First, I want to make a distinction between what I’d like to call ‘cultural Buddhism’ and ‘secular Buddhism’. Secular Buddhism, much like secular Christianity, is a distilled version of cultural Buddhism made to fit the vogues of our society. Offensive elements are purged, unreasonable stories and precepts dismissed, and what you have left is a perfectly digestible form of the original that now can be taught as an elective for school credit. Cultural Buddhism, as I’ve deemed it, is Buddhism as religion, and it is chiefly concerned with the era and circumstances in which it arose. You cannot separate this kind of Buddhism from its environment, from its birthplace. Mythologist Joseph Campbell reminds us that to truly understand the meaning of a story or religion, we have to allow all symbols and elements of story to play out fully in all of their complex interrelations with other elements in the narrative. Only then will the full flavor of the symbols be drawn out, and one can understand what the story-teller was getting at.
Freud was only stating the obvious when he affirmed that religious doctrines bear the imprint of the times in which they arose. Buddhism awoke during a climate of ancient-eastern suffering. All of Buddhism is, at its heart, an answer to, and an attempt to rise above, human suffering. The story of the origin of Buddhism might reveal more.
Siddhartha Gautama, commonly known as the Buddha ("the awakened one"), was a prince in the northeastern Indian subcontinent sometime between the 6th and 4th centuries BCE. The story goes that after hearing a prophesy about his son’s destiny to either become the next king OR renounce his inheritance and become an austere holy man, Siddhartha’s father tried to keep his son within the palace walls so that Siddhartha wouldn’t forsake him as the heir. At age 29, Siddhartha finally left the palace and was confronted with the suffering of his world in what has become known as “Four Sights”: an old man, a sick man, a corpse and, finally, an ascetic holy man who was content and at peace with the world. This was enough to compel Siddhartha into a similar lifestyle to pursue peace and enlightenment. After discovering that years of meditation and asceticism alone did not end suffering, he had an experience under a tree during which he is said to have attained enlightenment which was to become the mean between self-indulgence and self-mortification. He then began to spread the word that through enlightenment one can end/transform suffering. “I teach only suffering and the transformation of suffering” (Buddha).
This is exactly the reason why Thich Nhat Hanh said Buddhism “is born out of [our] suffering, not from academic studies”. Cultural Buddhism isn’t a western, rational attempt to reduce the universe to a set of definable laws that can be manipulated to build a better cosmos (isn’t that rationalism in a nutshell?) Rather, in its Eastern roots, it’s existential, it’s intuitive, and it’s a practical technique of working with the universe we have. It is ‘the people’s’ guide to find inherent beauty in this world, and live life without the metaphysical obsession of worrying about another(‘s) life. Truth, love and happiness start with me. That’s really enough to keep us busy for a while.
Buddhism teaches a four-stage cessation of suffering called “The Four Noble Truths”: 1) Acknowledge suffering in our lives and around us, 2) Recognize the origin of suffering (how it came to be), 3) Understand that you can stop suffering (or be transformed by it to rise above it), and 4) Practice The Noble Eightfold Path which is essentially right thinking and right action in all its forms.
There’s nothing to be afraid of here. Buddhism is first and foremost a pragmatic approach to ending suffering in our lives. Enlightenment is emphasized because suffering is part how we view the world, and part how we interact in the world. Instead of begging the world to become less hostile towards us, or blaming our problems on the evil actions of others, we must first realize that suffering begins with us. It’s a very personal approach that emphasizes each individual’s responsibility to end suffering within themselves, and not wait on the world around them to change first. In the words of Buddha Jackson, it’s ‘starting with the man in the mirror’.
I hear it coming. Go ahead and say it, “What about Nirvana? Isn’t that spiritual nihilism?” That’s what you were going to say, wasn’t it? WAS’NT IT??? Well, the answer is, ‘yes and no’. Nirvana means “extinction”, but according to my pal Thich Nhat Hanh, nirvana means first and foremost the extinction of ‘signs’ or concepts. The Buddha taught that in all perception is some deception. Sound familiar? “We see as if through a darkened glass.” In other words, as soon as we have observed something with our human senses, we have branded it with our finite bias. Nirvana is the entrance of ‘being’ into a realm where our concept of ‘being’ is blown wide open, and of course the Buddhist believe this is positive.
What I can especially appreciate about Buddhism is the practice of mindfulness. The Buddha said that if we could fully appreciate the beauty of a single flower, our lives would be changed forever. Why? Because we would enter into the secret of the universe. Says our author, “If we see the truth of one thing in the cosmos, we see the nature of the cosmos.” While reading this book I was surprised to stumble upon an idea that was identical to a sentence in a C.S. Lewis book I recently finished, The Great Divorce: “This moment contains all moments”. The concept in Lewis’ book was applied to our living this life as if it was the beginning of our Heaven or Hell, for who would want to meet a God in Heaven that had not really ‘meant’ earth and its sorrows? Thich Nhat Hanh echoes this, “The present moment contains all future moments”, “you don’t have to die to enter nirvana or the Kingdom of God. You only have to dwell deeply in the present moment, right now” and “Nirvana is not the absence of life. Nirvana [is] in this very life.” Very close the words of Christ, “The Kingdom of Heaven is at hand”, though, to be fair, not everyone wanted to be implicitly included in Christ’s Kingdom.
Now, this is not to say that Buddhism extends itself no further than temporal ‘common sense’ and mindfulness to eliminate suffering and experience joy in life. In its extremities, it certainly catapults to metaphysical speculation and is ‘religious’ in the plurality of its doctrinal lists. But primarily, it is simple and does not conflict with the metaphysical/practical teachings of other religions. It might be criticized as being too general and non-invasive intellectually. It, in my opinion, celebrates mystery without attempting to resolve it, and is behavior-based in its approach to a solution to the problem of soul-lostness. As far as its fundamentals are concerned, I can’t think of hardly a single element in ‘basic Buddhism’ which even a dogmatic Christian would have good ground to dispute its primary teaching.
My summary of ‘basic, cultural Buddhism’—healthy bodies, healthy mind, healthy life. Stop your cycles of suffering, experience the wonder and joy of life every moment and every day. It is through your experience of life that you will find doors opening to a larger experience of life, and ever-expanding vista. Not bad, not bad at all.