tế. Nếu bạn đang tìm kiếm một cuốn sách có nội dung thú vị và bổ ích về lĩnh vực này, thì đây là một lựa chọn tuyệt vời.
Mình mua cuốn này sách gốc tại Bookee, bạn cần mua thì có thể tham khảo ở đây: https://bookee.store/a-brief-history-...

[Kathryn · Rating 5 out of 5]

An excellent introduction to the subject, or interesting history for those who already work with it. Not too long, but not too short to be devoid of detail - and there are many references to back up all of the history.

For the most part, this is a history book. Chapters 1-5 focus on where AI and ML have been. The later chapters focus on specific current (2021) topics, and expand on some of the current technical and ethical concerns.

The main topics include:

- Ch. 1-4: A history of AI (including expert systems snd robotics)
- Ch. 5: A history of ML, including NNs
- Ch. 6: AI today, with a focus on healthcare and driverless cars
- Ch. 7: Debunking myths of where AI can go wrong
- Ch. 8: Current issues facing AI (technical and ethical)
- Ch. 9: A philosophical discussion of AI and cognitive science

[Jay Karpan-Lowman · Rating 5 out of 5]

An exceptional guide through the long history of AI. Wooldridge takes the reader through an extensive storytelling journey, breaking down each “Era” of AI advancements and incorporating approachable examples of the complexities in engineering and mathematics faced by researchers throughout the past 70 years. As noted by the author, the book is highly selective regarding the applications and technologies discussed within each era, but I found his selections to provide the perfect amount of detail and breadth. Overall, an exceptionally well written book, and an excellent resource for those curious about the history of AI research and development.

[Tim Harrington · Rating 4 out of 5]

An interesting look at the history of AI and what the author terms as the various 'boom and bust' cycles it has gone through over the past few decades, brought about by what the author suggests are overly ambitious forecasts of what AI might be able to achieve in the near term, only to largely disappoint as actual progress fails to live up to the hype.

The first few chapters go over the early decades of progress (starting with Turing), the various methods used, the different types of systems and what they were able to achieve. In addition the author outlines the various limitations of these systems - and approaches - to AI and then leads on with the next innovations and how they tried to fix these issues in the following period.

There are various examples of the big breakthroughs that have been made over the past decade or two, as well as a clear outline as to why this is nothing like AGI and an explanation as to how far off that we really are. As someone who has kept half an eye on progress over the past decade, I was already aware of the progress made and had watched a few videos (as well as downloaded some of the source code) of the DeepMind Atari stuff 7 or 8 years ago (and found it utterly fascinating), but nonetheless reading about it here was still enjoyable and I liked the way Wooldridge tried to ground everything he was saying and not get too carried away - which is one of the main messages of the book.

Woolridge ends the book with a philosophical discussion on what consciousness is, and how we might and define what it would mean for a machine to have consciousness and what tests we might set for that to be proved. Woolridge states we are probably over a hundred years - if not considerably more, if I understood him correctly - to getting even close to AGI and given what he lays out in the book, it is difficult to argue otherwise. I guess perhaps the more interesting counter point (particularly re the dangers of AI) might be whether it matters, the systems in development at the moment could have (and will have) such a profound impact on the planet I wonder whether the conscious argument is somewhat moot and perhaps academic - even though we might be hundreds of years away from AGI, very real change (and the danger that comes with it) will likely be here soon.

Overall I really enjoyed the book as a soft introduction into the various reading I hope to do in AI over the next few months. Recommended.

[Chloe · Rating 4 out of 5]

I appreciated this book for accomplishing the goal it set out to do. It provided a great historical framework with a lot of philosophical underpinnings throughout the way to reflect upon. Overall, it was a good addition to my diet of AI literature, but I wouldn't recommend it as a place to start out learning about the topic. There is more accessible literature out there, which in a way made understanding this one so well feel a bit like a victory lap. And then attending my AI conference right after and understanding all that too... shitttttt I'm not saying I'm a genius but if you will then....

/////
Inside all AI systems today is a numeric utility model representing preferences of the user and the model seeks to maximize utility

Bayesian inference to deal with uncertainty
- rationally adjusting beliefs with new information

Inverse reinforcement learning for computers to understand what we really want
- look at human behavior and decide what rewards AI needs to get to that direction

Up to 47% of jobs are susceptible to automation with AI
- if a person can do a mental task with less than one second of thought we can probably automate it using AI now or in the near future

One theory is that instead of allowing automation to free up our working hours we increased our productivity to afford more consumer goods. If we accepted simpler standards of living we would all have to work less

Marx theory of alienation with boring repetitive tasks and no ability to organize labor applies directly to what is being automated away now.

Homunculus argument is an informal fallacy whereby a concept is explained in terms of the concept itself, recursively and the plato charioteer explanation of consciousness just delegates the question of consciousness to a smaller rational person.

[Nilesh Jasani · Rating 1 out of 5]

Superficially, "A Brief History of Artificial Intelligence," is an ambitious attempt to provide a comprehensive account of the development of artificial intelligence (AI). However, the different and evolving meaning of the central term, artificial intelligence, comes in the way. The book simply fails to address the rapidly evolving state of AI as it is known today. The way the term AI was meant at various times, the book turns into a computer science history.

The book was published in 2021. For the reader, however, a complete absence of generative AI, ChatGPT, Bard, or other similar terms makes the history itself too historic!

Its treatment of AI's potential uses and abuses is similarly weak. Discussions are cursory, often recycling arguments and examples covered well in popular journals. This lack of depth is especially apparent when the author addresses weighty topics like AI consciousness or its impact on jobs.

The author's biggest failure is in its predictions about the future of AI. Wooldridge's vision of what AI will be capable of in the coming decades seems painfully outdated compared to the developments we've seen in just the past few weeks. The rapid pace of AI advancement has outstripped the author's expectations, rendering many of his predictions obsolete so soon after its release.

Given that the topic is soon to have many books with the central focus on the path-breaking latest innovations, this book has lost its relevance even more.

[Yoda · Rating 4 out of 5]

Despite the book’s “age” (published in 2021), still a very good introduction

Three things need to be said from the start about this book. The first is it is intended as an introduction to layman and is, as a result, a high-level overview of the topic. The second is that does a very good job at this task (as of 2025), despite the fact that it was published in 2021 (ancient history in terms of AI and its recent stratospheric development). It provides a good overview of the topic, problems posed by AI, the history of its development and directions towards future development, among other things.

The third item that needs to be mentioned about the fact is that the author is eminently qualified to write about the topic. He is a professor of computer science and one of the leading researchers in the field. This book is not written by journalist or someone with non-technical qualifications. Also, the book is relatively well written. The audiobook is well performed.

For a layman seeking an introduction to the topic, this book would rate a four out of five stars.

[Mike · Rating 4 out of 5]

I am giving this book 4 stars because, for the most part, it was really clear in explaining the history of AI. The book started to fade though when getting to the discussion of what AI can currently do and predicting what it will be able to do in the reasonable future.

It is not the author's fault that within two years of publishing this book the AI world exploded. Some of the examples in the book of things "impossible" for AI (I'm thinking especially of the Bob/Alice conversation) are now easily handled. This is indicative of how fast things have changed in the AI world. Because of these seismic changes in the AI world, it is hard for me to have a lot of confidence in most of the "predictions" and "anti-predictions" that the author makes about where AI is going.

Again, this is not the author's fault. It's clear that the recent changes took him, like most of the AI world, by complete surprise. I'm certain that if the author wrote a revised version of this book, most of the last 1/3 of the book would be completely different.

[Aung Naing · Rating 4 out of 5]

Michael Wooldridge's "A Brief History of Artificial Intelligence" offers a concise yet insightful exploration of this ever-evolving field. The book takes the reader on a captivating journey, tracing the development of AI from its conceptual beginnings to the cutting-edge techniques of today.

Wooldridge meticulously dissects the various approaches that have driven AI research throughout history. We learn about the early days of symbolic logic and the rise and fall of different methodologies. This balanced perspective sheds light on the cyclical nature of AI research, where periods of initial excitement are often followed by reassessment and revised approaches.

The discussion on artificial consciousness is particularly thought-provoking. Wooldridge dives into the question of whether AI can ever achieve sentience or a human-like level of consciousness. This section is likely to spark debate and ignite the reader's imagination about the possibilities and challenges that lie ahead.

[Al Maki]

He’s knowledgeable and his style is easy to read and he assumes almost nothing. Similar to the coverage you would read in the Economist. It explains the evolution and issues of the field.
Second half is speculations about future developments. I am generally dismissive of predictions, particularly technological ones, and was no less so here.
On the one hand it’s a readable and accessible introduction to how the field developed, perhaps necessarily superficial. But I wonder about his perspective on the field. For example he acknowledges that when Alphabet paid 680 billion for Deep Mind he had never heard of it. And he doesn’t mention that the current largest source of profit from AI’s use is in predictive advertising, a fact I regard as significant. From my point of view he’s a little too unconcerned with what he terms “mundane reality”, the world in which people lose jobs, houses and so on. I got the sense he doesn’t find such issues intellectually stimulating.

[Dennis Murphy · Rating 4 out of 5]

A Brief History of Artificial Intelligence: What It Is, Where WE Are, and Where We Are Going by Michael Wooldridge is an engaging popular survey of advancements in AI. I learned a few things from the book, but I think it would have been better if I read this a few years ago. This might not be among the first books you read on AI, but it is very much meant for people who are not yet familiar with the practice or its history. Good, but lacking a little in meat. If you're new to the idea of machine consciousness, still think about terminators in a movie-sense, or perhaps just finished watching the Imitation Game, this is probably good place to start your journey into the science behind artificial intelligence.

[Biggus Dickkus · Rating 3 out of 5]

Turing test နဲ့ စတယ် Turing test ရဲ့ dilemma နဲ့ဘဲ ပြန်ဆုံးတယ်လို့ပြောရမှာဘဲ
လူတွေ သိထားတဲ့ AI ဟာ လက်ရှိ academic research field မှာရှိနေတဲ့ AI နဲ့ များစွာကွာခြား နေတယ် ဆိုတာက ထောက်ပြထားတယ်
AI ဆိုရင် လူတွေက intelligence နဲ့ consciousness ဟာမျိုးကိုဘဲပြေးမြင်ကြပေမယ့် တကယ်တမ်း logic,applied mathematics နဲ့ probability လိုဟာမျိုးတွေကို မေ့လျော့ထားကြတယ်
လူတွေကိုယ်တိုင်က သူတို့ရဲ့ consciousness mystery ကိုမဖြည်နိုင်သေးသရွေ့ human level-intelligence ခေါ် strong AI/generalAI ဖြစ်လာဖို့ လမ်းမမြင်သေးပါဘူး
ဒီစာအုပ်ထဲမှာ deepmind တို့ waymo ရဲ့ driverless car တို့အကြောင်းတွေ ထည့်ရေးသွားပေမယ့် လက်ရှိအချိန်မှာ hot နေတဲ့ gpt-3 လိုဟာမျိုး အကြောင်းရေးထားတာတော့ မတွေ့ဘူး

[Thomas · Rating 5 out of 5]

Beyond a history of AI, Wooldridge argues that we don't have to worry about any kind of 'Terminator' scenario (or, for younger readers, the Matrix). However, he does say that AI will likely replace many jobs. Lastly, and most germane to my interest, he argues, based on known atheistic psychological explanations of consciousness, that AI is not that different than us and, as such, we shouldn't try to understand AI as somehow less than possessing human consciousness. As a Christian, I find this to be perhaps the most concerning of all, even more than any 'Terminator/Matrix' fear of AI agency, since it undermines and devalues the true uniqueness of human nature created by God.

[Ryan · Rating 4 out of 5]

It's an overview of AI, with about an equal balance of history and current issues. Falls into the uncanny valley of "too technical for people who are completely non-technical, but not technical or detailed or interesting enough if you're at all technical", I think, unfortunately.

There was nothing wrong in the book, it was just very boring. Maybe I've read enough about both the history of AI and participation in some of the modern deployments, so maybe I'm overly negative. I can't think of what other book I'd recommend more as a "history of AI" for non-technical folks, though.

[Ron · Rating 4 out of 5]

I thought the book was interesting and a very good overview of AI. It goes through some history and the AI winters when progress was stuck to today where AI is being embedded in everything. It explains narrow AI which is mostly what is used today and the dream of AGI (Artificial General Intelligence) which is expected to come about in the near future. The book covers why AGI might not be possible but we just don't know. I would recommend this as a go to book for anyone who just wants to understand AI better and it is in a easy to ready form.

[Terry · Rating 4 out of 5]

Pretty good review of the histories of AI and the ups and downs as the computer scientists overpromised and underdelivered. There were breakthrough algorithms but in general new faster hardware either provided the gains directly or enabled new computer intensive algorithms to be pracotical.

Wooldridge does a good job explaining the different types of what the public perceives as all AI: machine learning, expert systems, deep learning, symbolic AI, neural nets, robotics, self-driving cars, computer chess programs.

A bonus for me was getting a British slant on the history.