This book teaches how to hone two skills: reading and writing non-fiction.
When writing, check for:
1) good grammar
2) good documentation of materials
3) good use of rhetorical strategies: tone, theme, diction, allusion, paradox, satire, mood, syntax, imagery, irony, point of view...
4) good editing and proofreading. Check for:
- misplaced modifiers: words, phrases, clauses that tell something about, or limit meaning of,
a word or statement. Modifiers should be placed as close as possible to words they modify.
- Dangling modifiers: modifiers that lack the noun or pronoun they modify. Ex: While running
to class, the bell rang...
- Parallelism: Keep equivalent ideas (in series) in the same grammatical form. Ex: I like skiing,
hiking, to take pictures...
- Active, animated verbs and active sentences (where performer is emphasized)
- No needless words
- Use specific language
- No fragments (sentences need a subject and a verb)
- No run-ons (2 independent clauses with no punctuation between)
- No comma splices (2 independent clauses with a comma between)
When reading, be able to identify and describe these elements in a non-fiction text:
1) Thesis: What is the thesis?
2) Documentation: Does the author's documentation of sources qualify him to speak on this topic?
3) Purpose: What is the author's intent/purpose? How does the writer use structure/grammar and
rhetorical strategies to convey this?
4) Tone: Tone is the psychological quality of the words. Since we can't hear his "tone of
voice," the author must use rhetorical devices and structure/grammar to reveal his tone. What
is the author's tone? How does he use structure/grammar and rhetorical strategies to convey
this? Tone is largely revealed in these ways:
- Sentence forms:
- exclamatory, interrogatory, declarative
- periodic (most important idea stated at end of sentence) or loose (most important idea
stated at beginning of sentence)
- Sound of words/sentences:
- Onomatopoeia (words that imitate the sounds they describe)
- Alliteration: repetition of initial sounds in words and syllables
- Rhythm: slow, even, short, choppy sentences...
- Vocabulary (Diction: word choice; Connotation of words)
- Metaphorical language: figures of speech: metaphor, simile, allusion, analogy, metonymy
(substitute concrete for abstract), synecdoche (substitute part for the whole)