I read Hobsbawm's memoir, Interesting Times, a while ago which I found surprisingly dull and uninvolving, but this volume was much more interesting and did his fascinating, long and varied life far more justice. Evans clearly does not appear to agree with his politics but is, rightly, in awe of his academic breadth, writing style and brilliance at synthesis, which made him into a best-selling author eventually. While not exactly a hagiography, the book is unashamedly favourable to Hobsbawm, despite pointing out that many of his theories have not stood up well to the test of time.
EH was born in Alexandria, then moved to Europe (Vienna and Berlin), losing both parents before he was 14. During the conflictual Weimar period, with economic crisis and Nazis fighting Communists in the streets, he became attracted to Communism (he was Jewish by ancestry so could not be a Nazi) – the family then moved to England. EH was brilliant at school and got a scholarship to go to Cambridge – by the time he went, at 19, he had it seems read much of the literary canon in English, French and German, and the key works of Marx. At Cambridge, he also shone even among the elite competition there, and was regarded as brilliant. His Marxism was solidified here, although that was less unusual at the time (ironically, he was surveilled by the security services for his communism later, but the actual Cambridge Soviet spies were not). He obtained a 'starred' Double First and then went on to do doctoral research at Cambridge, on labour history. His doctoral research was on the Fabians, and then he did work on economic history, and published in some journals, but was also interested in writing for a wider audience, and did some work for the BBC (but again, was scuppered by his politics).
Later, Eric moved to Birkbeck College in London (a college for working people, essentially), and then, with other members of The Communist Historians Group set up the new history journal 'Past & Present'. Initially, this was supposed to be a journal challenging general historiographical orthodoxy but was perceived as purely CP in line, and struggled, until the avowed split with the Soviet line in the mid-1950s and then went on to be seen as the leading social history journal in the world, Evans says. The soft McCarthyism of the 1950s UK was more evident when EH tried to publish his first book, excitingly titled, The Rise of the Wage Worker, with Hutchinson, who initially offered him a contract but then rejected the actual Ms after peer review, primarily on the basis that it was ‘biased’ and contained views that were ‘objectionable’. EH pointed out that a Marxist historian was quite likely to write Marxist history and sought legal advice (!), to no avail. Interestingly, EH started writing Jazz columns for the New Statesman, under the pen name 'Francis Newton' (named after a communist jazz musician) and then would go on to publish his first book on this topic, 'The Jazz Scene'. (He was, however, quite conservative in his Jazz views, preferring Duke Ellington to Miles Davis.)
After publishing a more academic collection, 'Primitive Rebels', with MUP, Eric was approached by a well-known literary agent, David Higham, and this would lead to his more famous works being published. The first of his well-known general histories was The Age of Revolution, which cleverly introduced a Marxist view of history, along with a broad range of social history and social science, to a general readership, with great success – this was almost unprecedented at the time, Evans notes, and surely testament to his great facility as a writer, honed by his work as Francis Newton, as well as the vision of George Weidenfeld, his publisher (and his agent). The book must have sold well because, Evans recounts, Eric was then able to buy a three-storey house just off Hampstead Heath (in 2022 prices, around £4-5m or so) – the pejorative ‘Hampstead intellectual’ is no longer in wide use for obvious reasons.
Further successful books followed, and after the Age of Capital was released, in the early 70s, EH started to get some mainstream honours such as membership of the British Academy, and was highly paid as a result of his publishing royalties – Evans goes into some details about the sales and royalties of his books, including his discussions with his editor at W&N (which I found very interesting but which many might found a little unnecessary and tedious – his advances and subsidiary rights were especially good, with Latin American being a particularly good market for him especially Brazil, where some of his books would sell in the high tens of 1000s). As the book notes, EH was quite happy to be acknowledged by the Establishment, and allowed into the Atheneaum club, despite his Marxist beliefs, although he continued to be surveilled by MI5. He also lived a very ‘bourgeois’ life in Hampstead and there is a famous quote in the book about when writer Claire Tomlin asked him about this (‘if he ship is going down, you may as well go first class’); he also sent his son to a private school, the book reveals, which is perhaps not what a communist might be expected to do (though he was no Stalinist). His writing earnings would outpace his academic salary by 1978, the book tells us, and by 1989/90 he was earning £91K pa from writing alone. To put it in perspective, he got £2.2k from lecturing in 1988 and £19K from writing, which was probably unmatched by any other academic writer at that time (especially Marxists ones under MI5 watch). It is not likely that he would have earned that level of income had he published his works with more academic presses, I think it is fair to say (in fact, he published relatively few books with academic presses).
One of the most interesting sections of the book concerns Eric’s involvement with British (labour) politics in the 1980s onwards. Never a fan of Stalinist centralism, Eric’s leftist politics were heavily influenced by the thinker Gramsci and by the PSI (ltalian Communist Party) and the growth of what might be called Eurocommunism, which was more democratic and broader based than Stalinism or British labourism. EH also started writing for 'Marxism Today' in this period, at the behest of Martin Jacques, and getting involved in Labour Party politics - interestingly, he rejected the sectarian ‘hard-left’ Bennite politics in the early 80s and favoured a broader coalition to oppose the ‘bourgeois anarchism’ of Thatcherism, which was busily demolishing the postwar consensus and attacking the union movement. EH favoured a European style popular front opposition to the Thatcherite enemy, which brought him into conflict with many leftists and mainstream Labour leaders. EH’s view was that Thatcher wanted to destroy the labour movement for good, and a coalition of intellectuals, workers and the middle class was necessary to oppose this. The book considers EH to be the intellectual father of New Labour on this basis, though he did not like Blair’s market-driven policies much, in power (though he was a friend of Gordon Brown).
After formally retiring from Birkbeck, he produced the final ‘Age of’ work in the trilogy, 'Age of Empires'. This was also widely acclaimed but also criticised by feminists for its tokenistic chapter on gender issues, and also by others for its lack of accounting for the power of Nationalism in the era up to 1914 (he saw both as issues to be resolved by revolutionary social change). After the collapse of the Soviet Union, EH was often asked to justify his Communist views and continued to defend them, noting that he was politicised in Germany in 1931/32, the era of Nazism and economic collapse, when communism seemed the only bulwark against fascism. Presciently, he noted that the collapse of large empires often leads to chaos and nationalist violence, as it had done after the Hapsburg collapse. As a Marxist, EH of course regarded nations as elements of ‘false consciousness’ and historical mythmaking (an ‘invented tradition’ to quote the title of one of his edited volumes). His last major book, 'Age of Extremes' (a short history of the 20th century), published in 1994, was his best selling book of all, and generally critically acclaimed, though it was also criticised for its lack of focus on gender and its bias against the US (as the main driver of capitalism, and thereby of capitalist crisis, which the book was concerned about). Weirdly, EH was continually being asked to defend his beliefs in light of the Soviets’ human rights’ record (after the Cold War was over and ‘won’), as if he was the personally responsible for Soviet policy somehow. Evans notes one bizarre occasion when Sue Lawley interrogated EH about this on the radio show Desert Island Discs, which is not well known for its tough treatment of its guests. The final key book of his publishing career was the autobiography 'Interesting Times' – his editor apparently asked him to make it more personal and intimate, to use it as a way to justify and explain his beliefs, but the final product was a failure in that sense, being highly impersonal and, frankly, boring (though it sold well).
He died at 95 and was acclaimed by people from the left and right (including Niall Ferguson). Evans concludes by saying that he was a writer who worked as a historian, rather than the other way round, and that was probably the secret of his success – this book does not really get to the bottom of his unorthodox Marxism, although his last editor claimed that he got EH to admit that it was basically tribal, a response to the polarised politics of his youth in Germany but it seems more intellectual than that, as he seemed quite averse to the actual working class (who were surprisingly un-radical) and lived his life in the high-bourgeois manner, enjoying the trappings of his success.
This is very readable book, with a reasonable level of criticism aimed at his positions and books, and I was only slightly annoyed by all the celebrity-intellectual name dropping. But, the highest praise I can give is that it did make me want to re-read the ‘Age of’ books, if not the collection of impenetrable essays on Marxism.