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People's Trilogy #1
毛澤東的大饑荒：中國浩劫史1958-1962（當代中國史學家馮客三部曲）
★★★馮客經典作品全新中文譯本★★★
★英國塞繆爾．約翰遜獎（Samuel Johnson Prize）得獎作品★
改寫中國近代史的權威鉅著，了解20世紀中國史必讀之書
一場奪去至少4500萬人性命的大饑荒，是天災還是人禍？
一部傑出的歷史調查，揭示了世界歷史上最惡劣的罪行之一
「這本書比你讀過的任何一本書都要可怕，那些毫無人性的人，特別是被意識形態主宰的人，令每一頁都不忍卒睹……震懾人心……馮客為歷史做出了貢獻，也為中國人——等他們有朝一日能夠讀到這本書時——做出了貢獻。」——《彭博商業週刊》（Bloomberg）
中國近代史上最瘋狂、黑暗、悲慘的一頁
二十世紀最大人禍真相的解密與重構
1958至1962年，中國變成了人間地獄。毛澤東將全國推向大躍進的狂潮，企圖以這種方式在十五年內趕上並超過英國。這場試驗最終導致了中國歷史上前所未有的大災難，奪去了數千萬人的生命。
馮客用精彩的文筆和豐富的細節，為我們呈現了一段被人們廣為猜測卻從未得知全貌的歷史。他查閱大量中國共產黨的檔案——不只中央檔案，還有各省省級檔案館，與不同地區的市級和縣級檔案館所藏資料，其中包括公安局的機密報告、黨內高層會議的詳細紀錄、未經修改的重要領導人的原始講話、農村工作的情況調查、集體殺戮案件的調查、祕密的民意調查與普通老百姓的檢舉信等等。這些檔案長久以來一直對外界保密，只有少數最受黨信任的歷史學者才能查閱，但在檔案法頒布之後，數千份中央及地方的檔案一度對外開放，徹底改變了人們研究毛澤東時代的方法。也是透過這些檔案，馮客得以拼湊出那段中國官方亟欲遺忘、不欲人知的過往。
本書的英文版出版後，立刻引起國際間的重視與討論，更贏得英國最具代表性的非小說類書獎——塞繆爾．約翰遜獎（Samuel Johnson Prize，後改稱巴美列．捷福獎 Baillie Gifford Prize）。評審團給予此書高度讚譽，有位評審稱「本書不僅在當下顯得重要，隨著中國在世界變得越來越有影響力、更為人所重視，它在某種程度上也會變得更為重要。」另一位評審則稱，馮客之作完全改變了他對於二十世紀的認識。過去西方世界談論二十世紀獨裁政權帶來的災難，多半聚焦希特勒與史達林，《毛澤東的大饑荒》一書則讓許多西方讀者警覺，當代中國也曾發生過這麼一段悲劇般的歷史。
當年的毛澤東想透過大躍進把中國提升為超級大國，並藉此向世人證明共產主義的力量，但終究痴人說夢，事與願違。然而在馮客之前，從未有人如此明確地證明這一點。大躍進運動最終發展成「人類歷史上最大規模的群體性殺戮之一」——至少四、五千萬人因過度勞累、飢餓或遭毒打而死；不僅如此，它還造成人類歷史上對建築物最大規模的崩毀、對自然環境帶來災難性的破壞。馮客透過龐雜檔案研究及內部人士採訪，以生動的敘述，把決策層的內幕與百姓的日常生活聯繫在一起，為死者和弱者發聲，這種寫法在同類題材的研究中絕無僅有，深刻挖掘出最貼近史實的闃黑面貌，令人怵目驚心、更令人掩卷嘆息。
《毛澤東的大饑荒》是想要認識二十世紀中國歷史的必讀之作。本次推出的新譯本，全面改正了原譯本的錯誤與疏漏，也讓馮客的經典作品以更為貼近原作的模樣，忠實呈現於中文世界的讀者面前。幾十年過去了，但往事並未如煙，當年那段時代的黑暗、政治的瘋狂，以及許許多多消逝在歷史中的無辜生命，都將因馮客的書寫而被世人所記憶。
強力推薦
余敏玲〈中研院近史所研究員〉
李志德〈鏡文學副總編輯、資深媒體工作者〉
汪浩〈作家、牛津大學國際關係博士〉
陳耀煌〈中研院近史所副研究員〉
黃克武〈中研院近史所特聘研究員〉
顏擇雅〈出版人、作家〉
國際讚譽
一部傑出的歷史調查，揭示了世界歷史上最惡劣的罪行之一。
本書揭示了（大饑荒）的恐怖程度，對於任何想了解二十世紀歷史的人，都是不可多得的必讀的佳作。——《新政治家》（New Statesman）
勇氣和才華兼備。
這本書的成就無與倫比，它向世人證明毛澤東導致了那場大饑荒……正因為有本書這樣如此傑出的研究，數百萬逝者的後人才得以了解發生在他們先輩身上的悲劇。
馮客重構了中國大躍進運動導致的悲劇，證明毛澤東是歷史上最大的惡魔之一……馮客的筆調冷靜節制，他讓書中的人物為自己發聲。
馮客這項出色的研究，告訴我們大饑荒如何將1950年代的大躍進和1960年代席捲中國的文化大革命聯繫在一起。透過他的研究，中國人民終於知道了那些歷史罪人的名字，儘管對大多數人來說，如今追究他們的責任已經為時過晚了。——《星期日泰晤士報》（Sunday Times）
本書是對歷史上規模最大、最致命的一次饑荒所做的最具權威性、最全面的研究。——張戎，《鴻》、《毛澤東》、《慈禧》暢銷傳記作家
引人入勝……透過對檔案的細緻分析，馮客的研究證明毛澤東政權造成了世界歷史上最大規模「人為的饑荒」。——《每日快報》（Daily Express）
一項勇敢的研究……揭示了災難的全部含義。——《經濟學人》（Economist）
《毛澤東的大饑荒》用前所未有的細節揭示了一個可怕的故事。——《獨立報》（Independent）
講述了一個令人痛心的故事。——《星期日標準報》（Evening Standard）
一流的研究。
人們會記住，身為統治者的毛澤東發動和主導了人類歷史上破壞性最大的一次人為災難。毛在中國歷史上的形象從此明確無疑了。在很大程度上，正是馮客的這本書幫助人們認清了毛的真面目。——《紐約書評》（New York Review of Books）
這本書讓毛聲譽掃地，淪為希特勒和史達林一類的惡魔……對於毛的種種恐怖罪行，本書做了最好、最新的呈現。無論是從事中國研究的學者，還是想了解真實中國的一般讀者，都會從馮客的研究中獲益。遲早有一天，中國人也會稱讚他。——《文學評論》（Literary Review）
一個國家透過全民動員，企圖迅速實現工業和農業的現代化，以創造一個共產主義的烏托邦，最終卻因官員的腐敗和無能而失敗，並導致四千五百萬人喪生。本書用生動的細節和求真的勇氣講述了這個故事。——《泰晤士報》（The Times）
馮客流暢的敘事使這本書讀來令人著迷。——《都市日報》（Metro）
本書是一本傑作。馮客教授做了細緻的研究，通過鑽研中文檔案，他揭示了許多驚人的細節，同時提出了深刻的洞見。這本書讓人們對大饑荒有了許多新的認識，但最重要的是提醒我們，二十世紀的歷史需要加以重新審視。——賈斯柏．貝克（Jasper Backer），《旁觀者》（Spectator）
馮客用冷峻的筆墨，對毛的個性和心理進行了深刻描繪，證明毛確實是一個性情殘酷卻又懦弱卑怯、冷酷無情而又報復心極強的人……描寫得非常坦率。——《紐約客》（New Yorker）
本書基於最新的研究，用高超的敘事技巧，講述了一場造成四千五百萬人死亡的人為的大饑荒。作者對毛的宮廷政治描述得引人入勝，刻畫了從獨裁者及其黨羽到普通村夫的眾多人物。——西蒙．蒙蒂菲奧里（Simon Sebag Montefiore），《史達林：紅沙皇宮》（ the Court of the Red Tsar）作者
本書基於新近開放的檔案資料，對中國的大躍進運動秉筆直書……讀來令人耳目一新，毛骨悚然。中國歷史上如此黑暗的一頁，亟待人們更進一步的研究。——《科克斯書評》（Kirkus Reviews）
本書呈現了大量關於苦難的敘述，其中既有統計資料，也有殘酷的事例，還有對災難負有責任的領導人的自我辯解。——《出版者週刊》（Publishers Weekly）
這本書比你讀過的任何一本書都要可怕，那些毫無人性的人，特別是被意識形態主宰的人，令每一頁都不忍卒睹……震懾人心……馮客為歷史做出了貢獻，也為中國人——等他們有朝一日能夠讀到這本書時——做出了貢獻。——《彭博商業週刊》（Bloomberg）
一本傑作，定義了學術的新標竿。——《台北時報》（Taipei Times）
令人震驚。——邁克爾．博利格（Michael Burleigh），《每日電訊報》（The Daily Telegraph）
聞所未聞，令人痛心。——《倫敦旗幟晚報》（London Evening Standard）
一本傑作，其內容不僅是關於中國的現代史，更告訴我們在一個專制的國家裡，領導人的一個簡單想法，在大肆宣傳之下，可以給國家招致怎樣的災禍——在這本書中，災禍的程度已遠遠超出了人們的想像。——《觀察家報》（The Observer）
目錄
前言
大事記
第一部 追逐烏托邦
1. 兩個對手
2. 競爭開始
3. 清洗隊伍
4. 衝鋒號
5. 放衛星
6. 炮擊金門
7. 人民公社
8. 大煉鋼鐵
第二部通向死亡
9. 危險信號
10. 大採購
11. 被勝利沖昏頭腦
12. 真相的終結
13. 壓制異議
14. 中蘇分裂
15. 資本主義的糧食
16. 尋找出路
第三部破壞
17. 農業
18. 工業
19. 貿易
20. 住房
21. 自然
第四部活命
22. 饑荒中的盛宴
23. 形形色色的交易
24. 偷偷摸摸
25.「敬愛的毛主席」
26. 搶劫和造反
27. 逃荒
第五部弱勢群體
28. 兒童
29. 婦女
30. 老人
第六部死亡的方式
31. 事故
32. 疾病
33. 集中營
34. 暴力
35. 恐怖之地
36. 人相食
37. 算總帳
結語
致謝
資料來源
參考書目
注釋
序
前言（節錄）
一九五八至一九六二年，中國變成了人間煉獄。中國共產黨的主席毛澤東在全國掀起一場狂熱的大躍進運動，試圖在十五年內趕超英國。毛認為，只要充分利用中國的物力和人力，就可以帶領這個國家全速前進，超越其競爭對手。他決定拋棄單純強調工業生產的蘇聯模式，轉而採取「兩條腿走路」的方法，動員無數農民參與運動，推動農業和工業的雙重轉型，從而一舉改變中國落後的經濟面貌，使工農業產量同時大幅增加，迅速實現共產主義的理想。為了建成這樣的烏托邦，所有資源都必須實行集體化，第一步就是把農民集中到一起，組成規模龐大的人民公社。結果，無數農民被剝奪了工作、住房、土地和財產，食物也少得可憐，而且只能由公共食堂根據每個人勞動能力的大小進行分配，迫使大家不得不服從黨的指令。與此同時，近半數的農民還得沒日沒夜地幹活，參與修建各類水利工程。許多人為此背井離鄉，卻得不到足夠的食物和休息。最終，毛的這場「大躍進」成為中國歷史上最大的一場浩劫，導致數千萬人死亡。
近代人類歷史上，如波爾布特、希特勒和史達林等獨裁者都曾製造過類似的人為災難。但「大躍進」的獨特之處在於，人們對於這場運動的真實情況至今仍知之甚少。這主要是因為中共的檔案長期不予公開，只有少數受黨絕對信任的歷史學家才有機會接觸相關資料。不過，中國最近新頒布了一部檔案法，向歷史學家開放了大批檔案，從而徹底改變了人們研究毛時代的方法。本書的研究，就是基於筆者在數年內從幾十個中共檔案館所查閱的一千多件檔案材料。筆者曾到訪過北京的外交部檔案館，也去過河北、山東、甘肅、湖北、湖南、浙江、四川、貴州、雲南和廣東的省級檔案館，還有不同地區的市級和縣級檔案館——縣級檔案館雖然規模較小，但收藏的資料同樣寶貴。本書運用的檔案資料內容豐富，其中包括公安局的機密報告、黨內高層會議的詳細記錄、未經修改的重要領導人的原始講話、農村工作的情況調查、集體殺戮案件的調查、對人口大規模死亡負有責任的地方領導人的認罪書、大躍進後期各地工作小組對饑荒情況的調查報告、關於農民抵抗集體化的...
★英國塞繆爾．約翰遜獎（Samuel Johnson Prize）得獎作品★
改寫中國近代史的權威鉅著，了解20世紀中國史必讀之書
一場奪去至少4500萬人性命的大饑荒，是天災還是人禍？
一部傑出的歷史調查，揭示了世界歷史上最惡劣的罪行之一
「這本書比你讀過的任何一本書都要可怕，那些毫無人性的人，特別是被意識形態主宰的人，令每一頁都不忍卒睹……震懾人心……馮客為歷史做出了貢獻，也為中國人——等他們有朝一日能夠讀到這本書時——做出了貢獻。」——《彭博商業週刊》（Bloomberg）
中國近代史上最瘋狂、黑暗、悲慘的一頁
二十世紀最大人禍真相的解密與重構
1958至1962年，中國變成了人間地獄。毛澤東將全國推向大躍進的狂潮，企圖以這種方式在十五年內趕上並超過英國。這場試驗最終導致了中國歷史上前所未有的大災難，奪去了數千萬人的生命。
馮客用精彩的文筆和豐富的細節，為我們呈現了一段被人們廣為猜測卻從未得知全貌的歷史。他查閱大量中國共產黨的檔案——不只中央檔案，還有各省省級檔案館，與不同地區的市級和縣級檔案館所藏資料，其中包括公安局的機密報告、黨內高層會議的詳細紀錄、未經修改的重要領導人的原始講話、農村工作的情況調查、集體殺戮案件的調查、祕密的民意調查與普通老百姓的檢舉信等等。這些檔案長久以來一直對外界保密，只有少數最受黨信任的歷史學者才能查閱，但在檔案法頒布之後，數千份中央及地方的檔案一度對外開放，徹底改變了人們研究毛澤東時代的方法。也是透過這些檔案，馮客得以拼湊出那段中國官方亟欲遺忘、不欲人知的過往。
本書的英文版出版後，立刻引起國際間的重視與討論，更贏得英國最具代表性的非小說類書獎——塞繆爾．約翰遜獎（Samuel Johnson Prize，後改稱巴美列．捷福獎 Baillie Gifford Prize）。評審團給予此書高度讚譽，有位評審稱「本書不僅在當下顯得重要，隨著中國在世界變得越來越有影響力、更為人所重視，它在某種程度上也會變得更為重要。」另一位評審則稱，馮客之作完全改變了他對於二十世紀的認識。過去西方世界談論二十世紀獨裁政權帶來的災難，多半聚焦希特勒與史達林，《毛澤東的大饑荒》一書則讓許多西方讀者警覺，當代中國也曾發生過這麼一段悲劇般的歷史。
當年的毛澤東想透過大躍進把中國提升為超級大國，並藉此向世人證明共產主義的力量，但終究痴人說夢，事與願違。然而在馮客之前，從未有人如此明確地證明這一點。大躍進運動最終發展成「人類歷史上最大規模的群體性殺戮之一」——至少四、五千萬人因過度勞累、飢餓或遭毒打而死；不僅如此，它還造成人類歷史上對建築物最大規模的崩毀、對自然環境帶來災難性的破壞。馮客透過龐雜檔案研究及內部人士採訪，以生動的敘述，把決策層的內幕與百姓的日常生活聯繫在一起，為死者和弱者發聲，這種寫法在同類題材的研究中絕無僅有，深刻挖掘出最貼近史實的闃黑面貌，令人怵目驚心、更令人掩卷嘆息。
《毛澤東的大饑荒》是想要認識二十世紀中國歷史的必讀之作。本次推出的新譯本，全面改正了原譯本的錯誤與疏漏，也讓馮客的經典作品以更為貼近原作的模樣，忠實呈現於中文世界的讀者面前。幾十年過去了，但往事並未如煙，當年那段時代的黑暗、政治的瘋狂，以及許許多多消逝在歷史中的無辜生命，都將因馮客的書寫而被世人所記憶。
強力推薦
余敏玲〈中研院近史所研究員〉
李志德〈鏡文學副總編輯、資深媒體工作者〉
汪浩〈作家、牛津大學國際關係博士〉
陳耀煌〈中研院近史所副研究員〉
黃克武〈中研院近史所特聘研究員〉
顏擇雅〈出版人、作家〉
國際讚譽
一部傑出的歷史調查，揭示了世界歷史上最惡劣的罪行之一。
本書揭示了（大饑荒）的恐怖程度，對於任何想了解二十世紀歷史的人，都是不可多得的必讀的佳作。——《新政治家》（New Statesman）
勇氣和才華兼備。
這本書的成就無與倫比，它向世人證明毛澤東導致了那場大饑荒……正因為有本書這樣如此傑出的研究，數百萬逝者的後人才得以了解發生在他們先輩身上的悲劇。
馮客重構了中國大躍進運動導致的悲劇，證明毛澤東是歷史上最大的惡魔之一……馮客的筆調冷靜節制，他讓書中的人物為自己發聲。
馮客這項出色的研究，告訴我們大饑荒如何將1950年代的大躍進和1960年代席捲中國的文化大革命聯繫在一起。透過他的研究，中國人民終於知道了那些歷史罪人的名字，儘管對大多數人來說，如今追究他們的責任已經為時過晚了。——《星期日泰晤士報》（Sunday Times）
本書是對歷史上規模最大、最致命的一次饑荒所做的最具權威性、最全面的研究。——張戎，《鴻》、《毛澤東》、《慈禧》暢銷傳記作家
引人入勝……透過對檔案的細緻分析，馮客的研究證明毛澤東政權造成了世界歷史上最大規模「人為的饑荒」。——《每日快報》（Daily Express）
一項勇敢的研究……揭示了災難的全部含義。——《經濟學人》（Economist）
《毛澤東的大饑荒》用前所未有的細節揭示了一個可怕的故事。——《獨立報》（Independent）
講述了一個令人痛心的故事。——《星期日標準報》（Evening Standard）
一流的研究。
人們會記住，身為統治者的毛澤東發動和主導了人類歷史上破壞性最大的一次人為災難。毛在中國歷史上的形象從此明確無疑了。在很大程度上，正是馮客的這本書幫助人們認清了毛的真面目。——《紐約書評》（New York Review of Books）
這本書讓毛聲譽掃地，淪為希特勒和史達林一類的惡魔……對於毛的種種恐怖罪行，本書做了最好、最新的呈現。無論是從事中國研究的學者，還是想了解真實中國的一般讀者，都會從馮客的研究中獲益。遲早有一天，中國人也會稱讚他。——《文學評論》（Literary Review）
一個國家透過全民動員，企圖迅速實現工業和農業的現代化，以創造一個共產主義的烏托邦，最終卻因官員的腐敗和無能而失敗，並導致四千五百萬人喪生。本書用生動的細節和求真的勇氣講述了這個故事。——《泰晤士報》（The Times）
馮客流暢的敘事使這本書讀來令人著迷。——《都市日報》（Metro）
本書是一本傑作。馮客教授做了細緻的研究，通過鑽研中文檔案，他揭示了許多驚人的細節，同時提出了深刻的洞見。這本書讓人們對大饑荒有了許多新的認識，但最重要的是提醒我們，二十世紀的歷史需要加以重新審視。——賈斯柏．貝克（Jasper Backer），《旁觀者》（Spectator）
馮客用冷峻的筆墨，對毛的個性和心理進行了深刻描繪，證明毛確實是一個性情殘酷卻又懦弱卑怯、冷酷無情而又報復心極強的人……描寫得非常坦率。——《紐約客》（New Yorker）
本書基於最新的研究，用高超的敘事技巧，講述了一場造成四千五百萬人死亡的人為的大饑荒。作者對毛的宮廷政治描述得引人入勝，刻畫了從獨裁者及其黨羽到普通村夫的眾多人物。——西蒙．蒙蒂菲奧里（Simon Sebag Montefiore），《史達林：紅沙皇宮》（ the Court of the Red Tsar）作者
本書基於新近開放的檔案資料，對中國的大躍進運動秉筆直書……讀來令人耳目一新，毛骨悚然。中國歷史上如此黑暗的一頁，亟待人們更進一步的研究。——《科克斯書評》（Kirkus Reviews）
本書呈現了大量關於苦難的敘述，其中既有統計資料，也有殘酷的事例，還有對災難負有責任的領導人的自我辯解。——《出版者週刊》（Publishers Weekly）
這本書比你讀過的任何一本書都要可怕，那些毫無人性的人，特別是被意識形態主宰的人，令每一頁都不忍卒睹……震懾人心……馮客為歷史做出了貢獻，也為中國人——等他們有朝一日能夠讀到這本書時——做出了貢獻。——《彭博商業週刊》（Bloomberg）
一本傑作，定義了學術的新標竿。——《台北時報》（Taipei Times）
令人震驚。——邁克爾．博利格（Michael Burleigh），《每日電訊報》（The Daily Telegraph）
聞所未聞，令人痛心。——《倫敦旗幟晚報》（London Evening Standard）
一本傑作，其內容不僅是關於中國的現代史，更告訴我們在一個專制的國家裡，領導人的一個簡單想法，在大肆宣傳之下，可以給國家招致怎樣的災禍——在這本書中，災禍的程度已遠遠超出了人們的想像。——《觀察家報》（The Observer）
目錄
前言
大事記
第一部 追逐烏托邦
1. 兩個對手
2. 競爭開始
3. 清洗隊伍
4. 衝鋒號
5. 放衛星
6. 炮擊金門
7. 人民公社
8. 大煉鋼鐵
第二部通向死亡
9. 危險信號
10. 大採購
11. 被勝利沖昏頭腦
12. 真相的終結
13. 壓制異議
14. 中蘇分裂
15. 資本主義的糧食
16. 尋找出路
第三部破壞
17. 農業
18. 工業
19. 貿易
20. 住房
21. 自然
第四部活命
22. 饑荒中的盛宴
23. 形形色色的交易
24. 偷偷摸摸
25.「敬愛的毛主席」
26. 搶劫和造反
27. 逃荒
第五部弱勢群體
28. 兒童
29. 婦女
30. 老人
第六部死亡的方式
31. 事故
32. 疾病
33. 集中營
34. 暴力
35. 恐怖之地
36. 人相食
37. 算總帳
結語
致謝
資料來源
參考書目
注釋
序
前言（節錄）
一九五八至一九六二年，中國變成了人間煉獄。中國共產黨的主席毛澤東在全國掀起一場狂熱的大躍進運動，試圖在十五年內趕超英國。毛認為，只要充分利用中國的物力和人力，就可以帶領這個國家全速前進，超越其競爭對手。他決定拋棄單純強調工業生產的蘇聯模式，轉而採取「兩條腿走路」的方法，動員無數農民參與運動，推動農業和工業的雙重轉型，從而一舉改變中國落後的經濟面貌，使工農業產量同時大幅增加，迅速實現共產主義的理想。為了建成這樣的烏托邦，所有資源都必須實行集體化，第一步就是把農民集中到一起，組成規模龐大的人民公社。結果，無數農民被剝奪了工作、住房、土地和財產，食物也少得可憐，而且只能由公共食堂根據每個人勞動能力的大小進行分配，迫使大家不得不服從黨的指令。與此同時，近半數的農民還得沒日沒夜地幹活，參與修建各類水利工程。許多人為此背井離鄉，卻得不到足夠的食物和休息。最終，毛的這場「大躍進」成為中國歷史上最大的一場浩劫，導致數千萬人死亡。
近代人類歷史上，如波爾布特、希特勒和史達林等獨裁者都曾製造過類似的人為災難。但「大躍進」的獨特之處在於，人們對於這場運動的真實情況至今仍知之甚少。這主要是因為中共的檔案長期不予公開，只有少數受黨絕對信任的歷史學家才有機會接觸相關資料。不過，中國最近新頒布了一部檔案法，向歷史學家開放了大批檔案，從而徹底改變了人們研究毛時代的方法。本書的研究，就是基於筆者在數年內從幾十個中共檔案館所查閱的一千多件檔案材料。筆者曾到訪過北京的外交部檔案館，也去過河北、山東、甘肅、湖北、湖南、浙江、四川、貴州、雲南和廣東的省級檔案館，還有不同地區的市級和縣級檔案館——縣級檔案館雖然規模較小，但收藏的資料同樣寶貴。本書運用的檔案資料內容豐富，其中包括公安局的機密報告、黨內高層會議的詳細記錄、未經修改的重要領導人的原始講話、農村工作的情況調查、集體殺戮案件的調查、對人口大規模死亡負有責任的地方領導人的認罪書、大躍進後期各地工作小組對饑荒情況的調查報告、關於農民抵抗集體化的...
472 pages, Paperback
First published September 6, 2010
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About the author
Frank Dikötter
22 books537 followersFrank Dikötter (Chinese: 馮客; pinyin: Féng Kè) is the Chair Professor of Humanities at the University of Hong Kong and Professor of the Modern History of China on leave from the School of Oriental and African Studies, University of London.
Born in the Netherlands in 1961, he was educated in Switzerland and graduated from the University of Geneva with a Double Major in History and Russian. After two years in the People's Republic of China, he moved to London where he obtained his PhD in History from the School of Oriental and African Studies (SOAS) in 1990. He stayed at SOAS as British Academy Postdoctoral Fellow and as Wellcome Research Fellow before being promoted to a personal chair as Professor of the Modern History of China in 2002. His research and writing has been funded by over 1.5 US$ million in grants from various foundations, including, in Britain, the Wellcome Trust, the Arts and Humanities Research Council, The Economic and Social Research Council and, in Hong Kong, the Research Grants Council and the Chiang Ching-kuo Foundation.
He has published a dozen books that have changed the ways historians view modern China, from the classic The Discourse of Race in Modern China (1992) to China After Mao: The Rise of a Superpower (2022). His 2010 book Mao's Great Famine: The History of China's Most Devastating Catastrophe was selected as one of the Books of the Year in 2010 by The Economist, The Independent, The Sunday Times, the London Evening Standard (selected twice), The Telegraph, the New Statesman and the BBC History Magazine, and is on the longlist for the 2011 Samuel Johnson Prize for non-fiction.
Born in the Netherlands in 1961, he was educated in Switzerland and graduated from the University of Geneva with a Double Major in History and Russian. After two years in the People's Republic of China, he moved to London where he obtained his PhD in History from the School of Oriental and African Studies (SOAS) in 1990. He stayed at SOAS as British Academy Postdoctoral Fellow and as Wellcome Research Fellow before being promoted to a personal chair as Professor of the Modern History of China in 2002. His research and writing has been funded by over 1.5 US$ million in grants from various foundations, including, in Britain, the Wellcome Trust, the Arts and Humanities Research Council, The Economic and Social Research Council and, in Hong Kong, the Research Grants Council and the Chiang Ching-kuo Foundation.
He has published a dozen books that have changed the ways historians view modern China, from the classic The Discourse of Race in Modern China (1992) to China After Mao: The Rise of a Superpower (2022). His 2010 book Mao's Great Famine: The History of China's Most Devastating Catastrophe was selected as one of the Books of the Year in 2010 by The Economist, The Independent, The Sunday Times, the London Evening Standard (selected twice), The Telegraph, the New Statesman and the BBC History Magazine, and is on the longlist for the 2011 Samuel Johnson Prize for non-fiction.
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December 4, 2013
In a recent blog on Liberia I alluded in passing to Joseph Conrad, specifically having his novella Heart of Darkness in mind. Have you read it? If you have you will recall the final words of Kurtz in his moment of epiphany shortly before his death - The horror! The horror!
Let me take you to another heart of darkness; let me take you to China in the middle of the twentieth century, to the time of the so-called Great Leap Forward. I’ve been reading Mao’s Great Famine by Frank Dikötter, a new study of that grim period in the country’s history. It’s a sober, scholarly, thoroughly researched piece of work, written in clam and measured prose. But you should see my copy, see my marginalia, see the things I’ve written as I went along. I’ve not quite written The horror! The horror! though I came close, alighting on passages like this;
If the thatch on the roofs had not been consumed by fire, it was taken down and eaten in desperation. Villagers also ate the plaster from the walls. (p.169)
The worst form of desecration was to chop up the body and use it as fertiliser. This happened to Deng Daming, beaten to death because his child had stolen a few broad beans. Party Secretary Dan Naming ordered his body to be simmered down into fertiliser for a field of pumpkin. (p. 297)
Human flesh, like everything else, was traded on the black market. (p. 321)
But as desperate survivors all of them would have witnessed many of the horrors being inflicted on living human beings, from body parts being chopped off to people being buried alive. Surely, in the midst of state-sponsored violence, necrophagy was neither the most common nor the most widespread way of degrading a human being. (p. 323)
And so it goes on, the story of the most devastating manmade famine in all of history, one that is now estimated to have taken the lives of at least 45 million people. I do have one small criticism of this book – the title is rather misleading. Yes, most people caught up in this madness died of hunger, but a great many died of disease or neglect or were worked to death, including pregnant women; others were beaten to death with clubs. Some two million in desperation took their own lives. And of course, going on the Marxist principle that those who do not work do not eat, the sick and the elderly were simply given no food at all.
The madness had a face: the face was Mao Zedong, one of the most abhorrent criminals in human history. It was his ‘vision’ that in a few years China could overtake the capitalist West and the Soviet Union in its rate of industrial development. It could all be done, he believed, by a single act of collective will, voluntarism, his particular contribution to Marxist thought. Opposition was dismissed as ‘rightist’, the work of ‘bad elements.’ The demand was for higher and higher targets in every field of economic activity; and since the whole system was driven by fear, higher and higher targets meant bigger and bigger lies; bigger and bigger lies meant more and more requisitions until people were left with a hundred per cent of nothing. Farmers were driven from the fields to work on irrigation projects, worthless in the main, so no seeds were planted and crops grown. And since in the communist scheme of things steel production was an important sign of ‘getting it up’, Mao called for backyard furnaces into which people were compelled to throw all of their metal implements, even their cooking utensils, to receive brittle and worthless chunks of pig iron at the end. No matter, there was nothing to eat, so who needs a wok?
Existence was collectivised: people were driven into mass farms and then into vast communes. There was no defence in law, no right to private property; even nappies were commandeered. But on it went, Mao urged forward by a sycophantic court. Sparrows, he decreed, were vermin, eating grain; sparrows were to be exterminated. They were, in their tens of thousands, with the result that the pests which made up the largest part of their diet multiplied out of control, with an even greater impact on the diminishing food supply. In the end, in one of the craziest trade deals in history, China was obliged to import sparrows from the Soviet Union.
I do not envy modern China its prosperity; how it has earned it by forms of suffering that most of us simply can’t conceive; the suffering of parents who sold their children or relatives who had to dig up their dead in a country with a deep reverence for departed spirits simply because they had nothing else to eat.
It used to be said that when an imperial dynasty was coming to an end in the great cycles of Chinese history that it had lost the mandate of heaven. For a good part of the twentieth century, from the Revolution of 1911 until at least the death of Mao in 1976, China itself might be said to have lost the mandate of heaven. Frank Dikötter shows just how deeply the country descended into one cycle of hell. Not long after it was over Mao took into another – the Cultural Revolution. I can’t recommend this book highly enough.
Let me take you to another heart of darkness; let me take you to China in the middle of the twentieth century, to the time of the so-called Great Leap Forward. I’ve been reading Mao’s Great Famine by Frank Dikötter, a new study of that grim period in the country’s history. It’s a sober, scholarly, thoroughly researched piece of work, written in clam and measured prose. But you should see my copy, see my marginalia, see the things I’ve written as I went along. I’ve not quite written The horror! The horror! though I came close, alighting on passages like this;
If the thatch on the roofs had not been consumed by fire, it was taken down and eaten in desperation. Villagers also ate the plaster from the walls. (p.169)
The worst form of desecration was to chop up the body and use it as fertiliser. This happened to Deng Daming, beaten to death because his child had stolen a few broad beans. Party Secretary Dan Naming ordered his body to be simmered down into fertiliser for a field of pumpkin. (p. 297)
Human flesh, like everything else, was traded on the black market. (p. 321)
But as desperate survivors all of them would have witnessed many of the horrors being inflicted on living human beings, from body parts being chopped off to people being buried alive. Surely, in the midst of state-sponsored violence, necrophagy was neither the most common nor the most widespread way of degrading a human being. (p. 323)
And so it goes on, the story of the most devastating manmade famine in all of history, one that is now estimated to have taken the lives of at least 45 million people. I do have one small criticism of this book – the title is rather misleading. Yes, most people caught up in this madness died of hunger, but a great many died of disease or neglect or were worked to death, including pregnant women; others were beaten to death with clubs. Some two million in desperation took their own lives. And of course, going on the Marxist principle that those who do not work do not eat, the sick and the elderly were simply given no food at all.
The madness had a face: the face was Mao Zedong, one of the most abhorrent criminals in human history. It was his ‘vision’ that in a few years China could overtake the capitalist West and the Soviet Union in its rate of industrial development. It could all be done, he believed, by a single act of collective will, voluntarism, his particular contribution to Marxist thought. Opposition was dismissed as ‘rightist’, the work of ‘bad elements.’ The demand was for higher and higher targets in every field of economic activity; and since the whole system was driven by fear, higher and higher targets meant bigger and bigger lies; bigger and bigger lies meant more and more requisitions until people were left with a hundred per cent of nothing. Farmers were driven from the fields to work on irrigation projects, worthless in the main, so no seeds were planted and crops grown. And since in the communist scheme of things steel production was an important sign of ‘getting it up’, Mao called for backyard furnaces into which people were compelled to throw all of their metal implements, even their cooking utensils, to receive brittle and worthless chunks of pig iron at the end. No matter, there was nothing to eat, so who needs a wok?
Existence was collectivised: people were driven into mass farms and then into vast communes. There was no defence in law, no right to private property; even nappies were commandeered. But on it went, Mao urged forward by a sycophantic court. Sparrows, he decreed, were vermin, eating grain; sparrows were to be exterminated. They were, in their tens of thousands, with the result that the pests which made up the largest part of their diet multiplied out of control, with an even greater impact on the diminishing food supply. In the end, in one of the craziest trade deals in history, China was obliged to import sparrows from the Soviet Union.
I do not envy modern China its prosperity; how it has earned it by forms of suffering that most of us simply can’t conceive; the suffering of parents who sold their children or relatives who had to dig up their dead in a country with a deep reverence for departed spirits simply because they had nothing else to eat.
It used to be said that when an imperial dynasty was coming to an end in the great cycles of Chinese history that it had lost the mandate of heaven. For a good part of the twentieth century, from the Revolution of 1911 until at least the death of Mao in 1976, China itself might be said to have lost the mandate of heaven. Frank Dikötter shows just how deeply the country descended into one cycle of hell. Not long after it was over Mao took into another – the Cultural Revolution. I can’t recommend this book highly enough.
June 12, 2020
It is hard to exaggerate the sheer chilling effect this book by Frank Dikötter can have. It has made me realise that the statement by Gordon Kerr, in his primer, A Short History Of China, that the death tolls in China, throughout its documented 4000 years of history are ........"often staggering, demonstrating not only a disdain for human life" and with that also providing a "vast and inexhaustible supply of manpower". In the end this book brings the disdain and inexhaustible supply into focus.
This book is in 6 parts with the first 2 parts "The Pursuit of Utopia" and "Through the Valley of Death" covering the history of The Great Leap Forward. The final 4 parts discuss the effects on all parts of Chinese life from the lowly peasant through to the political consequences. There is "An Essay on the Sources" that is a vital explanation of the research used to produce this history.
There have been and still are debates as to what Communism is. I, in a way, hardly care because, after reading this book, to my mind the Chinese Communist Party during the Great Leap Forward was attempting a form of State Corporatism that has had nothing comparable historically except maybe Stalinist USSR?
I could no doubt real off the statistics on the death and destruction etc that Dikötter has researched but in the end I might bring to the attention of the reader of this review a strange little chapter called "Nature" in Part 3 "Destruction". It seems to me that the Chinese have been "fighting" nature for many a long century from attempts to control the various floods and other natural events that blight all nations. During The Great Leap Forward the "fight" against nature was at times, to use a word from Dikötter, bizarre. Historically China had depleted it forest for various reasons such as need for firewood etc but The Great Leap Forward at the behest of Mao took it to a new level. "there is a new war: we should open fire on nature" he said and so they did. Forests were decimated, mountains levelled as backyard furnaces flourished in some egotistical attempt to outstrip British steel production. It reached a point that after the destruction of the forests that farmers took to felling their orchards to keep warm during the winters. The consequences of that are obvious. In the end drainage systems became blocked with mud and silt as the rains caused even more issues to the many thousands of square kilometres of barren lands and with that the villages and towns that suffered flooding and starvation. Hu Yoabang traveled heavily during 1961 and denied the effect of the rains as a cause of the devastation stating "the rainfall was basically normal".
Dikötter covers other areas in the fight against nature such as the over use of pesticides, pollution, etc but the war on nature well and truly reached the heights of bizarre in 1958 with Mao's call to eliminate rats, flies, mosquitoes and sparrows. The war on sparrows reaches the point of being weirder than fantasy. Sparrows were targeted because they ate grain, the fruits of the labour of the masses, and so began a mass mobilisation to conquer them. For several days nests were attacked, sparrows shot out of the air with thousands of people banging drums etc forcing petrified sparrows to fall from the air from exhaustion. Shanghai reported that it had eliminated 1,367,440 of this pesky bird. Shanghai also eliminated 1,213,05 cockroaches for good measure. By April 1960 the realisation was that sparrows ate insects but it was then too late as they were now almost extinct. Insect infestation ruined crops and with that further famine. Locusts had a great time as well.
One of the consequences of The Great Leap Forward was the loss of reputation of Mao within the party. But he fought back with the Cultural Revolution in 1966. Dikötter has had access to various archives hence this book and The Tragedy of Liberation: A history of the Chinese Revolution 1945-1957. Hopefully he writes a book on The Cultural Revolution as this would be an excellent trilogy on the Mao years.
I strongly recommend this book to anyone with interest in the astonishing and always fascinating history of the Middle Kingdom.
This book is in 6 parts with the first 2 parts "The Pursuit of Utopia" and "Through the Valley of Death" covering the history of The Great Leap Forward. The final 4 parts discuss the effects on all parts of Chinese life from the lowly peasant through to the political consequences. There is "An Essay on the Sources" that is a vital explanation of the research used to produce this history.
There have been and still are debates as to what Communism is. I, in a way, hardly care because, after reading this book, to my mind the Chinese Communist Party during the Great Leap Forward was attempting a form of State Corporatism that has had nothing comparable historically except maybe Stalinist USSR?
I could no doubt real off the statistics on the death and destruction etc that Dikötter has researched but in the end I might bring to the attention of the reader of this review a strange little chapter called "Nature" in Part 3 "Destruction". It seems to me that the Chinese have been "fighting" nature for many a long century from attempts to control the various floods and other natural events that blight all nations. During The Great Leap Forward the "fight" against nature was at times, to use a word from Dikötter, bizarre. Historically China had depleted it forest for various reasons such as need for firewood etc but The Great Leap Forward at the behest of Mao took it to a new level. "there is a new war: we should open fire on nature" he said and so they did. Forests were decimated, mountains levelled as backyard furnaces flourished in some egotistical attempt to outstrip British steel production. It reached a point that after the destruction of the forests that farmers took to felling their orchards to keep warm during the winters. The consequences of that are obvious. In the end drainage systems became blocked with mud and silt as the rains caused even more issues to the many thousands of square kilometres of barren lands and with that the villages and towns that suffered flooding and starvation. Hu Yoabang traveled heavily during 1961 and denied the effect of the rains as a cause of the devastation stating "the rainfall was basically normal".
Dikötter covers other areas in the fight against nature such as the over use of pesticides, pollution, etc but the war on nature well and truly reached the heights of bizarre in 1958 with Mao's call to eliminate rats, flies, mosquitoes and sparrows. The war on sparrows reaches the point of being weirder than fantasy. Sparrows were targeted because they ate grain, the fruits of the labour of the masses, and so began a mass mobilisation to conquer them. For several days nests were attacked, sparrows shot out of the air with thousands of people banging drums etc forcing petrified sparrows to fall from the air from exhaustion. Shanghai reported that it had eliminated 1,367,440 of this pesky bird. Shanghai also eliminated 1,213,05 cockroaches for good measure. By April 1960 the realisation was that sparrows ate insects but it was then too late as they were now almost extinct. Insect infestation ruined crops and with that further famine. Locusts had a great time as well.
One of the consequences of The Great Leap Forward was the loss of reputation of Mao within the party. But he fought back with the Cultural Revolution in 1966. Dikötter has had access to various archives hence this book and The Tragedy of Liberation: A history of the Chinese Revolution 1945-1957. Hopefully he writes a book on The Cultural Revolution as this would be an excellent trilogy on the Mao years.
I strongly recommend this book to anyone with interest in the astonishing and always fascinating history of the Middle Kingdom.
June 13, 2022
Page 134 my book Mao Zedong
“When there is not enough to eat people starve to death. It is better to let half of the people die so that the other half can eat their fill.”
Page 303 Lenin
“He who does not work shall not eat.”
The author deconstructs the myth of Chairman Mao as a benevolent and wise leader. There have been other books published on this subject, like Mao: The Unknown Story, but this book brings it to another level.
We are given a relentless outline of all that went wrong during the “Great Leap Forward” which was launched late in the 1950s across China. Its aim was to reconstruct the rural countryside into massive farm collectives and to rid society of private enterprise (like home ownership and local markets). Rural and urban society were to be radically transformed. The results were devastating.
Page 325
Chen Yizi conservatively puts the number of deaths at a minimum of 45 million for the great famine of 1958-62.
By physically altering the environment to make dams and large farming communities – and by borrowing huge sums of money, mostly from the Soviet Union, to industrialize – China no longer had the wherewithal to feed itself. In fact, it had to use its decreasing grain and other produce production to pay back the loans.
With private enterprise gone and all output regulated by government quotas, – incentives and variety disappeared. Since nobody owned anything, the care of tools and equipment was non-existent.
Page 169
Overall, the Great Leap Forward constituted by far, the greatest demolition of property in human history.
There was environmental devastation as whole forests were wiped out. Pollution, due to rapid industrialization, was rampant. There was no control of toxic waste released in the atmosphere and rivers. Thousands were fatally poisoned.
The horrifying descriptions in the book are what happens when the leadership is in quest of utopia.
Page 36
The whole country became a universe of norms, quotas and targets from which escape was all but impossible, as loudspeakers blasted slogans, cadres checked and appraised work, and committees endlessly ranked and rated the world around them.
Page 102-03 1960
In a moral universe in which the end justifies the means, many would be prepared to become the Chairman’s willing instruments, casting aside every idea about right and wrong to achieve the ends he envisaged… the country plunged into catastrophe, tens of millions of lives would be extinguished through exhaustion, illness, torture and hunger.
The author recounts how the communist party used violence as a means to enforce its policies. China had been in a state of war since the 1930s – with a civil war between the communists and the nationalists (led by Chiang Kai-shek), then the brutal invasion of Japan. The role of violence was continued by the communist party as a means to attain their paradise on earth.
Page 141
Throughout the country those who died of starvation often did so naked, even in the middle of winter. [So little did they have.]
Due to starvation and food shortages, there was always an underground market – where everything was traded. Even children – for food or for hope of a better upbringing.
Page 252
There are no reliable statistics on the number of abandoned children, but in a city like Nanjing several thousand were found in a single year.
Page 211 Zeng Mu
“Those who could not steal died. Those who managed to steal some food did not die.”
There were vast migrations to cities in hopes of finding a better life.
China became a society of survival of the fittest – or the connected. There was little in the way of any safety net.
Page 284-85
All over China, from Sichuan, Gansu and Anhui to Henan, people tormented by hunger turned to mud.
As the quotes demonstrate, this book can make for an appalling read. As an aside, I had some professors during my university years in the mid-1970s who loudly proclaimed Mao’s China as a great egalitarian and fruitful society. How were they so duped? And they duped others, myself included.
This book is sometimes mired in an abundance of statistics and percentages. But as history, we are able to comprehend the roots of modern China.
“When there is not enough to eat people starve to death. It is better to let half of the people die so that the other half can eat their fill.”
Page 303 Lenin
“He who does not work shall not eat.”
The author deconstructs the myth of Chairman Mao as a benevolent and wise leader. There have been other books published on this subject, like Mao: The Unknown Story, but this book brings it to another level.
We are given a relentless outline of all that went wrong during the “Great Leap Forward” which was launched late in the 1950s across China. Its aim was to reconstruct the rural countryside into massive farm collectives and to rid society of private enterprise (like home ownership and local markets). Rural and urban society were to be radically transformed. The results were devastating.
Page 325
Chen Yizi conservatively puts the number of deaths at a minimum of 45 million for the great famine of 1958-62.
By physically altering the environment to make dams and large farming communities – and by borrowing huge sums of money, mostly from the Soviet Union, to industrialize – China no longer had the wherewithal to feed itself. In fact, it had to use its decreasing grain and other produce production to pay back the loans.
With private enterprise gone and all output regulated by government quotas, – incentives and variety disappeared. Since nobody owned anything, the care of tools and equipment was non-existent.
Page 169
Overall, the Great Leap Forward constituted by far, the greatest demolition of property in human history.
There was environmental devastation as whole forests were wiped out. Pollution, due to rapid industrialization, was rampant. There was no control of toxic waste released in the atmosphere and rivers. Thousands were fatally poisoned.
The horrifying descriptions in the book are what happens when the leadership is in quest of utopia.
Page 36
The whole country became a universe of norms, quotas and targets from which escape was all but impossible, as loudspeakers blasted slogans, cadres checked and appraised work, and committees endlessly ranked and rated the world around them.
Page 102-03 1960
In a moral universe in which the end justifies the means, many would be prepared to become the Chairman’s willing instruments, casting aside every idea about right and wrong to achieve the ends he envisaged… the country plunged into catastrophe, tens of millions of lives would be extinguished through exhaustion, illness, torture and hunger.
The author recounts how the communist party used violence as a means to enforce its policies. China had been in a state of war since the 1930s – with a civil war between the communists and the nationalists (led by Chiang Kai-shek), then the brutal invasion of Japan. The role of violence was continued by the communist party as a means to attain their paradise on earth.
Page 141
Throughout the country those who died of starvation often did so naked, even in the middle of winter. [So little did they have.]
Due to starvation and food shortages, there was always an underground market – where everything was traded. Even children – for food or for hope of a better upbringing.
Page 252
There are no reliable statistics on the number of abandoned children, but in a city like Nanjing several thousand were found in a single year.
Page 211 Zeng Mu
“Those who could not steal died. Those who managed to steal some food did not die.”
There were vast migrations to cities in hopes of finding a better life.
China became a society of survival of the fittest – or the connected. There was little in the way of any safety net.
Page 284-85
All over China, from Sichuan, Gansu and Anhui to Henan, people tormented by hunger turned to mud.
As the quotes demonstrate, this book can make for an appalling read. As an aside, I had some professors during my university years in the mid-1970s who loudly proclaimed Mao’s China as a great egalitarian and fruitful society. How were they so duped? And they duped others, myself included.
This book is sometimes mired in an abundance of statistics and percentages. But as history, we are able to comprehend the roots of modern China.
November 12, 2024
"The executioner always kills twice, the second time through silence." - Elie Wiesel
************
This is the least compelling volume of Frank Dikotter's recent trilogy on the years of communist rule in China from 1945-1976. These three works are undoubtably required reading if you are interested in the period and are limited to English (as I am). This book notably won the prestigious Samuel Johnson Award for best non-fiction writing in 2011. Many of its more entertaining parts are excerpted from "The Private Life of Chairman Mao", a fascinating memoir written by Mao's personal doctor.
Dikotter is a modern historian in the sense that he employs pseudo scientific methods of statistics and economics in his research and writing. He dives deep into provincial archives and conducts local interviews that result in stark conclusions about the Great Leap Forward, a disastrous attempt to boost factory and farm output during 1958-'62. He claims that 45 million dead starved by collective farming gone awry. This isn't original or controversial (see "Tombstone" by Yang or "Hungry Ghosts" by Becker).
It is certainly an important and professional work of history but it is hindered by two problems, in my mind. The first is that Dikotter, while correct about the abject failure of Mao's plan, can see only evil in its goals. His misguided efforts at agricultural and industrial reform become cynical exercises in political infighting and power consolidation. Attempts to address poverty and underdevelopment, tragically flawed, were made merely to seize wealth and overthrow social order which seems a bit of an overreach.
Paradoxically perhaps Mao's dream to achieve communism may have been an altruistic one. Did Mao plan to kill his own people? This is inevitably a moral question that must be asked. The answer for Dikotter is that Mao saw mass death as collateral damage in his struggle to fulfill Marxist destiny. This follows a trend in recent histories of Mao as a monster on the scale of Hitler or Stalin. Although similar in numbers of fatalities, in aims the comparisons are less apt.
The second problem is the book is not that engaging unless you can become easily absorbed by superficially presented statistics and economic data. Any account of the twentieth century's greatest man-made disaster would be incomplete without these but should also explore the historical context in a more comprehensive way. In this regard Dikotter adopts a reductionist approach where all is due to Mao.
The people primarily play a role as the victims of Mao's paranoid delusions goaded by the stick and the ladle. Although seen as unprincipled slackers and saboteurs they are also cunning and cruel ideologues, however argument demands. Ironically they are accused again of the same fabricated crimes once obtained by forced confessions and now culled from the archives of a discredited totalitarian state. The answer must lie in between.
The question of how a nation of 650 million came under the command of a purported madman is left largely unresolved. The answer might be found in desperation to transcend war and poverty rather than a cowering before coercion and conformity. It is worth noting that the other two volumes on the Communist Revolution ('45-'57) and particularly the Cultural Revolution ('62-'76) offer more insightful looks at their respective periods.
************
This is the least compelling volume of Frank Dikotter's recent trilogy on the years of communist rule in China from 1945-1976. These three works are undoubtably required reading if you are interested in the period and are limited to English (as I am). This book notably won the prestigious Samuel Johnson Award for best non-fiction writing in 2011. Many of its more entertaining parts are excerpted from "The Private Life of Chairman Mao", a fascinating memoir written by Mao's personal doctor.
Dikotter is a modern historian in the sense that he employs pseudo scientific methods of statistics and economics in his research and writing. He dives deep into provincial archives and conducts local interviews that result in stark conclusions about the Great Leap Forward, a disastrous attempt to boost factory and farm output during 1958-'62. He claims that 45 million dead starved by collective farming gone awry. This isn't original or controversial (see "Tombstone" by Yang or "Hungry Ghosts" by Becker).
It is certainly an important and professional work of history but it is hindered by two problems, in my mind. The first is that Dikotter, while correct about the abject failure of Mao's plan, can see only evil in its goals. His misguided efforts at agricultural and industrial reform become cynical exercises in political infighting and power consolidation. Attempts to address poverty and underdevelopment, tragically flawed, were made merely to seize wealth and overthrow social order which seems a bit of an overreach.
Paradoxically perhaps Mao's dream to achieve communism may have been an altruistic one. Did Mao plan to kill his own people? This is inevitably a moral question that must be asked. The answer for Dikotter is that Mao saw mass death as collateral damage in his struggle to fulfill Marxist destiny. This follows a trend in recent histories of Mao as a monster on the scale of Hitler or Stalin. Although similar in numbers of fatalities, in aims the comparisons are less apt.
The second problem is the book is not that engaging unless you can become easily absorbed by superficially presented statistics and economic data. Any account of the twentieth century's greatest man-made disaster would be incomplete without these but should also explore the historical context in a more comprehensive way. In this regard Dikotter adopts a reductionist approach where all is due to Mao.
The people primarily play a role as the victims of Mao's paranoid delusions goaded by the stick and the ladle. Although seen as unprincipled slackers and saboteurs they are also cunning and cruel ideologues, however argument demands. Ironically they are accused again of the same fabricated crimes once obtained by forced confessions and now culled from the archives of a discredited totalitarian state. The answer must lie in between.
The question of how a nation of 650 million came under the command of a purported madman is left largely unresolved. The answer might be found in desperation to transcend war and poverty rather than a cowering before coercion and conformity. It is worth noting that the other two volumes on the Communist Revolution ('45-'57) and particularly the Cultural Revolution ('62-'76) offer more insightful looks at their respective periods.
December 10, 2025
Discrediting Mao has become an industry for a reason. As late stage capitalism metastasizes, imperialist armies rush out across the globe, and we accelerate past the global warming tipping point, the 21st century ruling class must inoculate us against remembering and calling upon the successes of socialism in the 20th century. The latest book produced by this well funded project is Mao’s Great Famine, by Frank Dikötter. It accomplishes its purpose by being more a collection of selected anecdotes than a legitimate analysis, loose with data and weak on context, such as failing to discuss the famines recurrent in China in recent centuries. An example of the methods used is the photo of the starving child on the original book cover. This picture is from the 1946 famine in capitalist Nationalist China, not from the Great Leap Forward.
During the Great Leap Forward, planning and political errors, drought, and the Soviet assistance pull-out resulted in starvation and many deaths. Much of the newly retrieved data on this tragedy actually originated from teams Mao sent out to determine what was happening and how to fix it. But Mr. Dikötter's methods in compiling this and other data is dishonest and immoral. For example, Cormac Ó Gráda, a leading scholar of famine and professor of economics at University College Dublin, lays out - in his 15 March 2011 China Study Group review - how Dikötter uses an unrealistic low "normal" mortality rate in order to maximize his death count. Ó Gráda notes that the 10 per thousand normal death rate adopted by Dikötter is "implausibly low," and that "The crude death rate in China in the wake of the revolution was probably about 25 per thousand. It is highly unlikely that the Communists could have reduced it within less than a decade to the implausibly low 10 per thousand adopted here (p. 331). Had they done so, they would have 'saved' over 30 million lives in the interim! One can hardly have it both ways." In other words, in addition to deaths from starvation, Dikötter effectively includes the huge number of deaths from old age, disease, accidents, violence, and etc. This all in an effort to pump up the old original falsely developed figures of 30 million into a new lie of 43 million!
Using the same methodology of manipulating population numbers and stirring in anecdotes about failed projects, people mis-behaving, and so forth could be applied to the New Deal Dust Bowl era in the US to say "FDR killed millions!". As Indian economist Amartya Sen has said: “compared with China’s rapid increase in life expectancy in the Mao era, the capitalist experiment in India could be said to have caused 4 million excess deaths a year since India’s independence…India seems to manage to fill its cupboard with more skeletons every eight years than China put there in its years of shame, 1958-61”. As India's four million excess deaths per year has continued right up to the present day, it could be said capitalism has now killed 240 million there. But no one will fund the writing of that book. By contrast, Dikötter's book research was funded by five different foundations.
Even one, or a thousand or a million people dying of starvation is terrible. What kind of mind and what kind of agenda thinks it is not, and so has to keep on inflating it? Buried in the book are some assumptions and qualifiers to make the methods appear less dishonest. But one main purpose has been accomplished, which is to give the sound bite that talk show hosts can yell at people stuck in traffic: "Mao killed 43 million!".
In Mao's time, there were problems and errors from which lessons need to be learned. But also during those decades, life expectancy in China more than doubled, and China achieved what capitalist U.S. never will: a universal, just, and fair health care system. Industry grew by more than 10 percent a year during the Cultural Revolution, and by the 1970's China had solved its historic food problem. This revolution saved untold lives. Moreover, it was the greatest step forward towards the emancipation of humanity yet made. This revolution was defeated, and China has taken the capitalist road. But it will only be a revolution that ultimately saves humanity.
For today? I recommend Bob Avakian's book The New Communism. It is a viable strategy for revolution today, learning from the great successes as well as errors of communist revolution in the 20th century, and providing a map forward to do even better.
During the Great Leap Forward, planning and political errors, drought, and the Soviet assistance pull-out resulted in starvation and many deaths. Much of the newly retrieved data on this tragedy actually originated from teams Mao sent out to determine what was happening and how to fix it. But Mr. Dikötter's methods in compiling this and other data is dishonest and immoral. For example, Cormac Ó Gráda, a leading scholar of famine and professor of economics at University College Dublin, lays out - in his 15 March 2011 China Study Group review - how Dikötter uses an unrealistic low "normal" mortality rate in order to maximize his death count. Ó Gráda notes that the 10 per thousand normal death rate adopted by Dikötter is "implausibly low," and that "The crude death rate in China in the wake of the revolution was probably about 25 per thousand. It is highly unlikely that the Communists could have reduced it within less than a decade to the implausibly low 10 per thousand adopted here (p. 331). Had they done so, they would have 'saved' over 30 million lives in the interim! One can hardly have it both ways." In other words, in addition to deaths from starvation, Dikötter effectively includes the huge number of deaths from old age, disease, accidents, violence, and etc. This all in an effort to pump up the old original falsely developed figures of 30 million into a new lie of 43 million!
Using the same methodology of manipulating population numbers and stirring in anecdotes about failed projects, people mis-behaving, and so forth could be applied to the New Deal Dust Bowl era in the US to say "FDR killed millions!". As Indian economist Amartya Sen has said: “compared with China’s rapid increase in life expectancy in the Mao era, the capitalist experiment in India could be said to have caused 4 million excess deaths a year since India’s independence…India seems to manage to fill its cupboard with more skeletons every eight years than China put there in its years of shame, 1958-61”. As India's four million excess deaths per year has continued right up to the present day, it could be said capitalism has now killed 240 million there. But no one will fund the writing of that book. By contrast, Dikötter's book research was funded by five different foundations.
Even one, or a thousand or a million people dying of starvation is terrible. What kind of mind and what kind of agenda thinks it is not, and so has to keep on inflating it? Buried in the book are some assumptions and qualifiers to make the methods appear less dishonest. But one main purpose has been accomplished, which is to give the sound bite that talk show hosts can yell at people stuck in traffic: "Mao killed 43 million!".
In Mao's time, there were problems and errors from which lessons need to be learned. But also during those decades, life expectancy in China more than doubled, and China achieved what capitalist U.S. never will: a universal, just, and fair health care system. Industry grew by more than 10 percent a year during the Cultural Revolution, and by the 1970's China had solved its historic food problem. This revolution saved untold lives. Moreover, it was the greatest step forward towards the emancipation of humanity yet made. This revolution was defeated, and China has taken the capitalist road. But it will only be a revolution that ultimately saves humanity.
For today? I recommend Bob Avakian's book The New Communism. It is a viable strategy for revolution today, learning from the great successes as well as errors of communist revolution in the 20th century, and providing a map forward to do even better.
January 26, 2013
This is one of those occasions when I almost wish the God i believed in was the vicious judgemental harsh one that some fundamentalists of all flavours seem to look to. This was brilliantly written but a really difficult wading through the horror and disgusting callousness of the Chinese regime at the time of the Great Leap Forward.
As I type this I went and found my copy of Billy Bragg's album 'Workers' playtime ' cos I wanted to check and yep lo and behold he has the image of happy communist chinese folk sitting around well nourished and smiling and one of the songs is ' Waiting for the great leap foward '...Billy hold your head in shame. This appaling destruction of, at a conservative estimate, 45 milion people in four year from 1958 -1962 came about as a direct result of Mao and his fellow leaders' crass stupidity coupled with violence, hypocrisy and inability to ackowledge the wisdom of centuries.
As i read the account it made me more and more horrified as you see men and women totally unaware of their interconnection with nature, society or history grabbing hold of a vision and riding roughshod over any opposition. Agriculture collectivised to such an extent that farmers and their experience are disregarded and theory trumps any kind of knowledge. Society and indeed any familial loyalty is collectivised and attempts to defend and protect the voiceless and vulnerable is punished and decried as ' rightist ' or counterrevolutionary.
The truly astounding thing was how totally uncaring the leaders were and tragically this did not just mean the main leaders in power but those under them down in a foul cascade throughout every level. The knock on effect of the need to save face at the highest point in government when confronted with leaders of other governments cascades down through the need to shine before superiors at the lower ambitious levels down to the lowest local brute who just enjoyed exercising power untrammeled by any form of human kindness.
The Great Leap Forward destroyed the countryside and its very sensitively balanced situation in which poverty was never far away prior to Mao but his inability to trust the wisdom of farmers, the imposition of ridiculous theories of agriculture, his removal of so many of the land workers to build dams and irrigation systems which were unthought through, badly designed, incorrectly placed and never maintained made the failure of crops and the death of so many inevitable. Added to that the desire, at all costs, to keep this failure secret meant China continued to export even when millions of its own people starved.
As I read I kept asking myself, how can such blind cruelty go ahead ? The over arching sadness is the realization that once we put ideologies before people, once I allow my dogma to deaden me to the effects it has this sort of monstrous catastrophe happens again and again. Did Mao and his cronies genuinely believe that a few deaths were worth the sacrifice. Cannon fodder as it were for this Great Leap Forward.
This is an extraordinariy harrowing book, all the more so because it is to an extremely major extent wholly man-made. I am pleased i have read it but still regret that the God I believe in will be far more merciful to Mao, Deng Xiaoping, Ke Qingshi then I would be to them or indeed they were to their own people
As I type this I went and found my copy of Billy Bragg's album 'Workers' playtime ' cos I wanted to check and yep lo and behold he has the image of happy communist chinese folk sitting around well nourished and smiling and one of the songs is ' Waiting for the great leap foward '...Billy hold your head in shame. This appaling destruction of, at a conservative estimate, 45 milion people in four year from 1958 -1962 came about as a direct result of Mao and his fellow leaders' crass stupidity coupled with violence, hypocrisy and inability to ackowledge the wisdom of centuries.
As i read the account it made me more and more horrified as you see men and women totally unaware of their interconnection with nature, society or history grabbing hold of a vision and riding roughshod over any opposition. Agriculture collectivised to such an extent that farmers and their experience are disregarded and theory trumps any kind of knowledge. Society and indeed any familial loyalty is collectivised and attempts to defend and protect the voiceless and vulnerable is punished and decried as ' rightist ' or counterrevolutionary.
The truly astounding thing was how totally uncaring the leaders were and tragically this did not just mean the main leaders in power but those under them down in a foul cascade throughout every level. The knock on effect of the need to save face at the highest point in government when confronted with leaders of other governments cascades down through the need to shine before superiors at the lower ambitious levels down to the lowest local brute who just enjoyed exercising power untrammeled by any form of human kindness.
The Great Leap Forward destroyed the countryside and its very sensitively balanced situation in which poverty was never far away prior to Mao but his inability to trust the wisdom of farmers, the imposition of ridiculous theories of agriculture, his removal of so many of the land workers to build dams and irrigation systems which were unthought through, badly designed, incorrectly placed and never maintained made the failure of crops and the death of so many inevitable. Added to that the desire, at all costs, to keep this failure secret meant China continued to export even when millions of its own people starved.
As I read I kept asking myself, how can such blind cruelty go ahead ? The over arching sadness is the realization that once we put ideologies before people, once I allow my dogma to deaden me to the effects it has this sort of monstrous catastrophe happens again and again. Did Mao and his cronies genuinely believe that a few deaths were worth the sacrifice. Cannon fodder as it were for this Great Leap Forward.
This is an extraordinariy harrowing book, all the more so because it is to an extremely major extent wholly man-made. I am pleased i have read it but still regret that the God I believe in will be far more merciful to Mao, Deng Xiaoping, Ke Qingshi then I would be to them or indeed they were to their own people
August 24, 2011
Been from China myself, this books is a masterpiece. It told me stories that was never been told to me when I was a student in China back in the 80s and 90s. All the characters described in the book such as Deng, Zhu, and Peng were described to us as heroes in Chinese schools. I truly believed it when Frank Dikotter said that in recent interviews, people who survived the great famine still blamed the Soviet Union for the whole disaster, it was what had been told to me in Chinese school. Even now, China places country's reputation and face above human life such as the train crash that happened recently. I guess you would not really understand China unless you see it from a different perspective which is what Frank Dikotter offered me.
June 11, 2020
"Some go thirsty, some just drown
That's the law round here
Said the King of Sunset Town"*
This is the second volume of Frank Dikötter's trilogy dealing with Mao's China; this middle title dealing with the terrible consequences of one man's monstrous vision. Specifically, that agrarian China will become an industrial power to rival Great Britain (don't laugh, it's dealing with the late 50's).
The begins an examination of how ambition and reality diverge; dams and irritation systems obey the laws of physics and silt up; removal of the rural workforce to work on prestige projects bizarrely leads to a downturn in crop yields; and any criticism of the leadership or the programme can be (and usually is) fatal. Political theory trumps practical experience of any sort, and the result is an unparalleled tragedy, for the population in general and the country as a whole.
The tragedy is followed first politically, then economically (the effects of the programme on industry, agriculture and the environment are far reaching and would be laughable were they not patently ridiculous) and then personally, which is where the true tragedy occurs - human life becomes so cheap that installation of safety equipment in workplaces is seen as "rightist sabotage", as is cooking for yourself, and food becomes a weapon in the hands of the Party.
Not a book to pick up if you're feeling down, but a timely warning of the consequences of unchallenged ultimate power (the kind that corrupts ultimately). Harrowing but well written, and perhaps an interesting primer on China's leadership today?
*(from Marillion's "The King of Sunset Town"
That's the law round here
Said the King of Sunset Town"*
This is the second volume of Frank Dikötter's trilogy dealing with Mao's China; this middle title dealing with the terrible consequences of one man's monstrous vision. Specifically, that agrarian China will become an industrial power to rival Great Britain (don't laugh, it's dealing with the late 50's).
The begins an examination of how ambition and reality diverge; dams and irritation systems obey the laws of physics and silt up; removal of the rural workforce to work on prestige projects bizarrely leads to a downturn in crop yields; and any criticism of the leadership or the programme can be (and usually is) fatal. Political theory trumps practical experience of any sort, and the result is an unparalleled tragedy, for the population in general and the country as a whole.
The tragedy is followed first politically, then economically (the effects of the programme on industry, agriculture and the environment are far reaching and would be laughable were they not patently ridiculous) and then personally, which is where the true tragedy occurs - human life becomes so cheap that installation of safety equipment in workplaces is seen as "rightist sabotage", as is cooking for yourself, and food becomes a weapon in the hands of the Party.
Not a book to pick up if you're feeling down, but a timely warning of the consequences of unchallenged ultimate power (the kind that corrupts ultimately). Harrowing but well written, and perhaps an interesting primer on China's leadership today?
*(from Marillion's "The King of Sunset Town"
November 19, 2010
One man’s utopia is another man’s dystopia. Utopia is a dream we aspire; an equilibrium that dignifies all human survival. When faultless notions embrace immorality and audacious obstinacy emitted from one solitary individual, an illusionary veil is fashioned camouflaging tyranny, torment and nightmarish endurance. On every occasion of my understanding Mao and his political explosion, I cannot help but to refer to my old frayed copy of Orwell’s 1984 blaring the ubiquitous caption:-"BIG BROTHER IS WATCHING YOU".
The Great Leap Forward or "China’s Economical Sputnik", whatever you may designate, was Mao’s calamitous infrastructure vehemently assembled on infinite human suffrage and radical collectivism. Mao reminds you of an overtly pushy anxious kid who would do anything just to get a pat on his back. The Great Famine paints a portrait of a murky hell endured by the Chinese for five uninterrupted years (1958-1962).The fact that one man can persuade a God-like authority to govern the free-will of individuals at the cost of their disintegrating corpses is enormously enraging. Mao’s obstinate pursuit to propel China into a superior industrial opulence uprooted the very essence of a country’s survival. A hallucination of profusion resulted not only in genocide but in cataclysmic damage to the agricultural, industrial and financial sectors of the country. Afflicted with starvation, dreadful diseases, disintegrated abodes and besmirched regulations; China became a mere crumb of existence laced with dreadfulness of boiling cadavers for fertilization purposes and impecunious villagers selling their offspring for a meager meal of steamed buns.
"Mass killings are not usually associated with Mao and the Great Leap Forward and China continues to benefit from a more favorable comparison with the devastation usually associated with Cambodia or the Soviet Russia."
Unofficial reports deduced a figure between 50-60 million deaths demarcating it to be communalist genocide. Amid the aftermath of the famine still claiming more lives Mao Zedong pronounced 'Cultural Revolution' in 1966.
Dikotter pens a transfixing and meticulous study of the demoralizing man-made tragedy that questions the authority of a single man and his right to vision himself as the redeemer beneath a garb of narcissist fanaticism and sycophancy.
The Great Leap Forward or "China’s Economical Sputnik", whatever you may designate, was Mao’s calamitous infrastructure vehemently assembled on infinite human suffrage and radical collectivism. Mao reminds you of an overtly pushy anxious kid who would do anything just to get a pat on his back. The Great Famine paints a portrait of a murky hell endured by the Chinese for five uninterrupted years (1958-1962).The fact that one man can persuade a God-like authority to govern the free-will of individuals at the cost of their disintegrating corpses is enormously enraging. Mao’s obstinate pursuit to propel China into a superior industrial opulence uprooted the very essence of a country’s survival. A hallucination of profusion resulted not only in genocide but in cataclysmic damage to the agricultural, industrial and financial sectors of the country. Afflicted with starvation, dreadful diseases, disintegrated abodes and besmirched regulations; China became a mere crumb of existence laced with dreadfulness of boiling cadavers for fertilization purposes and impecunious villagers selling their offspring for a meager meal of steamed buns.
"Mass killings are not usually associated with Mao and the Great Leap Forward and China continues to benefit from a more favorable comparison with the devastation usually associated with Cambodia or the Soviet Russia."
Unofficial reports deduced a figure between 50-60 million deaths demarcating it to be communalist genocide. Amid the aftermath of the famine still claiming more lives Mao Zedong pronounced 'Cultural Revolution' in 1966.
Dikotter pens a transfixing and meticulous study of the demoralizing man-made tragedy that questions the authority of a single man and his right to vision himself as the redeemer beneath a garb of narcissist fanaticism and sycophancy.
August 4, 2013
Unfortunately, this is a totally confusing ramble about statistics. The information would better be presented in tables and graphs rather than in prose. The other part of the book is about quotes or not by far too many people. Again, we get lost, especially those of us who only know a couple of the names in Chinese politics of the time. I stopped reading it more or less halfway through. I'm sure I caught most of the gist of the story, but spared myself endless tons of rice and other produce.
April 6, 2021
La historia de esta raza -humana- maldita está plagada de atrocidades y crímenes abominables que ninguna otra especie que haya pisado la faz de la tierra a lo largo de sus lentos eones, ha cometido en contra de su propio género. No hay que irnos a los albores del tiempo, basta con dar una mirada al siglo que nos precede para encontrarnos las trincheras en el Somme y Verdún; los campos de concentración Nazi; el Holodomor ucraniano; el napalm norteamericano en Vietnam; los Jemeres Rojos en Camboya o el genocidio en Ruanda para ver cara a cara el horror, la crueldad y la barbarie que como especie, somos capaces de infligir a nuestros semejantes. Dentro de esa cuasi interminable lista de atrocidades que “adornan” el espeluznante siglo XX, nos encontramos con la que tal vez sea la mayor catástrofe causada por la mano del hombre en toda su historia: La Gran Hambruna China, calamidad inenarrable que asoló los campos de China entre 1958 y 1962 y que estima sus muertos entre 30 y 46 millones de almas.
En el año 2010 el historiador holandés, profesor de la universidad de Hong Kong y especialista en la historia moderna de China, Frank Dikötter publicó su aclamado libro "La gran hambruna en la China de Mao 1958-1962", texto que fue alabado por la crítica y se granjeó el prestigioso premio británico “Samuel Johnson Prize”. Gracias al acceso a datos y archivos que han sido progresivamente desclasificados en los niveles provinciales y distritales del Partido Comunista de China (PCCh), Dikötter ha podido comparar y estudiar informes secretos, discursos originales sin censura, conversaciones de cuadros provinciales, actas de reuniones de comités comunistas; informes de cuotas de requisa de alimentos; reportes de muertos por inanición y enfermedades derivadas de la desnutrición; todo para poder determinar las causas reales de la Gran Hambruna (inicialmente achacadas por los altos cargos del PCCh a “graves desastres naturales”); el conocimiento que tenían los altos cargos dentro del PCCH -incluido el propio Mao- de la hambruna y la mortandad sin precedentes que se estaba dando en las áreas rurales del país; la poca y tardía respuesta de las autoridades chinas; así como una acercamiento a las desoladoras cifras reales de muertos a causa de la hambruna, sustentadas por el autor en 45 millones de personas, rebatiendo las anteriores estimaciones que daban una cifra de fallecidos entre 30 y 36 millones.
Pero más allá de las cifras anónimas y etéreas que pueda mostrar cualquier libro o investigación, la verdadera proeza de Dikötter con este gran texto es humanizar los números y las estadísticas para enfrentarnos a los horrores abominables que padecieron millones y millones de Chinos a lo largo y ancho de las áreas rurales de tan extenso país, gracias a la megalomanía y ambición de un solo hombre: Mao Zedong, quien en su intento por modernizar China y alcanzar los niveles de producción de potencias como Gran Bretaña o la Unión Soviética se embarcó en un absurdo proyecto llamado “El Gran Salto Adelante”, el estilo chino-comunista como pretendían convertir a una sociedad eminentemente rural, en una potencia industrial-rural a través de una rápida y agresiva colectivización, pésimamente planeada y aún peor ejecutada. El resultado fue la destrucción de la agricultura, la industria, el comercio, la vivienda, el entorno natural (especialmente con el proyecto de conservación de aguas a gran escala, el desvío de ríos y la construcción de represas sin estudios técnicos; junto con la “campaña del acero” que provocó una terrible deforestación); los vínculos sociales y familiares, todo lo cual desencadenó en una hambruna de dimensiones apocalípticas que se deriva de pésimas cosechas producto de absurdas e incorrectas técnicas agrícolas de siembra implementadas por el gobierno central; requisas indiscriminadas por parte del cuadros locales para cumplir con las cuotas establecidas por el partido; la insistencia de Mao en mantener el flujo de alimentos constante hacia las grandes ciudades así como las altas cantidades de exportación de granos a países comunistas aliados de China – como Rumanía o Albania, así como la aceleración para atender el pago de la deuda con la Unión Soviética luego del rompimiento de relaciones con Jruschov; y especialmente la ilusión de la superabundacia que alimentaron cuadros locales al inflar las cifras de producción regional de granos para cumplir con las cuotas exigidas por el Plan Central, lo que conllevó a requisas de hasta el 90% de los cultivos para alcanzar las metas impuestas por los superiores.
De todas las atrocidades y padecimientos descritos en este grimorio de horror comunista, es tal vez el capítulo dedicado al canibalismo el que más nos hará horrorizar. La antropofagia y la necrofagia son comunes denominadores en otras hambrunas producidas por el hombre – el sitio de Maarat an Numan durante la Primera Cruzada; el Asedio de Leningrado entre el '41 y el '44; la hambruna de Bengala del '43; el Holodomor ucraniano entre el '32-'33-; sin embargo y para el caso Chino, la hambruna fue producida por su propio gobierno, sin influencia de un atacante o enemigo foráneo y como demuestra el autor en el libro, con conocimiento de ciertos miembros del Partido Comunista. Una crueldad absoluta y una indiferencia aún más terminante.
Podrá achacársele al autor una clara tendencia anticomunista, un excesivo registro estadístico, una falta de orden y narración cronológica en su relato (situación que corrige en su siguiente libro La tragedia de la liberación: Una historia de la revolución china 1945-1957), o que muchas de sus conclusiones no pueden ser 100% verificables hasta tanto no sean abiertos los archivos centrales del PCCh y puedan cotejarse las cifras provinciales con las centrales. En todo caso La gran hambruna en la China de Mao 1958-1962 es un grandioso libro que nos permite ser testigos del ilimitado alcance de la maldad y la crueldad del espíritu humano, de los macabros detalles de una tragedia que muchas veces se minimiza o se olvida, y de los irremediables peligros de la planificación estatal, el culto a la personalidad y los regímenes dictatoriales representados en un tipo como Mao Zedong, quien en su momento pudo haber aprendido la lección que en sangre hambre y muerte le estaba dando la historia y sin embargo decidió retirarse temporalmente únicamente para lamer sus heridas en privado y planear desde la oscuridad su gran venganza y regreso triunfal al poder, un regreso que tan solo cuatro años después en 1966, volvería a bañar en sangre y muerte a China a través de la Revolución Cultural. Aún quedaba un capítulo de la tragedia China del Siglo XX.
“Cuando no hay comida suficiente, la gente muere de hambre. Merece la pena que la mitad muera para que la otra mitad pueda comer bien”
Mao Zedong, discurso del 25 de marzo de 1959, Gansu.
En el año 2010 el historiador holandés, profesor de la universidad de Hong Kong y especialista en la historia moderna de China, Frank Dikötter publicó su aclamado libro "La gran hambruna en la China de Mao 1958-1962", texto que fue alabado por la crítica y se granjeó el prestigioso premio británico “Samuel Johnson Prize”. Gracias al acceso a datos y archivos que han sido progresivamente desclasificados en los niveles provinciales y distritales del Partido Comunista de China (PCCh), Dikötter ha podido comparar y estudiar informes secretos, discursos originales sin censura, conversaciones de cuadros provinciales, actas de reuniones de comités comunistas; informes de cuotas de requisa de alimentos; reportes de muertos por inanición y enfermedades derivadas de la desnutrición; todo para poder determinar las causas reales de la Gran Hambruna (inicialmente achacadas por los altos cargos del PCCh a “graves desastres naturales”); el conocimiento que tenían los altos cargos dentro del PCCH -incluido el propio Mao- de la hambruna y la mortandad sin precedentes que se estaba dando en las áreas rurales del país; la poca y tardía respuesta de las autoridades chinas; así como una acercamiento a las desoladoras cifras reales de muertos a causa de la hambruna, sustentadas por el autor en 45 millones de personas, rebatiendo las anteriores estimaciones que daban una cifra de fallecidos entre 30 y 36 millones.
Pero más allá de las cifras anónimas y etéreas que pueda mostrar cualquier libro o investigación, la verdadera proeza de Dikötter con este gran texto es humanizar los números y las estadísticas para enfrentarnos a los horrores abominables que padecieron millones y millones de Chinos a lo largo y ancho de las áreas rurales de tan extenso país, gracias a la megalomanía y ambición de un solo hombre: Mao Zedong, quien en su intento por modernizar China y alcanzar los niveles de producción de potencias como Gran Bretaña o la Unión Soviética se embarcó en un absurdo proyecto llamado “El Gran Salto Adelante”, el estilo chino-comunista como pretendían convertir a una sociedad eminentemente rural, en una potencia industrial-rural a través de una rápida y agresiva colectivización, pésimamente planeada y aún peor ejecutada. El resultado fue la destrucción de la agricultura, la industria, el comercio, la vivienda, el entorno natural (especialmente con el proyecto de conservación de aguas a gran escala, el desvío de ríos y la construcción de represas sin estudios técnicos; junto con la “campaña del acero” que provocó una terrible deforestación); los vínculos sociales y familiares, todo lo cual desencadenó en una hambruna de dimensiones apocalípticas que se deriva de pésimas cosechas producto de absurdas e incorrectas técnicas agrícolas de siembra implementadas por el gobierno central; requisas indiscriminadas por parte del cuadros locales para cumplir con las cuotas establecidas por el partido; la insistencia de Mao en mantener el flujo de alimentos constante hacia las grandes ciudades así como las altas cantidades de exportación de granos a países comunistas aliados de China – como Rumanía o Albania, así como la aceleración para atender el pago de la deuda con la Unión Soviética luego del rompimiento de relaciones con Jruschov; y especialmente la ilusión de la superabundacia que alimentaron cuadros locales al inflar las cifras de producción regional de granos para cumplir con las cuotas exigidas por el Plan Central, lo que conllevó a requisas de hasta el 90% de los cultivos para alcanzar las metas impuestas por los superiores.
De todas las atrocidades y padecimientos descritos en este grimorio de horror comunista, es tal vez el capítulo dedicado al canibalismo el que más nos hará horrorizar. La antropofagia y la necrofagia son comunes denominadores en otras hambrunas producidas por el hombre – el sitio de Maarat an Numan durante la Primera Cruzada; el Asedio de Leningrado entre el '41 y el '44; la hambruna de Bengala del '43; el Holodomor ucraniano entre el '32-'33-; sin embargo y para el caso Chino, la hambruna fue producida por su propio gobierno, sin influencia de un atacante o enemigo foráneo y como demuestra el autor en el libro, con conocimiento de ciertos miembros del Partido Comunista. Una crueldad absoluta y una indiferencia aún más terminante.
Podrá achacársele al autor una clara tendencia anticomunista, un excesivo registro estadístico, una falta de orden y narración cronológica en su relato (situación que corrige en su siguiente libro La tragedia de la liberación: Una historia de la revolución china 1945-1957), o que muchas de sus conclusiones no pueden ser 100% verificables hasta tanto no sean abiertos los archivos centrales del PCCh y puedan cotejarse las cifras provinciales con las centrales. En todo caso La gran hambruna en la China de Mao 1958-1962 es un grandioso libro que nos permite ser testigos del ilimitado alcance de la maldad y la crueldad del espíritu humano, de los macabros detalles de una tragedia que muchas veces se minimiza o se olvida, y de los irremediables peligros de la planificación estatal, el culto a la personalidad y los regímenes dictatoriales representados en un tipo como Mao Zedong, quien en su momento pudo haber aprendido la lección que en sangre hambre y muerte le estaba dando la historia y sin embargo decidió retirarse temporalmente únicamente para lamer sus heridas en privado y planear desde la oscuridad su gran venganza y regreso triunfal al poder, un regreso que tan solo cuatro años después en 1966, volvería a bañar en sangre y muerte a China a través de la Revolución Cultural. Aún quedaba un capítulo de la tragedia China del Siglo XX.
“Cuando no hay comida suficiente, la gente muere de hambre. Merece la pena que la mitad muera para que la otra mitad pueda comer bien”
Mao Zedong, discurso del 25 de marzo de 1959, Gansu.
January 1, 2018
My view on this book can be summed up by what Han Dongping said about it in "Remembering Socialist China, 1949-1979":
"Frank Dikötter, the author of Mao's Great Famine: The History of China's Most Devastating Catastrophe, won the 2011 Samuel Johnson Prize for Non-Fiction, Britain's most prestigious book award for non-fiction. It is also rumoured that he received a $2 million scholarship for writing his book. But one of my friends in Malaysia alerted me that the front cover of his book used a picture from Life magazine of 1946. This friend wrote to Dikötter about this. Dikötter answered saying that he used the picture of the famine of 1946 in China because he could not find any pictures of the Great Leap Forward famine. Such is the academic honesty of anti-Mao scholars in the West. Because they could not find any authentic pictures, they resort to fake pictures. And yet they are able to get away with such dishonesty.
Frank Dikötter also claimed that he had documents to prove that Chairman Mao was willing to starve half of the Chinese people to death so that the other half could have more than enough to eat. My friend challenged him to produce the document. Dikötter said that he had an agreement with the source of the document not to show the document to anybody. But under pressure, he agreed to let my friend in Hong Kong to see the document. It turned out that the document was a speech by Chairman Mao at a meeting discussing the investment planned in industrial projects. China had planned to launch over one thousand industrial projects in 1960. Chairman Mao said in the speech that he would rather cut the number of investment projects by half so the Government would have enough money to quickly complete the remaining half of the projects. But Dikötter interpreted Chairman Mao’s words to mean that he was willing to starve half the Chinese population in order that the other half have more than enough to eat. Dikötter claimed that he was a China specialist. I wonder if he was able to read and understand Chinese text, or he was in fact a linguistic genius who could read into the Chinese language something that was not there in the first place."
(http://www.rupe-india.org/59/han.html)
"Frank Dikötter, the author of Mao's Great Famine: The History of China's Most Devastating Catastrophe, won the 2011 Samuel Johnson Prize for Non-Fiction, Britain's most prestigious book award for non-fiction. It is also rumoured that he received a $2 million scholarship for writing his book. But one of my friends in Malaysia alerted me that the front cover of his book used a picture from Life magazine of 1946. This friend wrote to Dikötter about this. Dikötter answered saying that he used the picture of the famine of 1946 in China because he could not find any pictures of the Great Leap Forward famine. Such is the academic honesty of anti-Mao scholars in the West. Because they could not find any authentic pictures, they resort to fake pictures. And yet they are able to get away with such dishonesty.
Frank Dikötter also claimed that he had documents to prove that Chairman Mao was willing to starve half of the Chinese people to death so that the other half could have more than enough to eat. My friend challenged him to produce the document. Dikötter said that he had an agreement with the source of the document not to show the document to anybody. But under pressure, he agreed to let my friend in Hong Kong to see the document. It turned out that the document was a speech by Chairman Mao at a meeting discussing the investment planned in industrial projects. China had planned to launch over one thousand industrial projects in 1960. Chairman Mao said in the speech that he would rather cut the number of investment projects by half so the Government would have enough money to quickly complete the remaining half of the projects. But Dikötter interpreted Chairman Mao’s words to mean that he was willing to starve half the Chinese population in order that the other half have more than enough to eat. Dikötter claimed that he was a China specialist. I wonder if he was able to read and understand Chinese text, or he was in fact a linguistic genius who could read into the Chinese language something that was not there in the first place."
(http://www.rupe-india.org/59/han.html)
January 19, 2012
This is a book about the effects of slavery at all levels of a totalitarian regime. In 1958 Chairman Mao effectively fell out with Stalin and determined that the People's Republic of China would become self sufficient, no matter what the cost. He became a slave to the idea that the population would take the Great Leap Forward willingly. He was aware that there would be suffering but felt that it would be worth the human cost.
The entire population were enslaved into the GLF resulting in the displacement of whole populations to achieve Mao's dream. The natural cycle of farming was destroyed, farm implements were melted down to export iron and steel and an already weak infrastructure disintegrated almost completely. Middle ranking party cadres effectively had total control of their minions and were too scared to report factual failures so invented fictional successes. They had carte blanche to reach impossible targets and became the masters of life and death. Millions died of starvation, hundreds of thousands were killed for being incapable of work. The elderly, women and children were singled out because they were less productive. In the face of such destruction it is incredible that the Chinese people survived at all.
When I was in China, eight years ago, our supervisor was a delightful elderly lady called Maureen. She was the daughter of two doctors who were labelled Rightist during the GLF and she was sent into the mountains to dig railway tunnels and lay track. She would give no details, which I had assumed was due to political concerns.
Dikotter is an objective reporter of Chinese history, which is only just coming to the attention of the rest of the world. His style is understated and scholarly which makes the horrific suffering of the Chinese people all the more barbaric. He comments rather than blames.
Personally I found this book almost as emotionally exhausting to read as If This Is a Man / The Truce and I could only read it in small chunks. Fortunately the chapters are individually short and I was able to intersperse other lighter reads without losing the thread. His research is meticulous and he has access to PRC data on a scale only dreamed of by Langley! However, he demeans his work by making trite and unsupported statements (e.g. "Genocide, after allo, is only made possible with the advent of the modern state" p298) that detract from the overall excellence of his work.
The entire population were enslaved into the GLF resulting in the displacement of whole populations to achieve Mao's dream. The natural cycle of farming was destroyed, farm implements were melted down to export iron and steel and an already weak infrastructure disintegrated almost completely. Middle ranking party cadres effectively had total control of their minions and were too scared to report factual failures so invented fictional successes. They had carte blanche to reach impossible targets and became the masters of life and death. Millions died of starvation, hundreds of thousands were killed for being incapable of work. The elderly, women and children were singled out because they were less productive. In the face of such destruction it is incredible that the Chinese people survived at all.
When I was in China, eight years ago, our supervisor was a delightful elderly lady called Maureen. She was the daughter of two doctors who were labelled Rightist during the GLF and she was sent into the mountains to dig railway tunnels and lay track. She would give no details, which I had assumed was due to political concerns.
Dikotter is an objective reporter of Chinese history, which is only just coming to the attention of the rest of the world. His style is understated and scholarly which makes the horrific suffering of the Chinese people all the more barbaric. He comments rather than blames.
Personally I found this book almost as emotionally exhausting to read as If This Is a Man / The Truce and I could only read it in small chunks. Fortunately the chapters are individually short and I was able to intersperse other lighter reads without losing the thread. His research is meticulous and he has access to PRC data on a scale only dreamed of by Langley! However, he demeans his work by making trite and unsupported statements (e.g. "Genocide, after allo, is only made possible with the advent of the modern state" p298) that detract from the overall excellence of his work.
January 3, 2012
3.5 rating. Well written, interesting, and worth the read. However, it struck me as an expanded magazine article - it could have been much shorter without losing much. Or, perhaps better said, I think it could/should have had both more breadth and depth. E.g., it seems lacking in comparison to other books recently read - Clark's Iron Kingdom (re the history of Prussia) and The Emperor of All Maladies (a "biography" of cancer), both of which are, admittedly, superb.
August 30, 2014
Disappointing.
Dikotter did a lot of research for this book. He gets 5 stars for that. But the presentation of the material thematically makes it difficult to follow. If I were looking for a GENERAL indictment of communism or Maoism, I could think of no better collection of facts than this book (although he often devolves into sadomasochistic descriptions of the various atrocities that humans are capable of inflicting on each other). However, that's not what I was expecting from this book. I already know that communism sucks and why it sucks. What I was looking for was a SPECIFIC discussion of the Great Famine.
In that, the book fails. I wanted to understand how the Great Famine started, who the players were, what their motivations were, cause and effect, how various events played out sequentially, how and why did it really get started, and how and why did it ultimately grind to an end. In short, I wanted ANALYSIS. There's only the most cursory and superficial analysis in the book. It's a simple recitation of the facts. I was left wanting more.
Dikotter did a lot of research for this book. He gets 5 stars for that. But the presentation of the material thematically makes it difficult to follow. If I were looking for a GENERAL indictment of communism or Maoism, I could think of no better collection of facts than this book (although he often devolves into sadomasochistic descriptions of the various atrocities that humans are capable of inflicting on each other). However, that's not what I was expecting from this book. I already know that communism sucks and why it sucks. What I was looking for was a SPECIFIC discussion of the Great Famine.
In that, the book fails. I wanted to understand how the Great Famine started, who the players were, what their motivations were, cause and effect, how various events played out sequentially, how and why did it really get started, and how and why did it ultimately grind to an end. In short, I wanted ANALYSIS. There's only the most cursory and superficial analysis in the book. It's a simple recitation of the facts. I was left wanting more.
August 7, 2013
I'll keep this brief. When cuddly old Uncle "Wedgie" Benn dies and the eulogies pour forth, remember him as an life-long apologist for Mao, the biggest of the socialist mass-murderers of the 20th century.
Stalin, Hitler, Pol Pot et al pale by comparison to Mao. Read this book and try to comprehend what this moron did to 45 million of his own people.
Given the grim subject matter it's a "good" read - depressing but never grinding. It's essential for anyone interested in the evils of the big state and collectivisation.
Stalin, Hitler, Pol Pot et al pale by comparison to Mao. Read this book and try to comprehend what this moron did to 45 million of his own people.
Given the grim subject matter it's a "good" read - depressing but never grinding. It's essential for anyone interested in the evils of the big state and collectivisation.
May 1, 2025
This book is an account of the Great Leap Forward in China 1958-1962 in which a minimum of 45 million people died. It is one of the more brutal books I have read.
Whereas 1949-1957 was a chaotic rush of disjointed campaigns attempting to reach the same ideological ends but failing to combine and often dampening each others efforts, the Great Leap Forward 1958-1962 was a concentrated, streamlined, distilled movement. Although ideologically hypocritical from order to implementation, it was a coherent, psychotic push to ignore reality and push for several impossible ends.
At the decade-in-power mark for the Chinese communist party, it seems the party and Mao had iterated enough to perfect tactics of fear and mass mobilization. The only thing this government actually achieved in the 5 year period was bringing its population to every possible edge of depravity.
The Soviet chip on Mao’s shoulder is offered as one reason for the beginning of the period, but outside of that, I am left with a lot of questions from the book. How and why did the Great Leap Forward end? How can a famine of that magnitude “end,” anyway, as the starvation and fallow grounds would seem to result in a positive feedback loop of unimaginable scope and scale? What are the legacies of the Great Leap Forward? For example, the abandonment of children was a huge problem long before the one child policy…. I wonder how many abandoned kids eventually abandoned their kids. (Not a judgmental question, just a question about trauma).
-Dikotter: “at least 45 million people died unnecessarily between 1958 and 1962” // “6-8% of the victims were tortured to death or summarily killed” (2.5 million people)
-The term “famine” fails to capture the myriad causes of death. It also implies they were unintentional, he claims they were not
-“Coercion, terror, and systematic violence were the foundation of the Great Leap Forward.”
Favorite quotes:
“Why export to Cuba when we don’t have enough to eat?”
“It would have been difficult to design a more wasteful system, one in which grain was left uncollected by dusty roads in the countryside as people foraged for roots or ate mud.”
“… the attempt to leap into communism resulted in the greatest demolition of property in human history, by far outstripping any of the Second World War bombing campaigns. Up to 40% of all housing was turned into rubble, as homes were pulled down to create fertilizer, to build canteens, to relocate villagers, to straighten roads, to make room for a better future or simply to punish their occupants.”
“… how profoundly misplaced is the idea of state planning as an antidote to chaos.”
“… individual initiative and critical thought had to be constantly suppressed, and a permanent state of siege developed.”
“… when in reality, collectivization forced everybody, at one point or another, to make grim moral compromises.”
“In reality, a dictatorship never has one dictator only.”
Whereas 1949-1957 was a chaotic rush of disjointed campaigns attempting to reach the same ideological ends but failing to combine and often dampening each others efforts, the Great Leap Forward 1958-1962 was a concentrated, streamlined, distilled movement. Although ideologically hypocritical from order to implementation, it was a coherent, psychotic push to ignore reality and push for several impossible ends.
At the decade-in-power mark for the Chinese communist party, it seems the party and Mao had iterated enough to perfect tactics of fear and mass mobilization. The only thing this government actually achieved in the 5 year period was bringing its population to every possible edge of depravity.
The Soviet chip on Mao’s shoulder is offered as one reason for the beginning of the period, but outside of that, I am left with a lot of questions from the book. How and why did the Great Leap Forward end? How can a famine of that magnitude “end,” anyway, as the starvation and fallow grounds would seem to result in a positive feedback loop of unimaginable scope and scale? What are the legacies of the Great Leap Forward? For example, the abandonment of children was a huge problem long before the one child policy…. I wonder how many abandoned kids eventually abandoned their kids. (Not a judgmental question, just a question about trauma).
-Dikotter: “at least 45 million people died unnecessarily between 1958 and 1962” // “6-8% of the victims were tortured to death or summarily killed” (2.5 million people)
-The term “famine” fails to capture the myriad causes of death. It also implies they were unintentional, he claims they were not
-“Coercion, terror, and systematic violence were the foundation of the Great Leap Forward.”
Favorite quotes:
“Why export to Cuba when we don’t have enough to eat?”
“It would have been difficult to design a more wasteful system, one in which grain was left uncollected by dusty roads in the countryside as people foraged for roots or ate mud.”
“… the attempt to leap into communism resulted in the greatest demolition of property in human history, by far outstripping any of the Second World War bombing campaigns. Up to 40% of all housing was turned into rubble, as homes were pulled down to create fertilizer, to build canteens, to relocate villagers, to straighten roads, to make room for a better future or simply to punish their occupants.”
“… how profoundly misplaced is the idea of state planning as an antidote to chaos.”
“… individual initiative and critical thought had to be constantly suppressed, and a permanent state of siege developed.”
“… when in reality, collectivization forced everybody, at one point or another, to make grim moral compromises.”
“In reality, a dictatorship never has one dictator only.”
August 31, 2013
This is a book you won't find in Chinese libraries - it destroys the image of Mao Zedong as the benevolant leader of Communist China. It is a book full of tragedy, the so-called Great Leap Forward which took the lives of approximately 30 million Chinese people (some estimates even consider a death toll of 45 million) during the great famine which was caused.
The Great Leap Forward starts with the bidding between China and Russia. Kruschchev boosts that Russia will overtake the United States in 15 years and Mao, who does not want to be the underdog, boosts that China will catch up with or overtake the United Kingdom in 15 years. All conservatism is swept aside, everybody who voices criticism is being purged and millions of Chinese peasants are set to work on large irrigation works, or at little furnaces to increase steel production. Meanwhile, the crop is rotting in the fields. Chinese provincial leaders - out of fear of being labelled as rightist - boost that their provinces will create bumper harvests. When the state takes its share, nothing is left for the peasants, resulting in famine and death.
Frank Dikötter offers a tale of personal people in various chapters, including the impact on agriculture, industry, trade, housing and nature. Also, Dikötter explains the impact on various peoples like children, women and the elderly, which are ruthlesly impacted by the chosen few. All food is being distributed in canteens, and the manager of the canteens holds absolute power - everybody who is to old or sick to work gets no food, resulting in mass starvation.
This is not a fun book, the tales are harrowing and it shows chairman Mao in a negative light, blaiming him (and only him) to be the cause of the disaster. Something that you will not find in the ' official' communist history.
4 stars because (in my eyes) Frank could have explained more about the political background of all Chinese communist leaders who were involved in the Great Leap Forward and explain a little bit more about the political system at that time. But besides that, this book will definitively explain everything you need to know about the starvation during the Great Leap Forward.
The Great Leap Forward starts with the bidding between China and Russia. Kruschchev boosts that Russia will overtake the United States in 15 years and Mao, who does not want to be the underdog, boosts that China will catch up with or overtake the United Kingdom in 15 years. All conservatism is swept aside, everybody who voices criticism is being purged and millions of Chinese peasants are set to work on large irrigation works, or at little furnaces to increase steel production. Meanwhile, the crop is rotting in the fields. Chinese provincial leaders - out of fear of being labelled as rightist - boost that their provinces will create bumper harvests. When the state takes its share, nothing is left for the peasants, resulting in famine and death.
Frank Dikötter offers a tale of personal people in various chapters, including the impact on agriculture, industry, trade, housing and nature. Also, Dikötter explains the impact on various peoples like children, women and the elderly, which are ruthlesly impacted by the chosen few. All food is being distributed in canteens, and the manager of the canteens holds absolute power - everybody who is to old or sick to work gets no food, resulting in mass starvation.
This is not a fun book, the tales are harrowing and it shows chairman Mao in a negative light, blaiming him (and only him) to be the cause of the disaster. Something that you will not find in the ' official' communist history.
4 stars because (in my eyes) Frank could have explained more about the political background of all Chinese communist leaders who were involved in the Great Leap Forward and explain a little bit more about the political system at that time. But besides that, this book will definitively explain everything you need to know about the starvation during the Great Leap Forward.
July 22, 2020
I suppose that you can throw communism into the same pot as laws and sausages as far as things you don’t want to know about how they are made. You have to wonder about the collective damage done to the Chinese psyche when your omnipotent leader starves 35 million of his subjects to death simply to make a point in his argument. The logic involved in Mao’s Great Leap Forward is about a million times more Orwellian than anything George Orwell could have conceived in his darkest hour.
The bottom line in this book, the thing that I walk away with is the idea that in Mao’s China (which pretty much was and still is China) the individual equals fuck all in the big (and small) scheme of things. If you are willing to condemn 35 million people to starvation “for the greater good” then you're approaching reality from a completely different vantage point from anyone who isn’t Chinese. An example:
Before they died they sold their offspring, more often than not to couples who could not have children of their own. In Shandong, Yan Xizhi gave away his three daughters, and sold his five-year-old son for fifteen yuan to a man in a neighbouring village. His youngest son, a ten-month-old toddler, was sold to a cadre for a pittance. Wu Jingxi got five yuan for his nine-year-old son from a stranger, a sum which covered the cost of a bowl of rice and two kilos of peanuts.
Ouch! That will leave some scars. Please remember that this all occurred less than 60 years ago.
The bottom line in this book, the thing that I walk away with is the idea that in Mao’s China (which pretty much was and still is China) the individual equals fuck all in the big (and small) scheme of things. If you are willing to condemn 35 million people to starvation “for the greater good” then you're approaching reality from a completely different vantage point from anyone who isn’t Chinese. An example:
Before they died they sold their offspring, more often than not to couples who could not have children of their own. In Shandong, Yan Xizhi gave away his three daughters, and sold his five-year-old son for fifteen yuan to a man in a neighbouring village. His youngest son, a ten-month-old toddler, was sold to a cadre for a pittance. Wu Jingxi got five yuan for his nine-year-old son from a stranger, a sum which covered the cost of a bowl of rice and two kilos of peanuts.
Ouch! That will leave some scars. Please remember that this all occurred less than 60 years ago.
June 6, 2024
Should be required reading for the human race. One of the most catastrophic man-made disasters in the entire history of humanity
October 31, 2018
When most people hear about or think of flagrant human rights abuses or evil regimes in the 20th century, what comes to mind – understandably – is Hitler's Nazi Germany, Stalin's brutal purges in the 1930s and 40s, the Khmer Rouge, or the ethnic cleansing in 1990s Bosnia. What doesn't tend to come to mind, but is equally as appalling and horrible, is Mao's “Great Leap Forward” from 1958-1962 in China. Reading Frank Dikotter's intense and well-researched book after eating is probably not recommended. Multiple times while reading this book, I had to stop and think about what I had just read and try to imagine the awful suffering inflicted upon millions of people, most of them innocent of any wrong-doing. Their only mistake was in being Chinese citizens and thus subject to Chairman Mao's radical decisions and immoral rule.
Dikotter's writing is lucid and detailed, despite many records being either still off-limits to scholars or destroyed altogether. That makes the sheer magnitude of what happened even more difficult to comprehend because the world still knows only a fraction of what occurred. But the part we do know is more than enough to know that atrocities were committed on a daily basis, and peoples' lives were destroyed or ended in horrifying ways. Some examples of this in the book: On page 173, Dikotter writes of dead bodies being used “to fertilize the land...An elderly lady who had been buried only days earlier was stripped of her clothes, her naked body dumped by the roadside.” On page 256, writing about pregnant women being beaten and forced to work: “In one district in Sichuan alone twenty-four women miscarried after being compelled to work in the fields. Chen Yuanming, who objected, was kicked between her legs by the cadre in charge and crippled for life.” Writing about the treatment of elderly people on page 264, Dikotter states: “Abuse was rife. Some of the elderly were beaten, even those with only a few meager possessions were robbed, and others were put on a slow starvation diet.”It would be little to no exaggeration to say that almost every page of this book contains something like the above.
Reading about that type of behavior makes me wonder how could Mao and his minions be so evil and apathetic to inflict such punishment on Chinese citizens. Only someone who is truly despicable would first create a collectivization program, which is what this was supposed to be, and then be immune to the extreme suffering that it caused. Mao had local Communist party cadres take control of everything. Literally everything. People were forced to give up all of their earthly possessions, were forced to relocate to fields, and work in communes for the government. The people got little to no food, as the system was so riddled with mismanagement and corruption that much of it rotted. The produce that was not ruined was given to high party officials and, even more incredibly, exported to other countries. Yes, China was starving its own people, but still at times exported food elsewhere. And at the center of all of this was Mao Zedong, party chairman. His rule was virtually unquestioned, his whims were orders and had to be obeyed, his thoughts ruined the lives of millions.
There is a point in the middle, and also at the end, where the book becomes clogged with statistics. It is understandable why Dikotter uses them so liberally, as they help to tell the story of the destruction of the land and its people. But reading stat after stat does get overwhelming, and the stats at times run together. It is difficult not to come away with, at minimum, a strong disgust for Mao, Zhou Enlai, and the other party functionaries who were in power and could have either kept this entire fiasco from starting, or stopped it sooner. After reading this, I do not think they were any better than Hitler or Stalin. When most of the pages of the book refer to people being brutally beaten, tortured, starved, or killed, it is difficult to think otherwise. There is even a short chapter on cannibalism.
This is a worthwhile read, but the pure essence of the subject matter makes it a difficult one. Trying to comprehend the sheer scope of the humanitarian disaster is an exercise in futility as I would suspect that only someone who has been through those types of experiences would be able to relate. While Dikotter does not mention this, I have to think that one of the hardest things for the citizenry to deal with was a lack of hope; they did not know when, or if, this awful experiment would ever end. If you have any interest in 20th century Chinese history, human rights atrocities, or Mao, you may want to add this book to your reading list. But keep in mind that you will finish it by questioning how people can be so cruel towards others.
Grade: B-
Dikotter's writing is lucid and detailed, despite many records being either still off-limits to scholars or destroyed altogether. That makes the sheer magnitude of what happened even more difficult to comprehend because the world still knows only a fraction of what occurred. But the part we do know is more than enough to know that atrocities were committed on a daily basis, and peoples' lives were destroyed or ended in horrifying ways. Some examples of this in the book: On page 173, Dikotter writes of dead bodies being used “to fertilize the land...An elderly lady who had been buried only days earlier was stripped of her clothes, her naked body dumped by the roadside.” On page 256, writing about pregnant women being beaten and forced to work: “In one district in Sichuan alone twenty-four women miscarried after being compelled to work in the fields. Chen Yuanming, who objected, was kicked between her legs by the cadre in charge and crippled for life.” Writing about the treatment of elderly people on page 264, Dikotter states: “Abuse was rife. Some of the elderly were beaten, even those with only a few meager possessions were robbed, and others were put on a slow starvation diet.”It would be little to no exaggeration to say that almost every page of this book contains something like the above.
Reading about that type of behavior makes me wonder how could Mao and his minions be so evil and apathetic to inflict such punishment on Chinese citizens. Only someone who is truly despicable would first create a collectivization program, which is what this was supposed to be, and then be immune to the extreme suffering that it caused. Mao had local Communist party cadres take control of everything. Literally everything. People were forced to give up all of their earthly possessions, were forced to relocate to fields, and work in communes for the government. The people got little to no food, as the system was so riddled with mismanagement and corruption that much of it rotted. The produce that was not ruined was given to high party officials and, even more incredibly, exported to other countries. Yes, China was starving its own people, but still at times exported food elsewhere. And at the center of all of this was Mao Zedong, party chairman. His rule was virtually unquestioned, his whims were orders and had to be obeyed, his thoughts ruined the lives of millions.
There is a point in the middle, and also at the end, where the book becomes clogged with statistics. It is understandable why Dikotter uses them so liberally, as they help to tell the story of the destruction of the land and its people. But reading stat after stat does get overwhelming, and the stats at times run together. It is difficult not to come away with, at minimum, a strong disgust for Mao, Zhou Enlai, and the other party functionaries who were in power and could have either kept this entire fiasco from starting, or stopped it sooner. After reading this, I do not think they were any better than Hitler or Stalin. When most of the pages of the book refer to people being brutally beaten, tortured, starved, or killed, it is difficult to think otherwise. There is even a short chapter on cannibalism.
This is a worthwhile read, but the pure essence of the subject matter makes it a difficult one. Trying to comprehend the sheer scope of the humanitarian disaster is an exercise in futility as I would suspect that only someone who has been through those types of experiences would be able to relate. While Dikotter does not mention this, I have to think that one of the hardest things for the citizenry to deal with was a lack of hope; they did not know when, or if, this awful experiment would ever end. If you have any interest in 20th century Chinese history, human rights atrocities, or Mao, you may want to add this book to your reading list. But keep in mind that you will finish it by questioning how people can be so cruel towards others.
Grade: B-
March 27, 2022
got a lot of hate from other famine historians (including Cormac Ó Gráda ???) but is ok, good for popular read but not for a meaty read in the famine, well done though Frank it was helpful to some degree X
June 29, 2011
Like most of my reviews, this is a personal response.
Despite the fact that the author uses admittedly "soft" sources (341) (due to the difficulty in accessing state archives that are not available to the public) it is a chilling account of what happened during this time.
Being a young mother, it was particularly difficult to read about the effects on the children, the women, and the elderly. The fact that women were forced out of the home and forced to leave their children in state run child care to be neglected and abused just to work in jobs that they were still paid less then men makes me intensely grateful that I have the choice to stay home and raise my children. (See chapters 28-30)
On a completely different subject, the writer did an excellent job of making the history readable and accessible to the lay person. The difficulty mentioned before was due to the subject matter, not because of the author.
This is not my first foray into either Chinese history or into the study of the effects of communism/socialism. This excellent book only makes me glad that we have the freedoms that we do in America. I hope that we are able to maintain them.
Pick it up, flip through it. Let the actions of the communist party rather than their propaganda speak for itself.
Despite the fact that the author uses admittedly "soft" sources (341) (due to the difficulty in accessing state archives that are not available to the public) it is a chilling account of what happened during this time.
Being a young mother, it was particularly difficult to read about the effects on the children, the women, and the elderly. The fact that women were forced out of the home and forced to leave their children in state run child care to be neglected and abused just to work in jobs that they were still paid less then men makes me intensely grateful that I have the choice to stay home and raise my children. (See chapters 28-30)
On a completely different subject, the writer did an excellent job of making the history readable and accessible to the lay person. The difficulty mentioned before was due to the subject matter, not because of the author.
This is not my first foray into either Chinese history or into the study of the effects of communism/socialism. This excellent book only makes me glad that we have the freedoms that we do in America. I hope that we are able to maintain them.
Pick it up, flip through it. Let the actions of the communist party rather than their propaganda speak for itself.
May 31, 2022
A Really Difficult Read. A Really Important Read
This book was very very well researched. I look forward to reading the other books in the People's Trilogy.
Onto the content:
I found a lot of this book quite difficult to read at times.
There was so much violence. Truly disturbing and sad at a few moments. I had to take breaks reading this.
I got some of what Mao did in Present Evil, Active God, which detailed some of the world's most egregious human rights issues of history. However, this book took what I learned about Mao's Great Famine to new great lengths. Very eye opening.
I find this a particularly important and timely read, as history has a strange way of rewriting itself.
4.6/5
This book was very very well researched. I look forward to reading the other books in the People's Trilogy.
Onto the content:
I found a lot of this book quite difficult to read at times.
There was so much violence. Truly disturbing and sad at a few moments. I had to take breaks reading this.
I got some of what Mao did in Present Evil, Active God, which detailed some of the world's most egregious human rights issues of history. However, this book took what I learned about Mao's Great Famine to new great lengths. Very eye opening.
I find this a particularly important and timely read, as history has a strange way of rewriting itself.
4.6/5
October 12, 2015
Gruesome, horrifying, meticulously researched and eminently readable. Stalin is often (mis?)quoted as saying that "a single death is a tragedy, a million deaths is a statistic"; his disciple Mao Zedong may have taken this literally, presiding over a bureaucratic regime so wholly, shockingly, wilfully corrupt and incompetent that the margin for error of those who died in the great Chinese famine is in the region of 15 million people (between roughly 30 and 45 million deaths). As a work of historical investigation, this book deserves to stand in the very first rank. As an epitaph for Chinese Communism it is utterly damning.
June 17, 2013
I read this...and want to puke. But because the contents of this books are so enlightening and powerful and the story of this tragic time is so gripping. It's a non-fiction book but the way it's presented you feel like you've been thrown into a real story. And all you can do is ask "why?"
I'm so glad that this books has finally been made possible. It's fresh and recent but because of the intense secretness of the official archives, the whole tragedy risks being erased from modern memory.
Everyone should read this and know more.
I'm so glad that this books has finally been made possible. It's fresh and recent but because of the intense secretness of the official archives, the whole tragedy risks being erased from modern memory.
Everyone should read this and know more.
July 16, 2011
A well-researched book, even considering how difficult it still is to get information about this famine out of China. It very clearly describes the workings of Mao's inner circle in the first half of the book and the second half details the results of the failed communal experience. If you ever wondered why Communism doesn't work, read this fascinating, heartbreaking book. It should be required reading in colleges. (which will never happen.)
September 30, 2015
Holy...
This is not a good book to read if you're in need of cheering up. Also not good reading for when you're training for a 70K trail run, or doing anything physical, as you'll find your performance dragged down significantly.
If you need evidence of the pain and suffering a small group of people can do when given a monopoly on violence, or in other words, the power of government, this is a stark example.
This is not a good book to read if you're in need of cheering up. Also not good reading for when you're training for a 70K trail run, or doing anything physical, as you'll find your performance dragged down significantly.
If you need evidence of the pain and suffering a small group of people can do when given a monopoly on violence, or in other words, the power of government, this is a stark example.
February 7, 2017
straszna ksiazka. mali ludzie. i ich wizje 'dobrej zmiany'. i spoleczenstwa, ktore musza zyc z konsekwencjami chorych wizji wprowadzanych w czyn. historia kolem sie toczy.
January 14, 2026
这本书对于厘清那三年惨祸的起因和经过自然很有帮助，可我多少也会不由自主地觉得，在读过杨继绳的《墓碑》之后，再来重读这本书里无数苦难的细节与数字的考证，实在是一种巨大的、甚至是不那么必要的心理负担。但我当然也明白，关于这个题材的任何一本书都不可能绕开这些内容。这是直面历史所必须要付出的代价。
而在所有这些苦难的底下，Frank Dikötter 在前言里写下了更加尖锐和深刻的句子：“生存依赖于不服从，但人们在各个层级上所采取的种种生存策略……往往也延长了这个政权的寿命。它们成了体制的一部分。混淆视听就是共产主义的一种生活方式……有些历史学家可能会把这些生存行为解读为“抵抗”的证据，或是“弱者的武器”，将“农民”置于“国家”的对立面……但在饥荒期间，从上到下几乎每个人都在偷窃，以至于如果要把这些行为都算作“抵抗”的话，党在很早的阶段就会崩溃了。”
我想，虽然程度有所不同，但这确实是古今中外、几乎所有社会中的每个人都需要时时扪心自问的一个永恒的问题了。
而在所有这些苦难的底下，Frank Dikötter 在前言里写下了更加尖锐和深刻的句子：“生存依赖于不服从，但人们在各个层级上所采取的种种生存策略……往往也延长了这个政权的寿命。它们成了体制的一部分。混淆视听就是共产主义的一种生活方式……有些历史学家可能会把这些生存行为解读为“抵抗”的证据，或是“弱者的武器”，将“农民”置于“国家”的对立面……但在饥荒期间，从上到下几乎每个人都在偷窃，以至于如果要把这些行为都算作“抵抗”的话，党在很早的阶段就会崩溃了。”
Survival depended on disobedience, but the many strategies of survival devised by people at all levels... also tended to prolong the life of the regime. They became a part of the system. Obfuscation was the communist way of life... Some historians might interpret these acts of survival as evidence of 'resistance', or 'weapons of the weak' pitting 'peasants' against 'the state'. But... just about everybody, from top to bottom, stole during the famine, so much so that if these were acts of 'resistance' the party would have collapsed at a very early stage.
我想，虽然程度有所不同，但这确实是古今中外、几乎所有社会中的每个人都需要时时扪心自问的一个永恒的问题了。
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