Now a standard on the subject of the new middle class in twentieth-century America, this volume demonstrates how the conditions and styles of middle class life―originating from elements of both the newer lower and upper classes―represent modern society as a whole.
Charles Wright Mills was an American sociologist and a professor of sociology at Columbia University from 1946 until his death in 1962. Mills published widely in both popular and intellectual journals, and is remembered for several books, such as The Power Elite, White Collar: The American Middle Classes and The Sociological Imagination.
Mills was concerned with the responsibilities of intellectuals in post–World War II society, and he advocated public and political engagement over disinterested observation. One of Mills's biographers, Daniel Geary, writes that Mills's writings had a "particularly significant impact on New Left social movements of the 1960s era." It was Mills who popularized the term "New Left" in the U.S., in a 1960 open letter "Letter to the New Left".
This was a much more interesting read than I was expecting it to be. I’ve read other works by Mills and enjoyed them, but I just assumed that the white collar workers we have today would be so different from those of the 1950s that this was going to be mostly of ‘historical’ interest. In part that is true, too, hard to avoid given the relentless passage of time - but there is still much in this that is relevant and also a lot about ‘the old middle class’ in the US I’d never really considered before. And despite Australia also being a ‘settler’ society I feel the development of white collar people in the two countries is strikingly different in ways I am not sure I completely understand. But School Choice: How Parents Negotiate the New School Market in Australia provides a useful breakdown of the Australian middle classes.
The first thing to mention is his introduction. That is he stresses the problems the white collar present as a ‘political’ group in society. Mostly this is concerned with the fact that they don’t really provide a coherent group. Marx talked of the working class as being capable of being a political class in society in the sense that they could exert power – that being the point of ‘politics’ after all. He spoke of workers being a class ‘in themselves’ and of them needing to become conscious of their position in society and so to become a class ‘for themselves’. Mills points out that the white collar are not in that situation, that their class consciousness is always mediated through the class consciousness of other groups in society. He goes so far as to say that within the pyramid of society that the white collar form yet another pyramid. They do not form a political block because they do not have ‘common interests’. White collar people represent a series of strata (even when considered on their own) rather than a single mass.
One of the other things Marx supposed would happen, and it more or less has in many ways, is that society would be reduced to effectively two classes - those who own the means of production and those forced to sell their labour to make a living. However, while the overwhelming number of people in society today are reduced to having to sell their labour, that doesn’t in the least mean that the majority of people identify with the working class. In fact, if the 20th century could be said to have achieved one thing, it was in the unprecedented growth in ‘white collar’ occupations and the near total collapse of what are traditionally understood to be working class ones in the advanced capitalist countries.
Mills begins his investigation with something of a history of the middle strata in US society. In the main this is concerned with farmers and small entrepreneurs in the nineteenth century. Farmers in particular - since through to perhaps the 1880s the US had ‘land, lots of land, and starry skies above’ and so it was relatively easy to not feel fenced in. However, the advent of the industrial revolution in agriculture and improved modes of transportation made the consolidation of farms inevitable. This brought about forms of ‘collectivisation’ of farms that both pushed lots of small farmers off the land and also reduced those who stayed to the extremes of poverty Steinbeck discusses at length in his Grapes of Wrath.
What is interesting here is that the dream of being a small farm holder never really diminished while also remaining central to the American dream for perhaps a century after it was effectively dead as a means of ‘escape’ from wage labour. You know, Bob Denver could still sing in the 1970s ‘you and me out on a farm, we’ll let the sun be our alarm, kicking off our shoes, doing what we choose’. And if the hope of one day ‘living off the fat of the land’ took a long time to die, the dream of becoming your own boss and ‘small business man’ never quite did - well, in myth anyway. Clearly, it has mostly died off in fact if one is talking about ‘economic security’. As Mills says at one point, being a small retailer or small business person often involves having some sense of economic freedom, but this is a freedom often bought at the expense of social confinement. Too often one becomes tied in with family, who one needs to exploit as cheap labour, and as such these businesses too often become patriarchies with no freedoms at all for anyone - often not even for the patriarchs.
Nevertheless, even if white collar workers have mostly become reduced to selling their labour to a boss and even if, because they traditionally did not have unions that were as strong as those for the working class, so that they often received lower wages than the working class proper, there has long been a sense of esteem coupled with having a white collar job that was not available for those with blue collar jobs - and this remained true even when the hope of one day owning one’s own company had mostly disappeared and when white collar employees were paid less than their blue collar fellow workers.
Mills gives us a ‘sociological sketch’ of various sections of the white collar class - from shop girls and typists to teachers, managing directors to clerks. As you see, the ability to assert a ‘common feeling’ for the people that make up the white collar isn’t only confounded by the remarkable scope this class of people covers.
I liked this book a lot – you could probably get by just reading the introduction, I guess, and many of the sketches of the middle class occupations have changed substantially since the 1950s – you know, there’s not a lot of point hoping to become a typist any longer. And if you read a book like ‘Love the Work, Hate the Job’ or ‘The Global Auction’ you’ll see that the process of Taylorism in white collar jobs has only accelerated. Even so, this provides a really useful overview of white collar occupations and the curious and paradoxical position they often hold. As he points out, the Nazis came to power on the back of resentment many white collar occupations held for working class organisation. White collar people gain their sense of self from a sense of being superior to those in the working class, but have generally risen out of the working class too. As the growth of the middle class that was so prevalent from the middle of the twentieth century has collapsed, with the raise of the precariat and of ‘gig jobs’, there is a similar raise in fear as people who had comfortable jobs watch their children struggle to maintain a similar life-style to their own, even if they are more highly qualified then they were. There is little doubt that the collapse of white collar jobs into ‘service sector’ jobs will cause a tidal wave of resentment – the problem is that it isn’t clear how this resentment will manifest. To date it has been chiefly focused on fear of refugees and other people ‘different from us’.
As always, I enjoy C. Wright Mills. In White Collar, he explores the transformation of America’s middle class from small property-owners or entrepreneurs to white collar workers, cogs in the bureaucratic corporate machine. The introduction is absolutely fantastic to read. The rest of the book is more methodical, but remains enjoyable, informative and thought-provoking. Mills describes the old middle class, the bureaucratic structures of corporations, common white collar professions, but also reflects on the changes in the meanings of work, success and status.
Anything by Mills is pretty smart, but this one may just be the best. As a blue collar boy, I find his argument sound, and as pertinent today as when it was written -- perhaps even more so.
Interesting but not particularly valuable information for me at this moment - dragged me down a bit and stopped my reading for a few months, need to learn to drop a book when it’s lost its purpose
"Just as the working man no longer owns the machine but is controlled by it, so the middle-class man no longer owns the enterprise but is controlled by it. The vices as well as the virtues of the old entrepreneur have been 'transferred to the business concern' The aggressive business types, seen by Herman Melville as greedy, crooked creatures on the edges of an expanding nineteenth-century society are replaced in twentieth-century society by white-collar managers and clerks who may be neither greedy nor aggressive as persons, but who man the machines that often operate in a 'greedy and aggressive' manner. The men are cogs in a business machinery that has routinized greed and made aggression an impersonal principle of organizing.
The centralization of property has shifted the basis of economic security from property ownership to job holding; the power inherent in huge properties has jeopardized the old balance which gave political freedom. Now unlimited freedom to do as one wishes with one's property is at the same time freedom to do as one wishes to the freedom and security of thousands of dependent employees. For the employees, freedom and security, both political and economic, can no longer rest upon individual independence in the old sense. To be free and to be secure is to have an effective control over that upon which one is dependent: the job within the centralized enterprise.
The centralization of property has thus ended the union of property and work as a basis of man's essential freedom, and the severance of the individual from an independent means of livelihood has changed the basis of his life-plan and the psychological rhythm of that planning. For the former small entrepreneur's economic life, based upon property, embraced his entire lifetime and was set within a family heritage, while the employee's economic life is merely an item in the business calculation of somebody else. For the population at large, the idea of going to work without an employer is an unserviceable myth. For those who nevertheless try, it is frequently a disastrous illusion.
The broad linkage of enterprise and property, the cradle-condition of classic democracy, no longer exists in America. This is no society of small entrepreneurs - now they are one stratum among others: above them is the big money; below them, the alienated employee; before them, the fate of politically dependent relics; behind them, their world."
Published in 1951, 'White Collar: The American Middle Classes' by sociologist C. Wright Mills remains a relevant and insightful exploration of the emergence of a new social class known as white-collar workers. It delves into the concept of social alienation in the modern world of advanced capitalism, particularly in urban areas dominated by a 'salesmanship mentality,' a term Mills uses to describe the pervasive influence of sales tactics and strategies in shaping societal values and norms. This 'salesmanship mentality' is a culture that prioritizes profit and personal gain, often at the expense of shared values and mutual trust. This concept continues to shape our society today.
The issues discussed in the book were not just academic for Mills; they were deeply personal. His father, an insurance agent, was a part of the white-collar class. This familial connection to the subject matter adds a profoundly human element to the book, making it more relatable and engaging for readers. It allows readers to see the societal changes Mills describes as academic concepts and real-life experiences affecting individuals and families. At the time of writing, Mills was a white-collar research worker at Columbia University's Bureau for Social Research under Paul Lazarsfeld.
Mills vividly describes a society where the labour market commodifies employees' traits. Kindness and friendliness, once valued as personal traits, are now seen as aspects of personalized service or public relations, serving the purpose of increasing sales. This shift results in a pervasive distrust and self-alienation among metropolitan people as shared values and mutual trust erode in the face of the relentless pursuit of profit. These societal implications, extensively explored in the book, should raise concerns and provoke thoughtful reflection, underlining the gravity of the situation and the urgent need to address these issues.
The book highlights how the 'personality market, a term Mills uses to describe the commodification of personal traits in the labour market, driven by the salesroom ethic, leads to manipulation and estrangement among individuals. This insight should raise concerns about the societal impact of such practices and provoke thoughtful reflection. It underlines the gravity of the situation, making it clear that these practices are not just societal trends but personal experiences that can lead individuals to become instruments of their alienation.
I thought I could push through and finish this, I thought it might be compelling in its wrongness, but it's just too wrong. To begin with, he doesn't actually come to any kind of argument he can defend, there's no thesis. It's a lot of grandiose language about how the US was "before", and a lot of scary feelings about how things are "now" (in 1951 when published). "Before" is a very vague time period, only delineated by a few mentions of feudalism. "Now" is of course the current, post war period. It reminds me a lot of Jordan Peterson's work. Not a lot of substance. In fact, this book has no citations. It has a section "Notes on Sources" where he mentions that he "had the great pleasure" of interviewing some 50 "white collar" people, but none of this is cited, no quotes or anything. It's like he got an impression from speaking with these people, most likely confirming his own biases, and just went with it.
An argument has major issues when the author can't separate an enormous chunk of society, and complains how it can't be broken down statistically, except for minorities and women, but barely gives a definition of who white collar is - in a book he's writing titled "White Collar". "White collar" in this book means anyone who doesn't work in a labor intensive field or factory, or own a business from what I can tell.
Biggest peeves in this reading were a comparison of middle class to "political eunuchs", as well as a mention that slavery wasn't as bad as everyone thinks, but that was not surprising in a pre-civil rights era book. The eunuchs thing did make me think briefly though. Maybe a booming middle class is "bad" in a way for politics, because there's no real need to organize or push for change. But I'd argue that's good for society? Unless that got us to our current era, and maybe QAnon formed because of bizarre paranoia from being too socially safe? Probably not though. This book sucks.
“This is no society of small entrepreneurs- now they are one stratum among others: above them is the big money; below them, the alienated employee; before them, the fate of politically dependent relics; behind them, their world.”
If you have a white collar job that resembles the remark, “same shit, different day,” this book is really going to strike a chord. Believe it or not, it was written 70 years ago. And C Wright Mills is not familiar with the the tarot or astrology. It just shows you how much things change but stay the same.
My fellow girl bosses will be disheartened with the excruciatingly slow progress we’ve made in gender equality.
But if you approach reading this in the context of the time it was written, you can understand the bias and thinking that society today is trying to correct.
Being chained to a soul-crushing cube farm job has long been a personal nightmare. Now I am intimately aware of why.
My favorite chapter was "Work", where Mills gives a brief recap of the history of philosophy on meaningful work, and outlines the meaning of craftsmanship. He then accounts for the way bureaucratized work has made such a direct relationship to work impossible for white-collar workers.
As such, Mills couldn't prescribe craftsmanship and the making of things with one's hands as a way out of meaningless work. Not from his point in history.
But things are different enough now. If he can't write such a prescription from beyond the grave, I'm happy to do it for him.
Making things with your hands won't solve everything. But it has such potential for connecting people to themselves, each other, and their labor. I'd be a fool not to pick it up and run with it.
This is an important book that provides insights into a wide range of topics still relevant today: white collar jobs, the role of the middle class in politics, the role of mass media in politics, the changing nature of labor unions, the importance of personality in the workplace.
At times the book seemed repetitive or obvious but then you realize that it was written 71 years ago and how revolutionary this book was at the time. Mills was a brilliant thinker who had a talent for communicating insight in ways that were easy to understand.
'White Collar' is a history of, and sociological look at, the rise of white collar workers. If you've ever said, "OMG, I hate the corporate world, I don't wanna be a drone in a suit, I hate the whole culture blah blah blah," this book will give you richer terminology and firmer arguments to explain your feelings.
Mills is brilliant when it comes to naming something you feel and sense, but can't quite grasp firmly enough to state clearly. This book is no exception.
A few illuminating things for me:
White collar workers are socially and in terms of prestige (at least as high as their own ranks go) members of the middle class. But unlike the middle class of the nineteenth century, they are workers, not employers, and they tend to own (truly own, that is) little property. As such, they feel affinity with the the better-moneyed classes, and when this is combined with their aspirations to move up, white collar workers are little inclined to form and join unions (doing so would be an admission that they are not elite, and they fear it will hurt their chances of promotion despite the fact that few rise up much within their firms).
There's a nice section somewhere in the middle-end about how much personality (that is, a particular disposition) is pivotal to success in the corporate world. Part of this is appearing to genuinely care about a company, its products, etc., despite the fact that it's completely false. As you may know if you've ever had a white collar job, this forced smiling can drive you insane.
The rise of white collar work has coincided with the rise in ready-made, cookie-cutter entertainment. One feeds the other.
I'd give this five stars if Mills didn't completely write off women in this otherwise brilliant book.
This is a wonderful and distressingly topical book, given that it was published in 1952 and yet is as pretty much relevant today as it was then--perhaps a lot more so. I've had it on my shelves for ages before delving in and I'm glad I finally did: it explains and illustrates many of the reasons behind the death of the American middle class.
It's hard to find a book that gives a clearer, more complete explanation of how American politics has reached its sorry present state. Mills picks apart the American mass psyche with surgical precision. If you want to read one sociological text to better understand class politics in America, make it White Collar.
the gospel for our generation, yet it takes some persistence to get through the 1950s sociologicalese. still, a landmark in american thought. we will probably never have another c.w. and that is a damn shame.