Author Tom Bottomore—claimed by Wikipedia to have been a lifelong communist and supporter of democracy, a combination you don’t hear much—writes a stick of dynamite for postmodern critical theorists to hide from. The motivations, evolution, and way of thinking in the Frankfurt School are well done in a short space. The Frankfurt School is the grandfather of today’s critical race theory, queer theory, gender theory, feminist theory (which is to feminism as the Taliban is to democracy), and all other such critical theories absorbing tax dollars in our university humanities departments in an ideological contest with New Right lie factories for our so-called Culture Wars.
The mostly German Frankfurt School, shocked by World War I, economic calamity in Germany to follow, the rise of the Nazis as compensation, and finally World War II, was, as a result struggling to find how such things could happen and looking for someone or something to blame. Something’s definitely queer about many aspects of modernity, and not all of the School’s ideas are completely nutty, but most are. Mainly because their conclusions come out of nowhere, with almost zero justification and utterly zero empirical support. The critique of failing to test their theories against reality is protected against by dismissing Western empiricism. Thanks to their Marxist roots, they ended up anti-West. Thanks to their positivist opposition, they end up as anti-science. To the School, Europe’s Enlightenment becomes the cause of all things evil. Reason, rational thought, and real critical analysis are all dismissed by what they invented, called “critical theory.” As the forerunners of our current irrationality movement in the West, Bottomore quotes their claims, which sound more like religious declarations than scholarship—a flaw that persists to this day in their university spinoffs. These German grandfathers, their vocabulary and targets, were absorbed by the fathers of critical theory a decade later: the French postmodernists of Foucault, Derrida, Lacan. In keeping with the perpetual self-contradictions of the School, postmodernism, and critical theory, the School itself was even financed at the outset in 1923 by a wealthy German and ardent communist (how ironic) who made his fortunes in the Argentinian grain trade.
Delving into the evolution of the School, Bottomore notes a turn. When Max Horkheimer took over in 1934, he redirected the School from studies of society and economics to pseudo-philosophy with the commencement of modern myth-making. Among their unsubstantiated myths were that science is a socially constructed, patriarchal “philosophy” rather than a method and practice; in keeping with their Marxist ideology, the “real” method of science is “the exploitation of other’s work and capital” as science is intended as a means of oppression and domination over others, “That is its only aim,” and that creation of “Enlightenment is totalitarian… the fully enlightened earth radiates disaster triumphant,” as “the bourgeois [which Enlightenment created] has from time immemorial nurtured the dream of a brutal national community, of oppression of all by all…” (Now you know. Your life’s motivation, revealed by the School.) Of course, according to the School, all this led directly to the Nazis. The total control of Enlightenment thought, chained by science as proposed by the School, never bothers to answer how irrational political movements could arise if control was so total, nor how descent in 1960s America and Europe could break free of permanent rational oppression.
As Carl Sagan said, “Extraordinary claims require extraordinary evidence.” Bottomore’s warning is, don’t hold your breath for it. Instead, the School’s bluster could be mistaken for a late Saturday night in any tavern in America. The difference being that until Trump, tavern gusts of certainty blew out just beyond the bar stool, ready to receive a fresh wind next week, while proclamations of the Frankfurt School went on to dominate leftist doctrine, taught at every university in the Western world. This book is a really fine, short survey of modern nuttery.