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528 pages, Paperback
First published January 1, 1942
In the sixteenth century it was religion that colored the universe. If a man proclaimed that he did not think about things exactly the way everyone else did, if he was bold in speech and quick to criticize, people said, “He is imipious. A blasphemer.” And they finished with, “An atheist!”
…the history of the sciences and the history of thought are made up of fragments of violently contrasting designs and colors, a series of theories and attitudes that not only are distinct from one another but oppose and contradict each other. Each has its share of truth, considering the circumstances of time, place, social structure, and intellectual culture that explain its birth and its content. To the extent that we are thus able to justify these contrasts and oppositions, we can understand why, as circumstances changed, each of these theories and attitudes had to give way to others. Only to that extent can we evaluate the persistent effort of human intelligence as it responds to the pressure of events and the impact of circumstances. This is what the historian’s task really is.