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La Guerre au Moyen Age

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Aux yeux du public, la dimension guerrière du Moyen Âge occidental est d'une évidence massive. Dans cette perspective largement partagée, l'espace médiéval, la société médiévale apparaissent dominés l'un par le château-fort, l'autre par le chevalier. La présente synthèse, visant à évoquer la guerre en tant que phénomène social et fait de mentalité à travers tout un millénaire, ne prétend pas remettre en cause cette vision mais la nuancer, la compléter. Elle s'interroge sur la profondeur de la rupture que les différentes vagues de o grandes invasions » ont entraînée dans le domaine militaire, soupèse les forces et les faiblesses des armées carolingiennes, rappelle le contexte guerrier qui a entouré et en grande partie conditionné la féodalité, examine les changements dans la conduite de la guerre qui ont accompagné et suscité la croissance de l'État. De ce survol ressort l'image d'un Moyen Âge inventif, complexe et mobile, où s'exerça un art militaire moins fruste qu'on ne l'a parfois pensé. Les rapports entre guerre et christianisme font l'objet d'une attention particulière. Même si la conception chrétienne cautionna non seulement l'idée de guerre juste parce que nécessaire mais aussi l'idée de guerre sainte forgée dans l'exaltation de la lutte contre les forces du Mal, elle eut aussi le sens et le souci de la paix, ce qui devait aboutir chez plusieurs courants hétérodoxes aux notions clairement exprimées de pacifisme et de non-violence.

520 pages, Paperback

First published January 1, 1980

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Philippe Contamine

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Displaying 1 - 19 of 19 reviews
Profile Image for Dvd (#).
512 reviews93 followers
June 4, 2021
10/05/2020 (**)
Il saggio espone, come da titolo, il concetto di guerra, per come la si è intesa, fatta e vissuta nel lungo arco di tempo che noi chiamiamo Medioevo (tipicamente 476-1492, date fatidiche quanto arbitrarie).

Dal punto di vista militare tuttavia, e specifico che parliamo della sola Europa occidentale (il libro di quest'area si occupa), direi che possiamo far cominciare questo lungo periodo con la battaglia di Adrianopoli (378), quando i popoli barbari emergono prepotentemente nel mondo occidentale anche dal punto di vista bellico (da lì in avanti, assumendo nettamente il predominio); il termine di questa lunga età di mezzo è abbastanza indefinibile, e probabilmente lo possiamo fissare negli ultimi anni del Quattrocento, quando succedono due fatti epocali: viene riunificata la Spagna (1492, guardacaso) e cominciano le Guerre d'Italia (1494).
Soprattutto con l'ultimo dei due fatti, comincia l'impiego sistematico sia sui campi di battaglia che negli assedi dell'artigliera e delle armi da fuoco, che travolgeranno gran parte degli equilibri su cui si fondava l'arte bellica dell'alto medioevo.

Come sia stata fatta e sentita la guerra nel Medioevo è cosa lunga, e l'autore ci si sofferma con competenza ma anche con pedanteria eccessiva, ripetendosi in continui exempla atti a suffragare la tesi. Pochissima narrazione, molta erudizione didascalica.
Il succo del discorso è che in mille anni di evoluzione si arriva a dove si era partiti, più o meno. La coscrizione tipica dell'età classica (unitamente all'esistenza di un esercito permanente, peculiarità della romanità imperiale) viene inizialmente spazzata via dalle invasioni dei popoli germanici, che si impongono sulle società conquistate, a livello militare, in maniera assolutamente predominante: i romani rimangono nei campi e nelle città, o al massimo nelle cancellerie, come manodopera qualificata; i germanici (pochi) detengono invece l'esclusiva del potere militare, oltre che di quello politico, configurandosi come una società militarizzata dedita a campagne periodiche (solitamente, almeno per i Franchi, annuali) a cui partecipano i vassalli del re gratuitamente, per servigio di fedeltà. Questo modello, ancora valido nell'epoca di Carlo Magno, decade poi lentamente con la formazione degli stati nazionali (dal XII secolo in poi), quando gli obblighi feudali si fanno sempre più laschi e scadenti sotto ogni aspetto e, per mettere insieme eserciti degni di questo nome, i re e i sovrani cominciano a reclutare al di fuori della stretta cerchia dell'aristocrazia terriera.

Qui l'argomento si fa interessante, perché i potenti si trovarono a dover fare una scelta. Posta la preminenza, sia tattica che di prestigio, della cavalleria pesante, che rimarrà per lungo tempo ancora di esclusiva competenza aristocratica, comincia a diventare evidente che agli eserciti servono anche fanti e cavalleggeri. Sopratutto i primi, con l'adozione di tattiche e armi più consone (lunghe picche, quadrati compatti, balestre e archi lunghi e poi archibugi), si fanno sempre più importanti.
Le strade sono quindi due: la prima è tornare alla coscrizione, che è vista tuttavia male un pò da tutti (dalla plebe, perché contraria agli usi tramandatisi e codificati da tempo immemorabile che regolano i rapporti coi signori; dall'aristocrazia, per questioni di casta e prestigio; dai sovrani, soprattutto, che temono immensamente la militarizzazione della società - insegna a una docile pecora a usare le armi e rischi di trasformarla in un lupo). L'ipotesi resta tale, e al massimo la plebaglia viene reclutata per brevi periodi in caso di emergenza, come carne da macello.

La seconda strada è quella che per un certo periodo viene percorsa un pò da tutti: assoldare mercenari. Costosissimi, ma gentaglia che di mestiere fa il soldato, i mercenari diventeranno di fatto lo scheletro portante di tutti gli eserciti europei per almeno 250 anni, quelli finali del Medioevo e quelli del pieno Rinascimento. Affidabili finché sono pagati, questa teppa di spietati professionisti furoreggerà per tutta Europa in un'orgia di devastazione - mandando definitivamente al creatore tutto quel filone mistico e filosofico che faceva da substrato alla guerra giusta e cavalleresca, al conflitto morale e religiosamente rispettabile - fino a quando qualcuno (Machiavelli fra gli analisti, ma in generale un pò tutti i principi) comincerà a pensare che forse, dato che ormai i limiti morali dell'Alto Medioevo a cui tanto tenevano i religiosi e i sovrani dei secoli andati sono stati ampiamente superati, conviene sbarazzarsi degli instabili mercenari, da cui si è troppo dipendenti, e sostituirli con truppe nazionali di cui una parte, più piccola, fatta da militari di carriera (l'esercito permanente) e una più grande, fatta da coscritti, a cui armi e addestramento ora possono essere forniti massivamente alla bisogna, dato che l'evoluzione delle amministrazioni e del fisco permettono agli stati di mantenere corpi di polizia e reggimenti in maniera permanente. E' la quadratura del cerchio.

Nasce lo stato moderno, che conosciamo perfettamente e che trasfigura l'arte bellica, razionalizzandola e efficientandola su dimensioni sempre più gigantesche, in uno sviluppo al cui culmine sta il Novecento dei due mattatoi industriali combattuti su scala addirittura mondiale con inarrivabile dispiegamento di mezzi, risorse e efficienza.

Il Medioevo, contraddistinto da fortissimo misticismo, scarsità di risorse, bassa tecnologia, non arrivò mai, nemmeno per sbaglio, a tali livelli di efficienza militare e di violenza generalizzata. Nel bene e nel male.

Il libro è molto tecnico, molto noioso e tendenzialmente molto dispersivo nel racconto nelle sue ripetitive elencazioni di nomi, numeri e date: forse sull'argomento c'è di meglio da leggere.
Profile Image for P.E..
964 reviews755 followers
June 5, 2018
Matching Soundtrack :
Relayer Album - Yes


Profile Image for Mac.
476 reviews9 followers
August 16, 2020
Borrow.

As many other reviewers have stated this is a tough scholarly book. I possessed the required energy and attention early on to get through the first half with some form of enjoyment but struggled through the final chapters. This book achieves its goal, but it is not for the casual reader.
Profile Image for Joseph Stieb.
Author 1 book239 followers
December 18, 2015
This is a true academic's book-and I don't mean that as a compliment. Contamine clearly has an encyclopedic knowledge of medieval warfare, but he struggles to convey this knowledge to the non-expert reader. You have to know so much medieval history to be able to follow large parts of this book (and I don't). Contamine also gets caught up in "camel math," or incredibly minute details and calculations about, for example, how much bread the average Italian soldier in the First Crusade ate per day (not kidding). I'm sure that specialists find this book to be rich and fascinating, but I found it to be a slog. Some chapters were good though, especially the final chapter on legal and ethical traditions of warfare in the era.
Profile Image for Norman Smith.
367 reviews5 followers
November 11, 2022
For a casual reader, like me, this is an overly-complex work. For a scholar, I presume, this would be an extremely valuable work.

Contamine is an excellent historian. He will state a thesis, and then provide plenty of examples, and then wrap it all up. After a while I decided that I would accept his thesis and skip over the examples (I trusted him by this point), and move on. Otherwise, I would still be reading.
Profile Image for Chance Hudson.
18 reviews1 follower
January 14, 2024
Even for its age I still consider it a fantastic academic book on the subject of medieval warfare. It covers everything from the Migration Period to the Renaissance. Arms and armor, recruitment, army composition, tactics and strategy, and more.
Profile Image for tententini.
23 reviews
September 9, 2024
Great for research purposes. Impossible to follow unless you're majoring in history or something. Didn't read all of it of course, just the parts relevant to my, uh, interests. God forbid I read anything related to my profession.
Profile Image for Simon Mcleish.
Author 2 books142 followers
April 7, 2012
Originally published on my blog here in February 1999.

Philippe Contamine's survey is designed to cover a subject that for many other historians might almost as well not exist. There is a stereotyped view of medieval warfare which makes it seem hardly worthy of study: it is seen as lacking in strategic and tactical thinking, consisting of poorly armed peasants hacking at each other with agricultural implements while a ludicrous knightly caste engaged in empty charades of chivalric encounters covered in so much armour they could hardly move.

Like all stereotyped ideas, there are elements of truth and fiction in this view; at the very least, it should be remembered that the thousand year span of the Middle Ages is sufficiently long and Western Europe sufficiently vast and fragmented that few generalisations hold over the area or period as a whole. Contamine's aim is to produce a concise account of the main features of warfare in the Middle Ages, avoiding unwarranted generalisation.

The book is arranged in three parts, including a comprehensive (and lengthy) bibliography. The first part is a chronological survey from the barbarian invasions of the Roman Empire to the advent of the first professional armies at the end of the fifteenth century. The second consists of various thematic essays, covering topics such as arms and armour, fortification, tactics and a history of the ideal of courage.

It is in the first part that the limitations imposed by the desire to write a short treatment of such a massive subject become apparent. At almost every turn, there is more that could be said. Even to list the major campaigns of the Middle Ages would take more space than Contamine has allowed himself - though of course his purpose is not to attempt anything so pointless but to show how warfare affected the political and economic situation and how warfare itself changed. Even with the concision attempted by Contamine, War in the Middle Ages is a long book.

The second part is the most interesting, particularly the sections dealing with the theoretical aspects of war, which are less well covered elsewhere. The chapter on courage, looking at how ideas of what should be praised as courage and its relationship to the other chivalric virtues attributed to knights, attempts something very different and unusual.
Profile Image for Patrick Neylan.
Author 21 books27 followers
January 31, 2023
This is an academic book and not recommended for the general reader. It's certainly not designed for reading pleasure and it assumes far more knowledge than the casual reader is likely to have. I have a degree in medieval history and I struggled in places.

Contamine doesn't care how actual battles were fought, though he's obsessed with how they were funded. John Lackland might have spent £2,000 on a castle, but what does this mean to me or you? The book is full of accounts, but none of them say anything to the modern reader. So Guy de Whothehell spent 2,000 livres in 1220 to 30 provide sergeants for La Castile de Wherethehell. What do I learn from this? Contamine gives facts that contribute little to the reader's understanding.

The section on siege engines is particularly poor. He goes into great detail about the different types of engine without explaining the difference between each one. I now know there was such a thing as a 'cat'. I've still no idea what one is or how it works. Instead of using the scanty picture section for standard medieval pictures of armies, some diagrams of the equipment described would have been helpful.

Also, the translator assumes that the reader understands French and Latin and has a smattering of German. As it happens, my French and Latin aren't bad, but I still struggled with some of the untranslated quotes. Obscure medieval writers are mentioned, often without dates, so we have little idea when they were writing.

Too many regnal dates are missing too. Contamine was French so would have expected his readers to know the rough dates of, say, Charles VII. His translator should not have made the same assumption on behalf of his English readers.

If three stars seems generous, that's because the book will be useful to scholars with a more thorough grounding in the subject.
Profile Image for Josh.
396 reviews5 followers
July 24, 2016
I will have to write a more thorough review of this book at a later point. Let me say a few things:

There is a reason while Michael Crichton used Philippe Contamine to create historically accurate portraits of France during the 100 Years War in his 1999 science-fiction novel Timeline. Contamine offers unparalleled coverage of military history during the European Middle Ages. The first half of his book covers the general, high-level narrative of European military history beginning with the Roman Empire. Here he describes long-term structural changes in the European economy, state development, community life, and Christian liturgy that influenced how military affairs proceeded. For example, he treats the First Crusade (1096-1099) as one of the pinnacle military achievements of the Middle Ages, primarily because the crusading army hemorrhaged strength throughout the campaign without reinforcements and achieved its objective of securing Jerusalem, among other things.

The second half of his book focuses on the technical aspects of armor, weaponry, early firearms and artillery, the horse, fortifications and other minutiae that will keep the military and armament enthusiast happy for hours—this is where Michael Crichton received some of his inspiration for crafting realistic environments of French fortifications, artillery, and the cumbersome armor of the mounted knight in Timeline.


In short, if you are interested in learning more about Middle Ages military history, look no further than Philippe Contamine. If you would rather read some good fiction that Contamine's history influenced, see Michael Crichton's Timeline (1999).

Profile Image for Olga.
53 reviews7 followers
July 26, 2015
Livre très long et très détaillé, lourd à lire lorsqu'on n'est qu'amateur. L'exemple le plus frappant a été pour moi le chapitre sur la constitution des armées féodales, où l'auteur n'a pas du tout lésiné sur la précision au niveau des obligations des vassaux, le financement requis des seigneurs etc etc etc… J'avais l'impression de me retrouver derrière un livre de comptes! Idem pour le chapitre armes à feu: des tableaux entiers comptant le nombre de canons de tailles diverses dans différentes armées… Bref, beaucoup d'informations ont traversé ma tête comme une passoire, mais ceci est plutôt dû au niveau de la lectrice que de l'ouvrage. En fait, il donne envie de revenir miner des informations plus tard, au besoin.
Un chapitre plus digeste et détaché que j'ai noté particulièrement: la notion de la morale de la guerre au Moyen Âge, à savoir la définition de la "guerre juste", la perception de la guerre par l'Eglise.
Profile Image for R..
1,680 reviews51 followers
February 7, 2017
I thought I had this book logged already but I was looking through some things and realised that I didn't. Anyway, fantastic book. One of the better books that I have ever read about the time period and the construction of fortifications especially. It was a little dry at times but the information itself is so interesting that it helped to carry the presentation.

If you're looking for something good about the time period in general then this is without a doubt your book. If you consider yourself a student of the time period then I agree with some of the other reviewers that this is an essential work for your collection covering a vast amount of information and contributing to a era of western civilization that hasn't recieved enough study.
Profile Image for Trevor.
65 reviews16 followers
October 23, 2016
A big problem with studies of complicated subjects, such as military history, is that interpretation is not separated from what we know. Importantly, this book clearly separates unanswered questions from the hard data, allowing the reader to make their own interpretations of texts they might read afterwards, rather than forcing his own theories down the reader's throat, like every other work on medieval military history. Highly recommended, although the writing style in the translation, and possibly the original French, is difficult to get through. Has an extensive bibliography of works predominantly in French that most English speakers won't be familiar with. In summary: one of the only honest works on war in the Middle Ages.
Profile Image for Douglas Berry.
190 reviews7 followers
February 25, 2016
Dear Gods, what a slog. The book is complete, to say the least, with overviews of the development of warfare and tactics over the centuries. But it is written in a way which is mind-numbing to say the least. Endless rambling paragraphs filled with undefined terms and lots of Latin.

I don't understand Latin.

I can't recommend this book. At all. Maybe it was better in the original French, maybe there were some good sex scenes cut in the English translation, anything to make this book interesting. Pick it up only if you are facing major surgery and the anesthesiologist has gone missing. Or if you've read literally every other book every written on the topic and have an obsessive need for closing.
Profile Image for L'amaca di Euterpe.
186 reviews11 followers
May 3, 2013
Un libro fondamentale, da cui partire se si vuole capire la storia militare medievale.
Attento a dettagli che altri storici tralasciano o minimizzano e di certo anche lui tralascia alcuni particolari che la ricerca storica e la sperimentazione hanno trovato.
Scritto negli anni '80 non sente minimamente la sua vecchiaia, anzi ha una scrittura scorrevole che lo rende contemporaneo e di ottima consultazione.
Da consigliare a chiunque voglia approcciarsi all'argomento militare con serietà e attenzione.
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