A Rulebook for Arguments

by Anthony Weston

本书是一本清晰、简洁、实用、有趣的论证规则手册。
作者运用大量易于理解、趣味性十足、生活化的例证，归纳了 50 条必须遵循的论证规则，涵盖了各学科、各种类型的论证。全书首先阐述了构建简论的通则：如何从可靠的前提出发，如何理顺思路，如何使自己的论证简明、具体；其次，介绍了举例论证、因果论证和演绎论证，讨论了详论、口头陈述、议论文写作和公共辩论所应遵循的规则；最后，作者揭示了论证过程中常见的谬误及陷阱。
这本手册能够使你的文章、谈话、辩论有理有据，更有说服力，更容易被读者、听众和对手欣然接受。无论是论文写作、论证类文章的阅读，还是辩论、演讲，这本手册都将是你学习参考的理想之选。
★ 《论证是一门学问》（第五版新增内容近两万字），自首次出版以来，被译成11种文字，全球畅销33年。
★ 50条黄金规则揭示论证的核心技法，美国权威专家，深研批判性思维30余年。
★ 美国大学教授协会、乔治梅森大学哲学与公共政策研究所、古根海姆奖获得者联袂推荐。
一本每个学生都需要的优雅、简洁、有用的小书。
——雷切尔·哈达斯　古根海姆奖获得者
　　对于那些想要用推理和证据来支持结论的人来说，这是一本终极的指南书。这本书条理清晰而不晦涩难懂，有说服力而不教条主义，也可以使读者更好地评估他人的论证。
——黛布拉·内尔斯　美国大学教授协会职业道德委员会主席
　　多年来，我在批判性思维课程中使用这本规则手册向学生讲解论证要领，取得了巨大的成功……
——大卫·摩洛　乔治梅森大学哲学与公共政策研究所研究员
安东尼·韦斯顿（1954—），美国权威专家，1982 年在密歇根大学获得哲学博士学位，曾在纽约州立大学石溪分校任教 10 年，之后在埃隆大学任教。他的著作涉及教育哲学、伦理学和批判性思维。除本书外，他的著作还包括《论证训练手册》《伦理学实用指南》等。
前　言
第五版　按语
导　论
第一章　简论：若干基本原则
规则 1　明确前提和结论
规则 2　理顺思路
规则 3　从可靠的前提出发
规则 4　具体简明
规则 5　立足实据，避免诱导性言论
规则 6　用语前后一致
第二章　举例论证
规则 7　孤例不立
规则 8　例子要有代表性
规则 9　背景率可能很关键
规则 10　慎重对待统计数字
规则 11　考虑反例 第三章　类比论证
规则 12　类比需要相关且相似
第四章　诉诸权威的论证
规则 13　列出信息来源
规则 14　寻找可靠的消息人士
规则 15　寻找公正的信息来源
规则 16　多方核实信息来源
规则 17　善用网络
第五章　因果论证
规则 18　因果论证始于关联
规则 19　一种关联可能有多种解释
规则 20　寻求最有可能的解释
规则 21　情况有时很复杂
第六章　演绎论证
规则 22　肯定前件式
规则 23 否定后件式
规则 24　假言三段论
规则 25　选言三段论
规则 26　二难推理
规则 27　归谬法
规则 28　多步演绎论证
第七章　详论
规则 29 研究话题
规则 30 将观点整理为论证
规则 31 对基本前提进行专门的论证
规则 32 考虑反对意见
规则 33 考虑其他解决方法
第八章　议论文
规则 34 开门见山
规则 35 提出明确的主张或建议
规则 36 论证要遵循提纲
规则 37 详述并驳斥反对意见
规则 38 搜集和利用反馈信息
规则 39 要谦虚一些
第九章　口头论证
规则 40 打动你的听众
规则 41 全程在场
规则 42 设置节点
规则 43 精简视觉辅助工具
规则 44 结尾要出彩
第十章　公共辩论
规则 45　堂堂正正
规则 46　虚心倾听，反为己用
规则 47　拿出正面观点
规则 48　由共识起步
规则 49　要有起码的风度
规则 50　给对方留下思考的时间
附录一 常见论证谬误
附录二 定义
本书简要地介绍了论证之道，只专注于基本要点。我发现，学生和作家常常需要这样一本列有实用提示和具体规则的册子，而不是冗长的介绍和说明。因此，本书围绕具体规则进行编写，举例与注解力图精当，尤重简洁。这不是一本教科书，而是一本规则手册。
我还发现，教师往往也希望能给学生这样一本手册，以便学生查阅和自行理解，节约课堂时间。这再次说明了篇幅简短的重要性 —— 重点在于，帮助学生切实提高论证能力。但规则必须辅之以具体明确的指示，使教师可以直接让学生去查看规则 6 或规则 16，而不是每次都需要从头到尾解释一遍。简洁明快，但自成一体 —— 这正是我编写此书所遵循的路线。
这本规则手册同样适用于批判性思维课程。这种课程当然需要大量例子和习题，而市面上也有很多满篇都是例子和习题的教科书了。然而，它们仍然不无缺陷 —— 需要补进去的正是这本规则手册所提供的，将有效的论证结合在一起的简单规则。我们不希望学生在学习了批判性思维的课程后，仅仅知道如何驳倒（或者只能做到“驳斥”）某种谬误。批判性思维完全可以具有更大的建设性意义。本书尝试为此提出建议。

Genres: Philosophy, Nonfiction, Logic, Writing, Reference, Self Help, Education

168 pages, Paperback

First published January 1, 1986

Reviews

[Maede · Rating 5 out of 5]

برای من اولین مواجهه‌‌ با دنیای استدلال‌ و مباحثه زمانی بود که برای تدریس آیلتس خودم رو آماده می‌کردم. ناگهان ایده‌پردازی کافی نبود و اینکه چطور ایده‌ت رو اثبات می‌کنی مهم‌تر شد. از اون زمان تفکر نقادانه، روش‌های استدلال و منطق برام به شدت جذاب شده، چون روز به روز در کارم و زندگی بیشتر ازشون استفاده می‌کنم

و چه خوب شد این کتاب رو بالاخره خوندم. عجب کتاب مختصر و مفیدی!

نویسنده در بخش‌های بسیار کوتاه روش‌های استدلال در نوشتار و گفتار رو بررسی می‌کنه و به خطاهای شایع هم می‌پردازه‌. اگر مثل من برای یاد گرفتن خیلی از این نکات که در نگاه اول ساده و حتی بدیهی به نظر میان بیچاره شده باشید، از اینکه انقدر واضح و مرتب یکجا در کنار هم قرار گرفتن واقعا ذوق‌زده می‌شید

:این کتاب خیلی می‌تونه براتون مفید باشه اگر
برای خودتون، آزمون یا دانشگاه نوشته‌‌های استدلالی می‌نویسید
در دانشگاه، محل‌کار یا موقعیت‌های دیگه باید نظراتتون رو ارائه بدید
می‌خواید وقتی بقیه اراجیف می‌نویسن و میگن، بفهمید دقیقاً کجای کارشون اشتباهه و در صورت لزوم به روشون بیارید

در آخر باید بگم که این کتاب بسیار خلاصه‌ست و فقط نقطه‌ی خوبی برای شروعه. از اون‌ها که میشه دوباره و دوباره بهش برگشت، راجع به روش‌های ذکر شده تحقیق درست و حسابی انجام داد و در نهایت تمرینشون کرد

کانال تلگرامم که این کتاب‌ و صوتیش رو آپلود کردم و ریویوها رو هم می‌گذارم
Maede's Books

۱۴۰۲/۱۲/۴

[Kirstine · Rating 4 out of 5]

If you want to be good at arguing, this book is for you.
I read it all in one go, and that's a bit counter-productive, seeing as you won't be able to remember all of it (unless you're crazy smart, in which case, you probably don't need this book). But it is definitely useful, and works very well as a, well, rulebook for arguments.
Yeah, it's a well chosen title.

[G. Branden · Rating 4 out of 5]

Many books on argument/informal logic tend to bog down into encyclopedic explorations of fallacies or pitch a lot of exercises at the reader.

Not this title--at fewer than 100 pages it selects concision as a goal.

I suspect Weston's book would be a great title for students needing an introduction to the subject--as well as for the experienced reader who vaguely remembers what modus ponens, modus tollens, and "affirming the consequent" are but needs a refresher for his or her aging brain, it's a lean and pithy reference. (The downside for that function is that there is no index.)

A Rulebook for Arguments invites comparison to Strunk and White's Elements of Style; the author recommends keeping his own title next to the latter on the shelf. I'm not in a position to argue...

[Hardik Pandey · Rating 4 out of 5]

This is one of those books which teaches you a lot. You should not read it in one go, rather read it as slowly as you can and try to understand what it's saying because it carries very interesting points.
Framing of arguments and recognizing fallacies, both are explained very well in the book. It's a very readable book so difficulty in understanding of any point would not occur (as it occurs in many books that are related to critical thinking).
The flow explained to make an argument or to write an argumentative essay is extremely useful as it reminded me of - several video essays, analytical essays of a text or a movie, etc. which make use of that flow.
This is one of those important books which should be read by most of the people so that as a society we can learn to communicate and analyze things more effectively.

[Tamara · Rating 5 out of 5]

Great way to learn how to win an argument. Rules include: present your ideas in a natural order; use definitive, specific, concrete language; provide background information; avoid personal attacks.

Favorite section is the one on fallacies.

Fallacies include:

ad hominem - attacking the person of a source rather than his or her qualifications or reliability
ad ignorantiam - arguing that a claim is true just because it has not been shown to be false
ad misericordiam - appealing to pity as an argument for special treatment
ad populum - appealing to the emotion of a crowd (i.e. Everybody's doing it.)
begging the question - implicitly using your conclusion as a premise
circular argument
complex question - posing a question in such a way that people cannot agree or disagree with you without committing themselves to some other claim you wish to promote
denying the antecendent - another example of overlooking alternatives
equivocation - sliding from one meaning of a term to another in the middle of an argument
false cause - generic term for any questionable conclusion about cause and effect
false dilemma - reducing the options you consider to just two, often diametrically opposed to each other and unfair to the people against whom the dilemma is posed
loaded language
non sequitur - drawing a conclusion that does not follow, that is, a conclusion that is not a reasonable inference from, or even related to, the evidence
overgeneralizing
overlooking alternatives
persuasive definition
poisoning the well - using loaded language to disparage an argument before even mentioning it
post hoc, ergo propter hoc - assuming causation too readily on the basis of mere succession in time
red herring - introducing an irrelevant or secondary subject and thereby diverting attention from the main subject
straw man - a caricature of an opposing view, exaggerated from what anyone is likely to hold, so that it is easy to refute

[Ahmad Hossam · Rating 5 out of 5]

a must-read for anyone who wants to think clearly and/or write argumentative essays.

[Rick Wilson · Rating 4 out of 5]

Good writing is good thinking.

Well done book about structuring and organizing your ideas for persuasive writing.

[Andrea · Rating 2 out of 5]

Meh. This handbook is very short and basic. It gives an introduction to arguments and has some helpful tips for writing essays and giving speeches. It's organized so that each "rule" can be referenced by number, grouped according to topic. This could be effective for a class or prolonged study of this material, but I'm not sure I would recommend it beyond a high school level (and, at the same time, I'm not sure I would recommend it to high school students either because of the content of some of the examples - one of which is about having sex in space). Its info is too basic for older students and its content invites problems with younger students. I was assigned this book for a graduate-level Research and Writing class, but likely won't be using it much, if at all, with the other resources that are out there about the same material.

I didn't appreciate that the author uses a lot of political and religious examples for demonstrating arguments and shows a pretty consistent bias in the way he presents them. It got to be pretty annoying to see certain viewpoints repeatedly used to demonstrate invalid arguments. He also made a fair amount of unsubstantiated claims while attempting to prove his point about certain "rules" which makes no sense to me. Why make poor arguments in a book about arguments? He cites sources for some of his claims so it just seems lazy, ignorant or arrogant to not cite sources for all of his claims as if the reader should take as fact his opinion on certain current issues (breaking his own Rule #13). I'm not really sure why he decided to make so many of the example arguments political/religious in the first place; it seemed like a completely unnecessary spin for the the scope of this book. I can understand trying to make a book relevant with current examples, but if an author is going to attempt that, they should try a lot harder to avoid bias and, at the very least, leave out their own personal opinions about things; instead this author presents many of them as fact. It really undermines the purpose of the book.

The author claims that this book is designed to fulfill a need for a "rulebook" vs. a textbook on this topic, but unless you plan to reference the "rules" by number over an extended period of time or with multiple people, I think most readers would be better off with a slightly (if not significantly) more in-depth treatment of this topic. Even if you did intend to reference lots of these rules, it seems like it would serve students better to have them learn the "rules" by name (e.g. "Seek impartial sources," "hypothetical syllogism," and "signpost energetically") instead of by number so that they actually learn the rule by its quality, not some random number assigned to it. Isn't it easier to just tell someone to "Be concrete and concise" rather than to refer them to Rule #4 in their rulebook?

This is pretty bare bones and, combined with the unnecessary controversy and bias, it just didn't do much for me.

[Literary Ames · Rating 4 out of 5]

Anthony Weston encourages the use of representative examples and counterexamples, warns of the hazards of statistics (like I recently have), imparts the importance of impartial and reliable sources, explains the correlational relationship between cause and effect, presents deductive reasoning in the words of Sherlock Holmes, preaches the value of librarians, and can teach a thing or two to Badly Behaving Authors.

Criticisms and suggestions, as always, are welcome. ~ Page x, from the Preface

Writers --at all levels--need feedback. It is through others' eyes that you can see best where you are unclear or hasty of just plain implausible. Feedback improves your logic too. Objections may come up that you hadn't expected. Premises you thought were secure may turn out to need defending, while other premises may turn out to be more secure than they seemed. You may even pick up a dew new facts or examples. Feedback is a "reality check" all the way around --welcome it. ~ page 64, Rule 38

The Some Common Fallacies chapter is excellent. The examples I run into the most:

ad hominem

On the Big Benefits Row Live, Katie Hopkins (a vile woman) responded to Annabel Giles's well-reasoned argument with a personal insult instead of refuting the argument: "All I hear is somebody that wanted to be a model, but didn't make it." (Er, she was the face of Max Factor, I think she 'made it'.)

ad misericordiam

One word: X-Factor. The sob stories 'appealing to pity as an argument for special treatment.'

ad populum

"Everyone's doing it!" Sex (for teenagers). Brazilian waxes. iPhones. '...appealing to a person to go along with the crowd.'


As the author invites criticism, I have only one complaint: No forms of cognitive bias were included. Bias is explicitly mentioned once, during the introduction of section IV on Sources. I've tried to find a book that does include them and this was, in the end, the most likely candidate to cover this topic, so I'm a tad disappointed.

A Rulebook for Arguments really is what it says, a short and concise, but easy to understand, list of rules on how to construct a solid argument.

Recommended to everyone 12+, including authors of both fiction and non-fiction, for everything from a short and simple discussion to essays, oral presentations, and dissertations.

[Jeff · Rating 4 out of 5]

Argument here does not refer to the equivalent of a verbal fistfight. Rather, argument refers to reasoning and rhetoric. It is generally persuasive in style, or at least should be, and should reasonably follow standards of logic or critical thinking. Argument is defining, expounding, and defending a proposition or premise. It may also be the reverse if it is aimed at deconstructing an erroneous conclusion.

Therefore, argument is of extreme importance to preachers. It is the preacher’s vocation to be defining, expounding, and defending the propositions of Holy Scripture. For that matter, every Christian is to conscientiously defend and contend for the faith and should be concerned about good argument evaluation and construction.

In this vein, I recommend A Rulebook for Arguments by Anthony Weston. This is a rulebook as the title suggests, but it is concise and readable. The book should be read through one time and then referred to often when analyzing or building arguments. Its brevity is one aspect of its value. You can refer to a section and quickly refresh your memory about some concept. The author does also give some sources for larger works if the reader is interested.

[Clara Wolf · Rating 3 out of 5]

Good, short and concise rulebook
I have a Master's degree in Applied Philosophy and I bought this book because I wanted a neat little book to remind me of the basics in logic and deductive reasoning. For this purpose, the book is brilliant. The different sections of the book are short and concise. There is an appendix with examples of logical fallacies in the back. However, the text is ironically at times a little too biased in its examples without proper argumentation or exploration of their own views, which gives the author a slightly arrogant and unseeming style of writing in my opinion. In addition, as other reviewers have remarked, the book is probably not a good stand alone introduction to logic or deductive reasoning. The first few chapters are dedicated to building written arguments but they come off a little superficial and too short to create enough of an impression in the reader to retain the information. However, if you need some refreshing of your knowledge of logic and argumentation and a small and easy book to navigate, this might be your book. I found it pretty useful as a rulebook and will probably revisit sections of it every once in a while.

[M J · Rating 2 out of 5]

A very short book, full of obvious statements. A few interesting points here and there, but nothing that the average person couldn't arrive at with a few seconds' thinking.

By stating that the book is obvious, I'm not just saying that it didn't have anything that I couldn't have concluded -- I'm saying that it had nothing that I hadn't concluded.

I don't think any average person does not already intuitively abide by the logic put forth in the book.

The best part was probably the voucher example used. But hey, instead of reading a book on argumentative writing, go read a short blog post about school vouchers and you'll have absorbed 99% of the interesting things in this book.

[Madeleine Lesieutre · Rating 4 out of 5]

I took some notes. And while I expected those notes to go into my speech and debate notebook, I found they better fit in my journal/philosophical thoughts notebook. The book basically explains what's acceptable in an argument and what's not and how that argument should be structured. It also explains types of deductive arguments (which I got a brief introduction to through CrashCourse Philosophy, but this book goes into a lot more detail).

Arguments and debates might actually be productive if people abided by the rules presented in this rulebook. I wish the people on facebook with whom I have nonsensical political and religious arguments would read this.

[Pham Tung · Rating 4 out of 5]

Có lẽ nhiều người cho rằng đây là một sách dạy cách để chiến thắng trong tranh luận, nhưng với mình, nó chỉ là một cuốn sách khá bài bản về suy luận và logic. Mục đích của tranh luận không phải để chiến thắng mà là để tìm ra luận điểm tốt nhất.
Điểm trừ là mục lục sách quá sơ sài, các ví dụ chưa được súc tích và hay lắm.

Soạn lại mục lục để dễ ghi nhớ:

Chương 1. Hình thành một lập luận ngắn

1. Phân biệt tiền đề và kết luận
2. Trình bày ý tưởng theo thứ tự tự nhiên
3. Bắt đầu từ những tiền đề đáng tin cậy
4. Hãy cụ thể và chính xác
5. Tránh dùng ngôn từ cảm xúc
6. Sử dụng thuật ngữ nhất quán
7. Sử dụng một nghĩa duy nhất cho mỗi thuật ngữ

Chương 2. Lập luận bằng ví dụ

8. Sử dụng nhiều ví dụ
9. Sử dụng những ví dụ mang tính đại diện
10. Thông tin nền tảng là cốt yếu
11. Cân nhắc các phản ví dụ

Chương 3. Lập luận bằng phép loại suy

12. Phép loại suy đòi hỏi sử dụng những ví dụ tương đồng có liên quan

Chương 4. Lập luận bằng phép căn cứ

13. Nên ghi rõ nguồn
14. Tìm những nguồn đáng tin cậy
15. Tìm những nguồn khách quan
16. Kiểm tra chéo các nguồn
17. Công kích cá nhân không làm mất đi giá trị của một nguồn

Chương 5. Lập luận về nguyên nhân

18. Giải thích vì sao nguyên nhân dẫn đến hệ quả
19. Đề xuất nguyên nhân khả dĩ nhất
20. Những sự kiện tương quan không nhất thiết liên quan Một vài sự kiện tương quan chỉ là ngẫu nhiên.
21. Những sự kiện tương quan có thể có chung một nguyên nhân
22. Không sự kiện nào trong hai sự kiện tương quan là nguyên nhân của sự kiện kia
23. Những nguyên nhân có thể rất phức tạp

Chương 6. Suy luận

24. Khẳng định luận (modus ponens)
25. Nghịch đoạn luận (modus tollens)
26. Tam đoạn luận giả thuyết
27. Tam đoạn luận tuyển
28. Song quan luận
29. Phản chứng luận (Reductio ad absurdum)
30. Suy luận trong vài bước

Chương 7. Viết một bài luận

A. Nghiên cứu vấn đề
A1. Nghiên cứu những lập luận trên tất cả các mặt của vấn đề
A2. Thẩm tra và bảo vệ tất cả tiền đề của từng lập luận
A3. Xem xét và cân nhắc lại các lập luận khi chúng bắt đầu rõ nét

Chương 8. Viết một bài luận

B. Những điểm chính của bài luận
B2. Đưa ra một tuyên bố hay một đề xuất rõ ràng
B3. Phát triển đầy đủ các lập luận của bạn
B4. Cân nhắc những lý do phản biện
B5. Cân nhắc những lựa chọn khác

Chương 9. Viết một bài luận

C. Viết
C1. Bám theo dàn bài của bạn
C2. Giới thiệu thật ngắn gọn
C3. Đưa ra từng lập luận một
C4. Làm rõ, làm rõ, làm rõ
C5. Chống lại phản bác bằng lập luận
C6. Đừng tuyên bố nhiều hơn những gì bạn đưa ra Đừng kết thúc mà không có định kiến.

Chương 10. Ngụy biện

Công kích cá nhân (ad hominem)
Ngụy biện bất khả tri (ad ignorantiam) (dựa vào sự thiếu hiểu biết)
Lợi dụng lòng thương hại (ad misericordiam)
Kêu gọi công luận
Khẳng định hậu thức
Điệp nguyên luận (begging the question)
Ngụy biện quanh quẩn: tương tự như Điệp nguyên luận.
Ngụy biện nghi vấn phức hợp
Phủ định tiền kiện
Lối nói lập lờ
Nguyên nhân sai
Song đoạn luận sai
Ngôn từ cảm xúc
Phi logic
Ngụy biện “người mà”
Định nghĩa thuyết phục
Bỏ độc vào giếng
Ngụy biện nhân quả (pos hoc, ergo propter hoc) (nghĩa đen là, “sau cái này, do đó bởi vì điều đó”)
Ngụy biện cá trích đỏ (red herring)
Người rơm
Ngôn ngữ chồn

[Stefania · Rating 4 out of 5]

El autor enumera y explica los puntos a tener en cuenta para argumentar de manera coherente. El libro está orientado más que nada a la escritura de ensayos, pero sus reglas pueden ser aplicadas también a la oralidad.

Si la idea es aprender a debatir para tener mejores discusiones -sean cuales sean sus formas-, no solo con el fin de salir victoriosos de ellas sino para acercarnos a la verdad, esta es una obra valiosa que tiene mucho para aportar a la formación de quienes no conocemos mucho del tema.

[Shantia · Rating 4 out of 5]

فصل اول به قواعد كلي بحث مي پردازد مانند: ١- فرضيات را از نتيجه تمييز دهيد. ٢- ايده هاي خود را به شكلي منظم بيان كنيد. ٣- با فرض هاي موثق شروع كنيد. ٤- زباني صريح، دقيق و انضمامي به كار گيريد. ٥- از گفتار جهت دار بپرهيزيد. ٦- از واژه هاي يك دست استفاده كنيد. ٧- هر واژه را فقط در يك معني بكار بريد.
فصل دوم تا ششم به قواعد جزيي تري مي پردازد: ٨- آيا بايد بيش از يك مثال زد؟ ٩- آيا مثال هايمان روشنگرند؟ ١٠- داشتن اطلاعات پيشين ضروري است. ١١- آيا مثال نقضي وجود دارد؟ ١٢- بحث كردن با تمثيل( در تمثيل بايد از مثالهايي استفاده كرد كه به شكل مناسبي مشابهت دارند). ١٣- ذكر منابع ضروري است. ١٤- آيا منابع مطلع در اختيار داريم؟ ١٥- آيا منابع مان بي طرف اند؟ ١٦- منابع را از هر نظر بررسي كنيد. ١٧- حمله به شخصيت كسي، آن منبع را بي اعتبار نمي كند. ١٨- آيا بحث مان توضيح مي دهد كه چگونه علت موجب معلول مي شود؟ ١٩- آيا محتمل ترين علت موجب نتيجه شده است؟ ٢٠- اتفاقاتي كه از پي يكديگر مي آيند، لزوما با يكديگر مرتبط نيستند. ٢١- برخي اتفاق هاي همزمان علتي مشترك دارند. ٢٢- هر يك از اتفاقاتي كه همزمان رخ مي دهند ممكن است معلول ديگري باشد. ٢٣- ممكن است علت ها پيچيده باشد. ٢٤- بحث بوسيله قاعده مقدم. ٢٥- بحث به وسيله قاعده نفي تالي. ٢٦- قياس شرطي. ٢٧- قياس انفصالي. ٢٨- برهان ذوحدين. ٢٩- برهان خلف ٣٠- انجام بحث هاي قياسي در چند مرحله
فصل هفت و هشت و نه در مورد چگونگي نوشتن يك مقاله ي مباحثه اي هست.
فصل دهم مغالطلات. و فهرست راهنماي مغالطلات و ضميمه مي باشد.
اين كتاب راهنماي خوبي براي فهميدن منطق پشت كتاب تبصره ٢٢ هست. در مورد تبصره ٢٢ در صفحه مربوط به اين كتاب نوشتم و به نظر مياد اصل ماجرا برهان خلف يا يجورايي قاعده نفي تالي هست.

[Kyle McManamy · Rating 4 out of 5]

This 85pg book accomplished much of its aim: to be the Elements of Style for Logic. Now in its 4th Ed., the author has refined and expanded the layout so that it reads straight through as well as piecemeal. The author's examples seem to indicate a non-Christian bias at times, but I don't think this detracts from the quality of the instruction given. The expansions in this edition address giving oral and written arguments as well as a section on informal fallacies. This is no end-all discussions book, but I recommend it to the library of anyone who will be presenting positions for adoption and evaluating others who do the same.

[María Tamargo · Rating 5 out of 5]

Es un libro muy práctico para aprender las bases de la argumentación, cómo se conforma una premisa, cuáles son los aspectos que hayq ue considerar para que esté formulada de manera correcta y cómo llevar eso a mayor escala en trabajos argumentativos. Una lectura muy útil para estudiantes y tesistas. Desearía haberlo encontrado antes en mi vida académica, me habría hecho la vida más fácil. Para quien tenga conocimientos de lógica informal probablemente le parecerá muy básico, pero para quien no es un excelente manual y obra de consulta.

[Lianna · Rating 4 out of 5]

wow a lot of these logic concepts sound like spells from Harry Potter.

Reductio ad absurdum!

Seriously, a must read for everyone.

[Martin Stoev · Rating 5 out of 5]

Short with a good overview over the most important topics regarding argumentation.

[William · Rating 2 out of 5]

Painstakingly obvious. Rarely insightful. Most of the examples trotted out are just plain wacky.

[Rivasantos Rivasantos · Rating 5 out of 5]

Llegué a este libro a través de la recomendación del filósofo español Javier Sádaba en el podcast de La luz del pasillo. En concreto, tengo la 10ª edición (2005), así que espero que las estructuras fundamentales de la argumentación no hayan cambiado más en 20 años que en 25 siglos.

Este es un libro de lógica informal o pensamiento crítico, que está tan de moda en la actualidad, con la peculiaridad de que es un libro de consulta. Es decir, no argumenta en profundidad por qué debemos tener pensamiento crítico, sino que prescribe distintas reglas para construir argumentos, tanto qué hacer y qué evitar. Simplificándolo todavía más que en el libro, la argumentación se reduce a llegar a unas conclusiones de una forma intelectualmente constructiva. Este libro es, por tanto, una sistematización de la humildad del pensamiento. Como dice Weston"no es un error tener conclusiones. El error es no tener nada más".

Lo bueno de este libro es que, por un lado, tiene una lectura directa que desarrolla una coherencia interna sólida, y, por otro lado, delimita muy bien las reglas a seguir para argumentar correctamente. Se lee muy fácil y tiene muchos ejemplos prácticos ilustrativos de lo que está hablando. Al mismo tiempo, separa los tipos de argumentación con sus reglas, los tipos de falacia y la definición de conceptos de forma que se pueden leer por separado cuando se necesite sin problema.

Su alcance le limita mucho los horizontes filosóficos del propio libro. Apenas se acerca a lo que para mí es uno de los problemas fundamentales del pensamiento que sentenció Hume: correlación no implica causalidad. A partir de ahí, podemos construir castillos de naipes y hacer ejercicios muy enriquecedores, pero no permite la forma de llegar a la Verdad al estilo platónico. Aunque el libro se enfoca en la lógica y el razonamiento, se presta poca atención a la dimensión emocional y retórica de los argumentos, que también son importantes en la persuasión y el discurso público, especialmente en la era posmoderna en que se dice que vivimos. No nos habla de los límites de ciencia y religión como campos de juego del saber (quien quiera profundizar en esto no puedo dejar de señalar el podcast de Por el amor de Higgs, de Javier Santaolalla y Enric F. Gel). No se menciona la navaja de Ockham (en igualdad de condiciones, la explicación más sencilla es la que se debe escoger), que aunque no fuera de Ockham, creo que suma bastante a la narrativa y no es difícil ni extensa de explicar. Mucho menos veremos otros principios de la racionalidad como los principios de no contradicción, de identidad o de consistencia.

Al final, no deja de ser un libro básico de lógica, y eso está bien. "No cerque más tierra de la que pueda arar", nos dice el autor de cara a nuestros argumentos. Está lejos de representar avances en este campo como los que se concibieron en los siglos XIX y XX, y ese no es su objetivo. Su objetivo es que se razone bien, algo que se echa mucho de menos en las calles, en los parlamentos y, sorprendemente, en la academia.

Espero que este libro afecte a la calidad de mis reseñas, porque cometen más de un pecado capital para la lógica informal.

Un libro de consulta que no permitiré que acumule polvo, parafraseando al autor.

[Prakash · Rating 4 out of 5]

For a long time I had an aversion for non-fiction but I guess the perspective changes as you get older. Reading a lot of fiction across categories also helps and you get that itch to try something new. Being a short read also helps reduce friction.

This is an excellent introduction to argumentative writing and speaking. Though full disclosure, since I haven't read any such book before I do not have a reference to compare it with. The book is short and you might complete it in 2-3 hours. Very readable. And makes a lot of sense. I would definitely think it would help any kids in school to write better as well perform better in debates or group discussions. (I would definitely recommended some choice chapters pointedly to Malcolm Gladwell, the author of David and Goliath). Though as the author states, it is a rulebook and hence very short. It does not go into much details or present a lot of examples.

As a software engineer, I can still apply a couple of things while arguing for a design choice in formal design documents used for review.

[Mahmoud Nageeb · Rating 3 out of 5]

I read this book a year ago
Well, For a book about "Logic"
it's quite summarized
the Content is rich
yet in order to be very concise the presentation was poor to the point you will need to reread many points (or the entire book) to grasp the whole picture

The book also tried to teach a method to build Valid arguments and didn't stop at the point of spotting and criticising bad arguments which is a fresh take

Shortly the book has a sufficient material yet disruptively vague

[Brian Watson · Rating 4 out of 5]

Here is a short, clearly written guide to basic reasoning and logic. This is 100 pages, so don't expect anything exhaustive. It will give people a taste of rational thinking, how to go about making arguments, and what kinds of things to avoid. I would be happy if every college student read this. For what it is, I give it four stars.

[Brandon Vaughan · Rating 4 out of 5]

This was the text book for my philosophy class. Over all it’s great for its intended purpose. It will be great to reference again as needed. The only knock is that it’s not written from a Biblical worldview, so some of their examples make the arguments self defeating. I just eat the meat and spit out the bone.

[Gruia Novac · Rating 1 out of 5]

I dont understand why people write books theoretically "designed" for bringing clarity .. and they focus more on rhetoric and generalizations rather than clear examples / analogies to drive the point across.
im really disappointed by the validation of this type of work.. to me it leads to the opposite result.

[Sol · Rating 3 out of 5]

Uni wanted me to read this.
Nicely written book, however, most of the "rules" were things that could either be learnt by taking philosophy in secondary school or common sense. It was quite short so I didn't mind reading it I just don't think it's thaaaat revolutionary what Weston teaches.

[Kostaz · Rating 4 out of 5]

Concise and very well presented. Flows as nicely as possible. Sort of left me wanting more by the time it went into the more practical sections that were less interesting (Argumentative Essay and Speech).

[Ina · Rating 5 out of 5]

I think everyone should have this in their home. If you are completely new to logical arguments and critical thinking it will teach you a lot; if you are already experienced in these areas, it will serve you as a good brief reference guide.