As a student of history and philosophy and belonging to a country like Pakistan(a country born in the name of islam) where discources on islamic history, theology, sufism, umma and sectarian divides are common practice, this book by Fitzroy is a remarkable treat to read, understand and even remember by heart.
The book is a short and brief version of islamic thought and its progression in the last 1500 years. Fitzroy does not miss anything. The contents of the book will appeal to those who know nothing about islamic history and philosophy but is an eye opener for someone who is already well-versed in the different schools of thought in terms of shia, sunni, sufi and theological concepts. The writer has made an exhaustive list of thinkers, both rational and theological. The book covers almost all schools of thought, sects, branches of radicals and includes muslim philosophers, scientists and reformers alike. The writer does an amazing job in co-relating the historical events and how they have shaped the flow the islamic evolution of thought, research, schools of arabic, persian descent of thinkers leading upto the present age.
The impressive part of the book is the comparison of the Turk Caliphate, Mughal empire and Safavid empire existing side by side. Two predominantly sunni empires and one shia. The book compares the schools of thought or madhabs and how and where they originated and how they differed in their interpretation of Quran and Sunnah. There is hardly any prominent jurist, scholar, thinker, philosopher, reformer, leader of the Muslim world who has been missed. The story of islamic thought in this book is brief but complete.
The Muslim history is divided in four parts,the time of the pious caliphs, the umayyad caliphate, the abbasids and the ottoman turk empire. The influence on islam was from four schools of sunni belief namely, maliki from mecca/medina, shaffi from mecca and hanafi from kufa/baghdad and then finally hanbali and the fifth being the Shia fiqh. Other then that, there are the ashari school of the theology and the maturidi.
The time of the umayyads was one of turmoil and then during the Abbasids, the philosophical movement became part of Islamic world. Aristotle became the first teacher and Quran and Sunnah were interpreted in rational terms. Among rationalists were Al kindi, al farabi, ibne sina among many others. In the andalusians, there was ibn rushd. These philosophers alongwith mutazilla were shunned by theologians like Imam ghazali who were later taken over by the sufi tradition set by people like Maulana Rumi and his meeting with shams of tebriz. The sufi schools namely shadilis, chistia, naqshbandi, qadriya became the torch bearers of conversion. These sufi mystics moved to different parts of the muslim empires and made a name for themselves. Among them, ibn arabi holds a special place.
During the downfall of the muslim empires, baghdad at the hands of mongols, turks at the hands of europeans and finally the dissolution of islamic territories by western powers gave rise to hardcore thinkers like ibn tamiya, ibn al wahab, allama maudoodi and others, which have given rise to puritanical versions of islam in the form of Taliban, Al Qaeda and ISIS.
With the downfall of the caliphate, reformers like Al jabari, amhur, sir syed ahmad khan were born all over and have been trying to fix the umma.
Overall, fitzroy has written a materpiece and i will be reading this book many a times. It is like a large piece of a puzzle that completes a picture. Highly recommended for anyone who does not understand or wants to the make sense of the Muslim world today, including the school of sufi mysticism and the sectarian divide all over the world.